化学与化工专业英语2-化学基础知识

化学与化工专业英语2-化学基础知识第一页，共171页。三.参考书1.化学信息学教程，Gasteiger,JandEngel,T编著（德文）（梁逸曾，徐峻，姚建华等译），化工出版社，2005年2.化学专业英语，马永祥等编，兰大出版社，1997年3.化学信息学，邵学广和蔡文生编科学出版社，2002年第二页，共171页。Part1PhysicalPropertiesPart2ChemicalEquationsPart3ChemicalCalculationPart4NomenclatureOfInorganicChemicalsPart5NomenclatureOfOrganicChemicals第三页，共171页。Part1PhysicalProperties物理性质1）Colour〖颜色〗

colourlessred-brownviolet-blackpurple-blackpaleyellowdarkbrown第四页，共171页。2）statesolidliquidgasgaseousoilycrystallineuncrystallinemoltenfused第五页，共171页。3）smellodourlesspungentpenetratingchokingoffensivesoursweetbitter第六页，共171页。4）solubilitysolubleinsolubleslightlysolubleverysoluble第七页，共171页。5）observationsbriskeffervescenceprecipitatemilkyaqueoussolution第八页，共171页。6）densityheavylightlessdensedensergreatlydenserslightlydenseraboutthesamedense第九页，共171页。7）hardnesshardsoftductilemalleable第十页，共171页。8）toxicitytoxicpoisonous第十一页，共171页。9）meltingpoint

boilingpointHighlow第十二页，共171页。10）conductivityelectronicconductivitythermalconductivityconductorsemiconductorinsulator第十三页，共171页。Exercise试用英语描述氧气、氮气和金属铁的物理性质。第十四页，共171页。disproportionationneutralization;hydrolysisexothermicreactionendothermicreactionreversiblereactionforwardreactionreversereactionspontaneousreactionnonspontaneousreaction1.反应名称：化学方程式Part2ChemicalEquations第十五页，共171页。2、反应条件heat;burnignite/ignitionelectrolyze/electrolysisunder/atambient/roomtemperatureunderstandardpressurewith/intheprescenceofcatalyst第十六页，共171页。3、读法3.1Nitrogenreacts

withhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.N2+3H2↔2NH3高温、高压催化剂第十七页，共171页。1molnitrogenreactswith

3molhydrogentoform

2molammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.第十八页，共171页。3.2Nitrogencombineswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.第十九页，共171页。

Ammoniadecomposestonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.第二十页，共171页。3.3Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesammonia.第二十一页，共171页。Athightemperatureandpressure,reactionofnitrogenwithhydrogeninthepresenceofacatalysttakesplace.第二十二页，共171页。

ZinctreatedwithhydrochloricacidformshydrogenandzincchlorideZn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2↑第二十三页，共171页。3.4

Calciumcarbonatewhenheated

producescalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonateisheatedtoyieldcalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonatedecomposestocalciumoxideandcarbondioxidewhenitisheated第二十四页，共171页。3.1化学术语atomicmass/weight；molecularweightamount(ofsubstance)；molenumberofmoles；molarmassmolarvolume；concentrationmolarity；excessagentlimitingagent；reactantproduct；yieldPart3ChemicalCalculation（化学计算）第二十五页，共171页。3.2数学术语：

＋

－

×

÷运算名称additionsubstractionmulplicationdivision动词读法 addsubstract(ed)·frommultiply(ied)·bydivide(d)·by介词读法 plus minus timesover运算结果 sumdifference productquotient第二十六页，共171页。0.001o/zeropointooone2/3

twothirds＝equals/isequalto

≈isapproximatelyequalto＜lessthan＞greaterthanx2

xsquaredx3xcubedx-10xtotheminustenthpower100oconehundreddegreescentigrade

5%fivepercent(bymass,volume)（）roundbrackets/parentheses[]square/angularbrackets{}braces第二十七页，共171页。Exercise试用英语描述下面化学反应？H2和O2在点燃的条件下生成H2O。CaCO3在加热条件下分解。Cu在O2中氧化。第二十八页，共171页。

Chapter4.

NomenclatureofcompoundsSectionI.Inorganiccompounds第二十九页，共171页。NameSymbolNo.汉语名ActiniumAc89锕Aluminum*Al13铝AmericiumAm95嵋Antimony*Sb51锑Argon*Ar18氩Arsenic*As33砷Astatine*At85砹Barium*Ba56钡BerkeliumBk97锫Beryllium*Be4铍Bismuth*Bi83铋Boron*B5硼Bromine*Br35溴Cadmium*Cd48镉Calcium*Ca20钙CaliforniumCf98锎Carbon*C6碳CeriumCe58铈Cesium*Cs55铯一.NAMEOFTHEELEMENTS第三十页，共171页。Chlorine*Cl17氯Chromium*Cr24铬Cobalt*Co27

钴Copper*Cu29铜CuriumCm96锔DysprosiumDy66镝EinsteiniumEs99锿ErbiumEr68铒EuropiumEu63铕FermiumFm100镄Fluorine*F9氟FranciumFr87钫GadoliniumGd64钆Gallium*Ga31镓Germanium*Ge32锗Gold*Au79金HafniumHf72铪Helium*He2氦HolmiumHo67钬Hydrogen*H1氢第三十一页，共171页。Indium*In49铟Iodine*I53碘IridiumIr77铱Iron*Fe26铁Krypton*Kr36氪LanthanumLa57镧LawrenciumLr103铹Lead*Pb82铅Lithium*Li8锂LutetiumLu71镥Magnesium*Mg12镁Manganese*Mn25锰MendeleviumMd101钔Mercury*Hg80汞Molybdenum*Mo42钼NeodymiumNd60钕Neon*Ne10氖NeptuniumNp93镎Nickel*Ni28镍Niobium*Nb41铌Nitrogen*N7氮第三十二页，共171页。NobeliumNo102锘Osmium*Os76锇Oxygen*O8氧Palladium*Pd46钯Phosphorus*P15磷Platinum*Pt78铂PlutoniumPu94钚PoloniumPo84钋Potassium*K19钾PraseodymiumPr59镨PromethiumPm61钜ProtactiniumPa91镤Radium*Ra88镭Radon*Rn86氡Rhenium*Re75铼Rhodium*Rh45铑Rubidium*Rb37铷Ruthenium*Ru44钌SamariumSm62钐ScandiumSc21钪第三十三页，共171页。Selenium*Se34硒Silicon*Si14硅Silver*Ag47银Sodium*Na11钠Strontium*Sr38锶Sulfur*S16硫Tantalum*Ta73钽Technetium*Tc43锝Tellurium*Te52碲Terbium*Tb65铽Thallium*Tl81铊ThoriumTh90钍ThuliumTm69铥Tin*Sn50锡Titanium*Ti22钛Tungsten*W74钨UraniumU92铀Vanadium*V23钒Xenon*Xe54氙YtterbiumYb70镱Yttrium*Y39钇Zinc*Zn30锌Zirconium*Zr40锆第三十四页，共171页。S-blockElementIAHHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumRbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFranciumIIA

BeBerylliumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumSrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadium第三十五页，共171页。IIIA

IVAVABBoron

CCarbonNNitrogenAlAluminiumSiSiliconPPhosphorusGaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuthP-blockElement(I)第三十六页，共171页。VIAVIIA0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorineArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadonP-blockElement(II)第三十七页，共171页。CommonTransitionElememtTi:titaniumSc:scandiumV:vanadiumCr:chromiumMn:manganeseFe:ironCo:cobaltNi:nickelCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:goldPd:PalladiumPt:platinumW:tungsten

第三十八页，共171页。固态液态气态人造元素1

H

元素周期表2

He3

Li4

Be

5

B6

C7

N8

O9

F10

Ne11

Na12

Mg

13

Al14

Si15

P16

S17

Cl18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34Se

35

Br36Kr37

Rb38

Sr39

Y40

Zr41

Nb42

Mo43

Tc44

Ru45

Rh46

Pd47

Ag48

Cd49

In50

Sn51

Sb52

Te53

I54

Xe55

Cs56

Ba57

La72

Hf73

Ta74

W75

Re76

Os77

Ir78

Pt79

Au80

Hg81

Tl82

Pb83

Bi84

Po85

At86

Rn87

Fr88

Ra89

Ac104

Rf105

Db106

Sg107

Bh108

Hs109

Mt110

Uun111

Uuu112

Uub113

Uut114

UuqLanthanon镧系元素58

Ce59

Pr60

Nd61

Pm62

Sm53

Eu64

Gd65

Tb66

Dy67

Ho68

Er69

Tm70

Yb71

LuActinons锕系元素90

Th91

Pa92

U93

Np94

Pu95

Am96

Cm97

Bk98

Cf99

Es100

Fm101

Md102

No103

Lr第三十九页，共171页。二.Namingmetalions(cations)for

metaloxides,basesandsalts1.Singlevalenceions

Cation’sname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium第四十页，共171页。2.MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(V)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)第四十一页，共171页。三.Namingnonmetalions(anions)1.Monatomicanions

Anion’sname=Element’sroot-ide

Forexample:Cl-Chloride

(chlorine)O2-Oxide(oxygen)

Br-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideH-Hydride

第四十二页，共171页。2.Polyatomicoxyanions(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt

Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ateforexample:

ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate

第四十三页，共171页。(2).Acidradicalsformeta-saltsAnion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO2-ChloriteIO2-IoditePO33-PhosphiteNO2-NitriteSO32-Sulfite

第四十四页，共171页。(3).Acidradicalsfor

hypo-saltsAnion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO-

Hypochlorite

IO-

HypoioditePO23-

Hypophosphite

第四十五页，共171页。(4).Acidradicalsfor

persaltsAnion’sname=Per-centralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO4-

Perchlorate

IO4-

PeriodateMnO4-

Permanganate

第四十六页，共171页。四.Namingcompounds1.Metaloxide

Metaloxide=Cation+oxideforexample:

FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4FerroferricoxidePb3O4TrileadtetraoxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide第四十七页，共171页。2.NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxide

forexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5Diphosphoruspentoxide

第四十八页，共171页。Numeralprefix

EnglishLatin一mono-uni-二di-bi-三tri-ter-四tetra-quadri-五penta-quinque-六hexa-sexi-七hepta-sept-八octa-九nona-十deca-第四十九页，共171页。3.Bases

Base=Metalcation+hydroxideforexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide

第五十页，共171页。4.Salts(1)CaC2

calciumcarbideNaClsodiumchloride(2).Normalsalt:Normalsalt=Cation+anion

forexampleHgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochlorite

第五十一页，共171页。(3).AcidicsaltsAcidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionforexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateNaHCO3SodiumbicarbonateCa(HSO4)2Calciumbisulfate第五十二页，共171页。(4).BasicsaltsBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionforexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateBi(OH)2NO3Bismuth(III)dihydroxynitrateCa(OH)ClCalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate第五十三页，共171页。(4).MixedsaltsMixedsalt=Cation+cation’+anionforexample:NaKSO3SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4Sodiumammoniumsulfate

第五十四页，共171页。5.Acids(1).Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ous

+acidforexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid

第五十五页，共171页。(2).Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ic+acidforexample:H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4Perchloricacid

第五十六页，共171页。(3)Hydrogenhalogenacids

Hydro-

Centralelement’sroot-ic+acidForexample:HCl:HydrochloricacidHF:Hydrofluoricacid

HBr:HydrobromicacidHI:Hydroiodicacid除了水和氨气使用俗称water(H2O)，ammonia(NH3)以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称。对于卤族和氧族氢化物另一种方法是按盐命名。

Forexample：HFHydrogenfluorideHClHydrogenchlorideHBrHydrogenbromideHIHydrogeniodideH2SHydrogensulfideH2SeHydrogenselenideH2TeHydrogentelluride

第五十七页，共171页。(4）Othernonmatelhydride

name=element’sroot+ane

(氮族还可加-ine)Forexample：PH3:Phosphineorphosphane AsH3:ArsineorarsaneSbH3:StibineorstibaneBiH3:BismuthaneCH4:MethaneSiH4:SilaneB2H6:Diborane第五十八页，共171页。FormulaSaltAcidAsO43-Arsenate(-ic)ArsenicacidAsO33-ArseniteArsenousacidPO43-Phosphate(-orus)PhosphoricacidPO43-PhosphitePhosphorousacidSiO44-Silicate(-on)SilicicacidMnO4-Permanganate(-ese)PermanganicacidCO32-Carbonate(0)CarbonicacidCrO42-Chromate(-ium)ChromicacidCr2O72-DichromateDichromicacidC2O42-OxalateOxalicacid6.含氧酸根的命名补充第五十九页，共171页。FormulaSaltAcidWO42-Tungstate(-en)TungsticacidMoO42-Molybdate(-enum)MolybdicacidVO43-Vanadate(inm)VanadicacidH2BO3-Borate(-on)BoricacidBiO43-Bismate(-uth)BismicacidSbO43-Antimonate(-y)(Stibate)(-onium)Antimonicacid[PtCl6]2-Hexchloroplatinate(IV)(-um)[AlF6]3-Hexfluoroaluminate(III)(-um)ZnO22-Zincate(0)第六十页，共171页。FormulaSaltAcidNiO22-Nickelate(0)SeO42-Selenate(-ium)SelenicacidPbO22-Plumbite(-ery)GeO42-Germanate(-ium)GermanicacidSnO42-StannateStannicacidTiO32-Titanate(-ium)Titanicacid第六十一页，共171页。五.Namingcoordinationcomplex1.Ligands(1).

NegativeionsasligandsLigand=Element’sroot-oforexample:CN-CyanoNO2-NitroF-FluoroNO3-NitratoCl-ChloroCO32-CarbonatoBr-BromoCH3COO-AcetatoO=OxoH-HydridoOH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato

第六十二页，共171页。(2).NeutralmoleculesasligandLigand=Radicalnameforexample:NH3AmmineCOCarbonylH2OAquaCH3NH2MethylamineH2NCCNH2Ethylenediamine第六十三页，共171页。2.Complexions(1).NeutralcomplexorcomplexionswithpositivechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)forexample:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)第六十四页，共171页。(2).ComplexionswithnegativechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metal’sroot-ate(N)forexample:[Fe(CN)6]4-Hexacyanoferrate(II)[BF4]-Tetrafluoroborate(III)[AlF6]3-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)[AuCl4]-Tetrachloroaurate(III)第六十五页，共171页。3.NamingcomplexComplex=Cation+anionforexample:Li[AlH4]Lithiumtetrahydridoaluminate(III)[Ag(NH3)2]ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4[Fe(CN)6]Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)[Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateNi(CO)4Tetracarbonylnickel(0)第六十六页，共171页。ExerciseH2SO4HClHNO3HNO2HCNNa2SCuSO4Fe(NO3)3

HClO4KCNNH4ClNaClONaOHMn(OH)2Fe2O3P2O5H2O2K2Cr2O7Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4PtCl42-

[Ag(NH3)2]ClK4[Fe(CN)6]第六十七页，共171页。AnswerH2SO4sulfuricacidHClhydrogenchlorideorhydrochloricacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHCNhydrogencyanideorhydrocyanicacidNa2SsodiumsulfideCuSO4copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfateFe(NO3)3iron(III)nitrateorferricnitrateHClO4perchloricacidKCNpotassiumcyanideNH4Clammoniumchloride第六十八页，共171页。NaClOsodiumhypochloriteNaOHsodiumhydroxideMn(OH)2Manganese(II)hydroxideFe2O3iron(III)oxideorferricoxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideH2O2hydrogenperoxideK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4calciumhydrogenphosphatePtCl42-tetrachloroplatinum(II)[Ag(NH3)2]ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4[Fe(CN)6]Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Answer第六十九页，共171页。

Section5.

Nomenclatureoforganiccompounds第七十页，共171页。一.Namingalkanes1.1Saturatedunbranchedhydrocarbons

Alkane=Numberprefix-aneforexample:CH4MethaneCH3CH2CH3Propane

CH3CH3EthaneCH3(CH2)2CH3ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3NonaneCH3(CH2)8CH3Decane

第七十一页，共171页。

11~19Alkane=Numberprefix-decanefor

example:

11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane

15-alkanePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane

17-alkaneHeptadecane

第七十二页，共171页。

18-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane

20-alkaneIcosane21~29Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane25-alkanePentacosane第七十三页，共171页。

30-AlkaneTriacontane31~39Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontane

forexample:

31-AlkaneHentriacontane

32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane

34-AlkaneTetratriacontane

35-Alkanepentatriacontane

36-AlkaneHexatriacontane第七十四页，共171页。

40~90Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:40AlkaneTetracontane50AlkanePentacontane60AlkaneHexacontane70AlkaneHeptacontane80AlkaneOctacontane

90AlkaneNonacontane

第七十五页，共171页。100-199=(10-99)numberprefix-hectaneforexample:100

AlkaneHectane110AlkaneDecahectane125AlkanePentacosahectane143AlkaneTritetracontahectane133AlkaneTritriacontahectane168AlkaneOctahexacontahectane第七十六页，共171页。1.2Univalentradicals

Radical=Alk

-ylforexample:CH3-Methyl

CH3CH2-

EthylCH3CH2CH2-

PropylCH3(CH2)2CH2-Butyl第七十七页，共171页。1.3Saturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbon(1)branched-chainhydrocarbon=

n-Radical+alkaneforexample:

第七十八页，共171页。(2)Othertraditionalname加iso(异)，sec(仲)，tert(特)，neo(新)词头命名Forexample:(CH3)2CHCH3isobutane(CH3)2CHCH2CH3isopentane(CH3)4CNeopentane第七十九页，共171页。1.4UnivalentbranchedradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:第八十页，共171页。1.5PolysidechainhydrocarbonButyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Propylforexample:第八十一页，共171页。二.Namingunsaturatedhydrocarbon2.1UnbranchedacyclicalkeneAlkene=Numberprefix-eneforexample:C-C-C-C=C-C2-HexeneC-C=CPropeneC-C=C-C2-ButeneC-C-C-C=C1-Pentene

第八十二页，共171页。2.2Poly-enen-Alkene=Alk-a-n-enen=2-adienen=3-atrienen=4-atetraeneforexample:C-C=C-C=C-C=C1,3,5-HeptatrieneC=C-C=C1,3-ButadieneC-C=C-C=C1,3-Pentadiene第八十三页，共171页。.第八十四页，共171页。2.3Alkyne

Alkyne=Alk-yne(-a-n-yne)n=2-adiynen=3-atriyneforexample:

第八十五页，共171页。2.4

Unsaturatedhydrocarbonwith

bothdoubleandtriplebondsAlkenyne=Numberprefix-enyneTwoene+oneyne-adien-?-yneThreeene+oneyne-atrien-?-yne

Oneene+twoyne-ene-?-diyneforexample:

第八十六页，共171页。烯炔命名的几点说明；1.先烯优于炔，即n某烯m炔2.双键定位号在最前面，三键定位号在ene与yne之间。3.烯炔分子只有一个三键时ene与yne相接的ene词尾e应删除，即en-?-yne，当有多个三键时由于要加数字词头所以e不再删除！第八十七页，共171页。2.5UnsaturatedunivalentradicalsAlkeneradical=Alken-ylAlkyneradical=Alkyn-ylforexample:

第八十八页，共171页。2.6MultivalentradicalsBivalentradical=univalentradical-idene(ene)Trivalentradical=univalentradical-idyneforexample:

Benzylidene第八十九页，共171页。.当自由价不在同一碳上时radical=univalentradical-ene第九十页，共171页。三.Cyclichydrocarbons3.1SaturatedmonocyclichydrocarbonsCyclicalkane=Cyclo-alkaneforexample:第九十一页，共171页。Cyclichydrocarbons

withsidechains

1.侧链碳原子数少于环内碳，侧链作取代基,反之环作取代基。2.侧链上有不止一个环时，环作取代基。第九十二页，共171页。3.2UnsaturatedmonocyclichydrocarbonsCyclicalkene=Cyclo-alkeneforexample:第九十三页，共171页。3.3UnivalentradicalsofcyclichydrocarbonsCyclicradical=Cyclo-Rforexample:第九十四页，共171页。命名桥环烃步骤：1.确定环数，将环烃变为开链烃时需要断开的次数就是该环烃的环数！2.选择主环，主环应包含尽量多的碳原子且有两个碳原子作为主桥桥头。3.选择主桥，主桥应包含尽量多的碳原子且尽可能把主环对称分开。4.桥环烃编号，从桥头(1)开始绕主环最后到桥上。5.名称开头用数字词头表明环数，然后在[]中表明各个环上除桥头碳以外的碳原子数，把碳原子数最少的桥定为次桥并用上标表明其位置。6.在[]后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！3.4Bicyclicbridgedhydrocarbons第九十五页，共171页。Forexample:第九十六页，共171页。3.5Polycyclicsystems第九十七页，共171页。第九十八页，共171页。1.螺环烃编号，从螺原子相邻的小环(1)开始绕小环经螺原子到大环。3.名称开头用spiro后接[]，在方括弧中表明各个环上除螺碳以外的碳原子数，先写小环。4.在[]后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！5.当有多个螺原子时在spiro前加数字词头。编号从分子一端螺原子相邻的原子开始沿顺时针方向编完！3.6Spirohydrocarbons第九十九页，共171页。Forexample:第一百页，共171页。14-Azadispiro[5,1,5,2]pentadecane1第一百零一页，共171页。3.7Substitutedaromatichydrocarbons(1).Trivialname第一百零二页，共171页。.(2).SystemnameSystemname=n-R-benzenen=2,3,4oro(ortho),m(meta),p(para)forexample:

第一百零三页，共171页。(3)复杂取代芳烃当苯环上有4个碳或更长链的不饱和侧链时，或多个苯环连接在同一链烃上时，链烃为母体苯环作取代基。1-Phenyl-2-hexene1,2-diphenyl-1-methylethane第一百零四页，共171页。3.8Substitutedaromaticradicals(1)Trivialname第一百零五页，共171页。(2)Aryl(芳基）Arylene（亚芳基）systemname位置编码从自由价开始构词方法与链烃一样！1,2-diphenylene2,6-dimethylphenyl第一百零六页，共171页。四.Alcohols,aldehydesandketones4.1Alcohols(1)Systemname:一元醇Alcohol=Alkan-ol

多元醇

Alcohol=?-Alkane-n-ol多元醇在名称前表标明羟基位置，在烃名称后直接加带数字词头的ol（不取e）!

第一百零七页，共171页。Forexample：第一百零八页，共171页。（2）OldnameAlcohol=Radical+alcohol第一百零九页，共171页。（3）Trivialname第一百一十页，共171页。(4)硫醇和硫酚在化合物的名称后直接加词尾thiol就是硫醇或硫酚（不删除e）！Forexample:PropanethiolBenzenethiol第一百一十一页，共171页。4.2.Radicals(1).RO-(R=C1~C4)Radical=Alk-oxyforexample:CH3O-MethoxyCH3CH2O-EthoxyCH3CH2CH2CH2O-ButoxyCH3CH2CH2O-Propoxy第一百一十二页，共171页。(2).RO-(RC4)Radical=Alkyl-oxyForexample:(3).-O-X-O-Radical=X-dioxyforexample:-OCH2O-Methylenedioxy-OCH2CH2O-Ethylenedioxy第一百一十三页，共171页。4.3.Ether(1).EtherasmaingroupEther=R+R’+etherforexample:CH3OCH2CH