2013年职称英语卫生类abc3套真题

2013年英语卫生Thedrinkingwater econtaminatedwithA. B. C. D.RespectforlifeisacardinalprincipleoftheA. B. C. D.TherulesaretoorigidtoallowforhumaneA. B. C. D.Sheshedafewtearsatherdaughter’sA. B. C. D.Theydidn’tseemtoappreciatethemagnitudeoftheA. B. C. D.Thecontractbetweenthetwocompanieswillexpire B. C. DTheproposalwasendorsedbythemajorityofA. B. C. D.ThewillneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaofA. B. C. D.ManyexpertsremainskepticalabouthisA. B. C. D.RumorsbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialA. B. C. D.Threeworld-classtennisyerscametocontendforthisA. B. C. D.ThetowerremainsintactevenaftertwohundredA. B. C. D.ThemethodsofcommunicationusedduringthewarwereA. B. C. D.Comeout,orI’llbustthedoorA. B. C. D.ThisspecieshasnearlydiedoutbecauseitshabitatisbeingA.turned B.passed e D.carriedInYourWhyisthismansoangry?Wedon'tknowthereason,butwecanseetheemotioninhisface.Whatevercultureyoucomefrom,youcanexpressing.Fortyyearsago,psychologistPaulEkmanoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,becameinterestedinhowpeople'sfacesshowtheirfeelings.HetookphotographsofAmericansexpressingvariousemotions.ThenheshowedthemtotheForepeople,wholiveinthejungleinNewGuinea.MostoftheForehadneverseenforeignfaces,buttheyeasilyunderstoodAmericans'expressionsofanger,happiness,sadness,disgust,fear,andsurprise.ThenEkmandidthesameexperimentinreverse.HeshowedpicturesofForefacestoAmericans,andtheresultsweresimilar.AmericanshadnoproblemsreadingtheemotionsontheForepeople'sfaces.Ekman'sresearchgavepowerfulsupporttothetheorythatfacialexpressionsforbasicemotionsarethesameeverywhere.HedidmoreresearchinJapan,Brazil,andArgentina,andgotthesameresults.AccordingtoEkman,thesesixemotionsareuniversalbecausetheyarebuiltintoourbrains.Theydevelopedtohelpusdealwiththingsquicklythatmighthurtus.Someemotionaltriggersareuniversalaswell.Whensomethingsuddenlycomesintosight,peoplefeelfear,becauseitmightbedangerous.Butmostemotionaltriggersarelearned.Forexample,twopeoplemightsmellnewlycutgrass.One spentwonderfulsummersinthecountryasachild,sothesmellmakeshimhappy.Theother remembersworkingveryhardonafarmandbeinghungry,sohefeelssad.Butwecanlearntomanageouremotionsbetter.Forinstance,wecanbemoreawareofthingsthatmakeusangryandwecanthinkbeforewereact.Therearemanydifferencesbetweencultures,intheirlanguagesandcustoms.Butasisexactlythesameeverywhere.PaulEkmanstudiespeople'sfacesindifferent B. C.NotEkmandidresearchinseveralcountriesandgotdifferent B. C.NotAmericansgetangrymoreoftenthantheForepeoplefromNew B. C.NotEkmanthinksthatsomebasicemotionsarethesame B. C.NotTwopeoplemightfeeldifferentemotionsaboutthesame B. C.NotFearisthemostdifficultemotionto B C.NotPeopleofdifferentculturesswhentheyunderstandeach B. C.Not2项测试任务（123~266个选项中为指定段落每段1个最佳标题（227~306个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选OrganicFood:Europeisnowthebiggestmarketfororganicfoodintheworld,expandingby25percentayearoverthepast10years.Sowhatistheattractionoforganicfoodforsomepeople?Thereallyimportantthingisthatorganicsoundsmore“natural”.Eatingorganicisawayofdefiningoneselfasnatural,good,caring,differentfromthejunk-food-eatingmasses.Unlikeconventionalfarming,theorganicapproachmeansfarmingwithnaturalratherthanman-made,fertilisersandpesticides.Techniquessuchascroprotationimprovesoilqualityandhelporganicfarmerscompensatefortheabsenceofman-madechemicals.Asamethodoffoodproduction,organicis,however,inefficientinitsuseoflabourandland;thereareseverelimitstohowmuchfoodcanbeproduced.Also,theenvironmentalbenefitsofnotusingartificialfertiliseraretinycomparedwiththeamountofcarbondioxideemittedbytransportingfood.Organicfarmingisoftenclaimedtobesaferthanconventionalfarming.Yetstudiesintoorganicfarmingworldwidecontinuetorejectthisclaim.AnextensivereviewbytheUKFoodStandardsAgencyfoundthattherewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenorganicandconventionalcrops.Evenwhereresultsindicatedtherewasevidenceofadifference,thereviewersfoundnosignthatthesedifferenceswouldhaveanynoticeableeffectonhealthThesimplisticclaimthatorganicfoodismorenutritiousthanconventionalfoodwasalwayslikelytobemisleading.Foodisanaturalproduct,andthehealthvalueofdifferentfoodswillvaryforanumberofreasons,includingfreshness,thewaythefoodiscooked,thetypeofsoilitisgrownin,theamountofsunlightandraincropshavereceived,andsoon.Likewise,theflavourofacarrothaslesstodowithwhetheritwasfertilisedwithmanureorsomethingoutofasticsackthanwiththevarietyofcarrotandhowlongagoitwasdugup.Thenotionthatorganicfoodissaferthan“normal”foodisalsocontradictedbythefactthatmanyofourmostcommonfoodsarefullofnaturaltoxins.Asoneresearchexpertsays:“Peoplethinkthatthemorenaturalsomethingis,thebetteritisforthem.Thatissimplynotthecase.Infact,itistheoppositethatistruethecloserantistoitsnaturalstate,themorelikelyitisthatitwillpoisonyou.Naturallymanyntsdonotwanttobeeaten,sowehavespent10,000yearsdeveloagricultureandbreedingoutharmfultraitsfromcrops.”MainreasonMainreasonforthepopularityoforganicDescriptionoforganicFactorsthataffectfoodhealthTestingthetasteoforganicNecessitytoremovehiddendangersfromResearchintowhetherorganicfoodisParagraphParagraphParagraph farminghelp Thereisnoconvincingevidenceto Theweatherconditionsduringthegrowthof Thecloserantistoitsnaturalstate,thelesssuitableitis showshowthatorganiccropsaresaferthanconventionalbespeciallyimprovesoilpoisonbeaffecttheirnutritional第一篇WhyDon’tBabiesTalkLikeAdults?Overthepasthalf-century,scientistshavesettledontworeasonabletheoriesrelatedtobabytalk.Onestatesthatayoungchild'sbrainneedstimetomasterlanguage,inthesamewaythatitdoestomasterotherabilitiessuchasphysicalmovement.Thesecondtheorystatesthatachild'svocabularylevelisthekeyfactor.Accordingtothistheory,somekeystepshavetooccurinalogicalsequencebeforesentenceformationoccurs.Children'smathematicalknowledgedevelopsinthesameway.In2007,researchersatHarvardUniversity,whowerestudyingthetwotheories,foundacleverwaytotestthem.Morethan20,000internationallyadoptedchildrenentertheU.Seachyear.Manyofthemnolongerheartheirbirthlanguageaftertheyarrive,andtheymustlearnEnglishmoreorlessthesamewayinfantsdo一thatis,bylisteningandbytrialanderror.Internationaladopteesdon'ttakeclassesoruseadictionarywhentheyarelearningtheirtongueandmostofthemdon'thaveawell-developedfirstlanguage.AllofthesefactorsmakethemanidealpopulationinwhichtotestthesecompetinghypothesesabouthowlanguageisNeuroscientistsJesseSnedeker,JoyGerenandCarissaShaftostudiedthelanguagedevelopmentof27childrenadoptedfrombetweentheagesoftwoandfiveyears.ThesechildrenbeganlearningEnglishatanolderagethanUSnativesandhadmorematurebrainswithwhichtotacklethetaskEvenso,justaswithAmerican-borninfants,theirfirstEnglishsentencesconsistedofsinglewordsandwerelargelybereft缺乏的）offunctionwordswordendingsandverbs.TheadopteesthenwentthroughthesamestagesastypicalAmerican-bornchildren,thoughatafasterclip.Theadopteesandnativechildrenstartedcombiningwordsinsentenceswhentheirvocabularyreachedthesamesizes,furthersuggestingthatwhatmattersisnothowoldyouareorhowmatureyourbrainis,butthenumberofwordsyouknow.Thisfinding一thathavingmorematurebrainsdidnothelptheadopteesavoidthetoddle-talkstagesuggeststhatbabiesspeakinbabytalknotbecausetheyhavebabybrains,butbecausetheyhaveonlyjuststartedlearningandneedtimetogainenoughvocabularytobeabletoexpandtheirconversations.Beforelong,theone-wordstagewillgivewaytothetwo-wordstageandsoon.LearninghowtochatlikeanadultisagradualButthispotentialansweralsoraisesanevenolderandmoredifficultquestion.Adultimmigrantswholearnasecondlanguagerarelyachievethesameproficiencyinaforeignlanguageastheaveragechildraisedasanativespeaker.Researchershavelongedthereisa"criticalperiod"forlanguagedevelopment,afterwhichitcannotproceedwithfullsuccesstofluency.Yetwestilldonotunderstandthiscriticalperiodorknowwhyitends.Whatisthewriter'smainpurposeinParagraphTorejecttheviewthatadoptedchildrenneedtwoToarguethatcultureaffectsthewaychildrenlearnaTogivereasonswhyadoptedchildrenwereusedintheTojustifyaparticularapproachtolanguageSnedekertGerenandShaftobasedtheirstudyonchildrenwerefindingitdifficulttolearnwerelearningEnglishatalateragethanUShadcomefromanumberoflanguagebackgrounds.D.hadtakenEnglishlessonsin.Whataspectoftheadoptedchildren'slanguagedevelopmentdifferedfromthatofUS-bornTherateatwhichtheyacquiredTheirfirstThewaytheylearnThepointatwhichtheystartedproducingWhatdoestheHarvardfindingNotalltoddlersusebabySomechildrenneedmoreconversationthanLanguagelearningtakesceinorderedNotallbrainsworkinthesameWhenthewritersays"criticalperiod",hemeansaperiodstudiesproduceusefuladultsneedtobetaughtlikelanguagelearningtakesceimmigrantswanttolearnanotherDNADNAisthegeneticmaterialfoundwithinthecellnucleiofalllivingthings.Inm thestrandsofDNAaregroupedintostructurescalledchromosomes.Withtheexceptionofidenticalsiblings(asinidenticaltwins),thecompleteDNAofeachindividualisunique.DNAfingerprintingissometimescalledDNAty.ItisamethodofidentificationthatcomparesbitsofDNA.ADNAfingerprintisconstructedbyfirstdrawingoutaDNAsamplefrombodytissueorfluidsuchashair,blood,orsaliva.Thesampleisthensegmentedusingenzymes,andthesegmentsarearrangedbysize.ThesegmentsaremarkedwithprobesandexposedonX-rayfilm,wheretheyformapatternofblackbars—theDNAfingerprint.IftheDNAfingerprintsproducedfromtwodifferentsamplesmatch,thetwosamplesprobablycamefromthesame DNAfingerprintingwasfirstdevelopedasanidentificationtechniquein1985.Originallyusedtodetectthepresenceofgeneticdiseases,itsooncametobeusedincriminalinvestigationsandlegalaffairs.ThefirstcriminalconvictionbasedonDNAevidenceintheUnitedStatesoccurredin1988.Incriminalinvestigations,DNAfingerprintsderivedfromevidencecollectedatthecrimescenearecomparedtotheDNAfingerprintsofs.Generally,courtshaveacceptedthereliabilityofDNAtestingandadmittedDNAtestresultsintoevidence.However,DNAfingerprintingiscontroversialinanumberofareas:theaccuracyoftheresults,thecostoftesting,andthepossiblemisuseofthetechnique.TheaccuracyofDNAfingerprintinghasbeenchallengedforseveralreasons.First,becauseDNAsegmentsratherthancompleteDNAstrandsare“fingerprinted”;aDNAfingerprintmaynotbeunique;large-scaleresearchtoconfirmtheuniquenessofDNAfingerprintingtestresultshasnotbeenconducted.Inaddition,DNAfingerprintingisoftendoneinprivatelaboratoriesthatmaynotfollowuniformtestingstandardsandqualitycontrols.Also,sincehumanbeingsmustinterpretthetest,humanerrorcouldleadtofalseresults.DNAfingerprintingisexpensive.swhoareunabletoprovidetheirownDNAtoexpertsmaynotbeabletosuccessfullydefendthemselvesagainstchargesbasedonDNAWidespreaduseofDNAtestingforidentificationpurposesmayleadtotheestablishmentofaDNAfingerprintdatabase.Iftwosistersareidenticaltwins,theircompleteDNAstheDNAfingerprintingisatechniqueofA.grouDNAstrandsintostructures.B.segmentingDNAwithconstructingbodytissuesbyidentifying bycomparingDNAfingerprintingwasfirstusedcriminalprivatelaboratoriesD.geneticdiseasePeoplequestionthereliabilityofDNAfingerprintingthesubjectiveinterpretationoftestitscomplexitslargescaleitsuniformtestingitcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatDNAiscostlytothecouldbeasocialistheonlywaytoprovehasbeenaprofitableOntheTrailoftheHoneyOnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesert,ateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers(獾).Theteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpert,KitsoKhama,tohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly(谨慎地)aspossible,withoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsonnedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputation,thiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo.“Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimals,especiallywhentheyseesomethingnew,”hesays.“that,combinedwiththeirunpredictablenature,canbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefood,forexample,theywon’tbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.They’reactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumans,butassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindanger,theycan eextremelyvicious(凶恶的).Fortunaythisisrare,butitdoesTheresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpected,honeybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakes,fearedandavoidedbymostotheranimals,werenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprised,however,bytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelons,probablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontent.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey猎物Theteamalsolearntthat,contrarytopreviousresearchfindings,thebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearch,includingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother.Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallenge,sincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermales,thereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsource,andmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies.Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeople,itgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatterns,whichhadbeendisrupted,returnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadgerastheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.WhydidthewildlifeexpertsvisittheKalahariTofindwherehoneybadgersToobservehowhoneybadgersTocatchsomehoneybadgersforTofindoutwhyhoneybadgershaveabadWhatdoesKitsoKhamasayabouthoneyTheyshowinterestinthingstheyarenotfamiliarTheyarealwayslookingforTheydonotenjoy ItiscommonforthemtoattackWhatdidtheteamfindoutabouthoneyThereweresomecreaturestheydidnotTheymaygetsomeofthewatertheyneededfromTheywereafraidofpoisonousFemalebadgersdidnotmixwithmaleWhichofthefollowingisatypicalfeatureofmaleTheydon’trunveryTheyhuntoveraverylargeTheydefendtheirterritoryfromotherTheyaremoreaggressivethanWhathappenedwhenhoneybadgersgotusedtohumansaroundTheybecamelessaggressivetowardsotherTheylostinterestinTheystartedeatingOtheranimalsstartedworkingwith下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将ToadsareArthriticandinArthritisisanillnessthatcancausepainandswellinginyourbones.Toads,abigprobleminthenorthofAustralia,aresufferingfrompainfularthritisintheirlegsandbackbone,anewstudyhasshown.Thetoadsthatjumpthefastestaremorelikelytobelargerandtohavelongerlegs.Thelargeyellowtoads,nativetoSouthandCentralAmerica,wereintroducedintothenorth-easternAustralianstateofQueenslandin193Sinanattempttostopbeetlesandotherinsectsfromdestroyingsugarcanecrops.Nowupto200millionofthepoisonoustoadsexistinthecountry,andtheyarerapidlyspreadingthroughthestateofNorthernTerritoryatarateofupto60kmayear.Thetoadscannowbefoundacrossmorethanonemillionsquarekilometers. AVenezuelanpoisonwastriedinthe1990sbuthadtobeabandonedafteritwasfoundtoalsokillnativefrogspecies.ThetoadshaveseverelyaffectedecosystemsinAustralia.Animals,andsometimespets,thateatthetoadsdieimmediayfromtheirpoison,andthetoadsthemselveseatanythingtheycanfitinsidetheirmouth.48.Aco-authorofthenewstudy,RickShineaprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,saysthatlittleattentionhasbeengiventotheproblemsthattoadsface.Rickandhiscolleaguesstudiednearly500toadsfromQueenslandandtheNorthernTerritoryandfoundthatthoseinthelatterstatewereverydifferent.Theywereactive,sprintingdownroadsandbreedingquickly.Accordingtotheresultsofthestudy,thefastesttoadstravelnearlyonekilometrea Butspeedandstrengthcomeataprice—arthritisofthelegsandbackboneduetoconstantpressurecedonthem.Inlaboratorytests,theresearchersfoundthatafterabout15minutesofhop,arthritictoadswouldtravellessdistancewitheachhop.50. Thesetoadsaresoprogrammedtomove,apparently,thatevenwheninpainthetoadstravelledasfastandasfarasthehealthyones,continuingtheirrelentlessmarchacrossthelandscape.Toadswithlongerlegsmovefasterandtravellongerdistances,whiletheothersarebeingleftbehind.Butarthritisdidn’tslowdowntoadsoutsidethelaboratory,theresearchersFurthermore,theysoontakeoverthenaturalhabitatsofAustralia’snativeThetasknowfacingthecountryishowtoremovetheButthisadvantagealsohasabigdrawback—upto10%ofthebiggesttoadssufferfromToadsarenotbuilttoberoadrunners—theyarebuilttositaroundpondsandwetScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartGermanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators(除颤器)andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater (51)fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest(心脏停搏).InGermanyalone,around100,000peopledieannually (52)aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart'srhythm.Thosemost (53)arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattack,andforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin (54)life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_ onarangeoffunctions,suchasthatofpacemaker（起搏器）HeartspecialistsatFreiburg'sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithimnteddefibrillator (56)ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogram(ECG,心电图）withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows (57)diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending(即将发生的）heartattack.Itwill.beimntedinforthefirsttimethisyear.Meanwhile,researchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethattheevaluationofECGdatamoreTheoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimnteddefibrillatorandmustforthis (60)undergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytake (61)alinearcorrelationofthedata.Weare,however,makinguseofanon-linear (62)revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem,"HagenKnafsays."Inthiswaychangesintheheart (63)overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdata,basedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderably51.A.B.C.D.52.A.B.C.D.53.A.B.C.D.54.A.B.C.D.55.A.B.C.D.56.A.B.C.D.57.A.B.C.D.58.A.B.C.D.59.A.B.C.D.60.A.B.C.D.61.A.B.C.D.62.A.B.C.D.63.A.B.C.D.64.A.B.C.D.65.A.B.C.D.1.D2.C3.A4.D5.B6.A7.A8.B9.C10.D11.B12.C13.C14.D15.16-2223-26 27-3031-35 36-40 41-4546-5051-55 56-60 61-6514页/412013年英语卫生RumorsbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialA. B. C. D.ThecontractbetweenthetwocompanieswillexpireA. B. C. D.IhavelittleinformationasregardsherfitnessfortheA. B. C. D.ShegetsaggressivewhensheisA. B. C. D.Hewastemptedbythehighsalaryofferedby A. B. C. D.Asapolitician,heknowshowtomanipulatepublicA. B. C. D.TheseanimalsmigratesouthannuallyinsearchofA. B. C. D.TherulesaretoorigidtoallowforhumaneA. B. C. D.TherewassomethingpeculiarinthewayhesA. B. C. D.Comeout,orI’llbustthedoorA. B. C. D.ThewillneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaofA. B. C. D.Shecameacrossthreechildrensleeunderapassed B.tookanoticeC.woke D.foundbyMakesurethetableissecurelyA. B. C. D.Hepaused,waitingforhertodigesttheA. B. C. D.ItseemedincrediblethathehadbeenthereaweekA. B. C. D.PromisingResultsfromCancerAnewexperimentalvaccine()hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudy,avaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallas,USA,curedlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers.Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonths,andwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancer,thediseasedisappearedandintheothers,itdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty-fourmonths.However,nogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness.Thisnewvaccineusesthepatients’ownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody'simmunesystem,whichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmful,andattacksanddestroysthem.Thevaccinecouldbeeffectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofcanceringeneral,althoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.Thevaccinecuredalltheparticipantsinthe B. C.NotOverfortypeopleparticipatedinthe B. C.NotPatientsintheearlystagesofthediseaserecoveredmorequicklyinthe B. C.NotAllthepatientswerefrom B. C.NotEverypatientwasinjectedwiththesame B. C.NotThevaccineactivatestheimmune B. C.NotThevaccinemaybeusefulfortreatingother B. C.NotOrganicFood:Europeisnowthebiggestmarketfororganicfoodintheworld,expandingby25percentayearoverthepast10years.Sowhatistheattractionoforganicfoodforsomepeople?Thereallyimportantthingisthatorganicsoundsmore“natural”.Eatingorganicisawayofdefiningoneselfasnatural,good,caring,differentfromthejunk-food-eatingmasses.Unlikeconventionalfarming,theorganicapproachmeansfarmingwithnaturalratherthanman-made,fertilisersandpesticides.Techniquessuchascroprotationimprovesoilqualityandhelporganicfarmerscompensatefortheabsenceofman-madechemicals.Asamethodoffoodproduction,organicis,however,inefficientinitsuseoflabourandland;thereareseverelimitstohowmuchfoodcanbeproduced.Also,theenvironmentalbenefitsofnotusingartificialfertiliseraretinycomparedwiththeamountofcarbondioxideemittedbytransportingfood.Organicfarmingisoftenclaimedtobesaferthanconventionalfarming.Yetstudiesintoorganicfarmingworldwidecontinuetorejectthisclaim.AnextensivereviewbytheUKFoodStandardsAgencyfoundthattherewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenorganicandconventionalcrops.Evenwhereresultsindicatedtherewasevidenceofadifference,thereviewersfoundnosignthatthesedifferenceswouldhaveanynoticeableeffectonhealthThesimplisticclaimthatorganicfoodismorenutritiousthanconventionalfoodwasalwayslikelytobemisleading.Foodisanaturalproduct,andthehealthvalueofdifferentfoodswillvaryforanumberofreasons,includingfreshness,thewaythefoodiscooked,thetypeofsoilitisgrownin,theamountofsunlightandraincropshavereceived,andsoon.Likewisetheflavourofacarrothaslesstodowithwhetheritwasfertilisedwithmanureorsomethingoutofasticsackthanwiththevarietyofcarrotandhowlongagoitwasdugup.Thenotionthatorganicfoodissaferthan“normal”foodisalsocontradictedbythefactthatmanyofourmostcommonfoodsarefullofnaturaltoxins.Asoneresearchexpertsays:“Peoplethinkthatthemorenaturalsomethingis,thebetteritisforthem.Thatissimplynotthecase.Infact,itistheoppositethatistrue:thecloserantistoitsnaturalstate,themorelikelyitisthatitwillpoisonyou.Naturallymanyntsdonotwanttobeeaten,sowehavespent10,000yearsdeveloagricultureandbreedingoutharmfultraitsfromcrops.”FactorsthatFactorsthataffectfoodhealthMainreasonforthepopularityoforganicTestingthetasteoforganicResearchintowhetherorganicfoodisNecessitytoremovehiddendangersfromDescriptionoforganicParagraphParagraphParagraphTechniquesoforganicfarming Thereisnoconvincingevidence Theweatherconditionsduringthegrowthof Thecloserantistoitsnaturalstate,thelesssuitableitis affectaffecttheirnutritionalpoisonimprovesoilbeshowthatorganiccropsaresaferthanconventionalbespecially第一篇“Don’tDrinkAlone”GetsNewMeaningInwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubs,aEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1,500patientsfromfourcancerstudiesandanother3,500adultswhohadneverhadcancer.Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumed,theyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmealsfacedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoral,pharynx,andesophagus,whencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngealcancer.“Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursitestracedtosmokingordrinkingbythestudyvolunteers,”DalMasosays.Thediscouragingnews,histeamreports,isthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn’teliminatecancerriskatanyoftheFortheirnewysis,theEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroups,basedonhowmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek.Thelowest-intakegroupincludedpeoplewhoaveragedupto20drinksaweek.Thehighestgroupreporteddowningatleast56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.CancerrisksforthemouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonlywithmealsForinstance,comparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroup,participantswhodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesotherthanthelarynx.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemeals,thoseinthehigherconsumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalandesophagealPeopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskoforalcancer,7timestheriskofpharyngealcanc