美国文学史第一次课课件

Chapter4

Modernism

ModernismThe1920s，1930sIModernism:ageneraltermappliedretrospectivelytothewiderangeofexperimentalandavant-gardetrendsintheliteratureandotherartsoftheearly20thcentury,includingSymbolism,Futurism,Expressionism,Imagism,Vorticism,Dada,andSurrealism,alongwiththeinnovationsofunaffiliatedwriters.

ispredominantlycosmopolitan,oftenexpressesasenseofurbanculturaldislocation,alongwithanawarenessofnewanthropologicalandpsychologicaltheories.favoredtechniquesofjuxtapositionandmultiplepointofviewchallengethereadertoreestablishacoherenceofmeaningfromfragmentaryforms.InEnglish,itsmajorlandmarksareJoyce’sUlyssesandEliot’sTheWasteLand(both1922).ModernismPeriod

1PoetryPoetsinChicago:CarlSandburg(1878-1967);HartCrane(1899-1932)PoetsOverseas:EzraPound(1885-1972);T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)PoetsinNewEngland:

RobertFrost(1874-1963);EdwardArlingtonRobinson(1869-1935)2Drama:EugeneO’neill(1888-1953)3Novels:TheLostGenerationFrancisScottFitzgeraldGertrudeStein(1874-1946)ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)SinclairLewis(1885-1951)SherwoodAnderson(1876-1941)SouthernWriters

WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)BlackWritersRichardWright(1908-1960IIThe1920s

1.1Postwardevelopment:1)Economics2)Technology(automobile;radio;movie;music)3)Urbanization4)Socialrevolution(moralmodes;secondsex)IIThe1920s

KeyPeopleHenryFord

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Automobilepioneerwhoperfectedassembly-lineproductionandinventedtheaffordableModelTFordF.ScottFitzgerald

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WriterwhosenovelsandstoriesdepictedtheexcitementanddislocationoftheJazzAgeErnestHemingway

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Novelistwhoseworkstypifiedthedisillusionedvoiceofthepost–WorldWarILostGenerationIIThe1920s

Events(mainlyinliterature):

1920SinclairLewispublishesMainStreet

1925F.ScottFitzgeraldpublishesTheGreatGatsby

1926ErnestHemingwaypublishesTheSunAlsoRises

1927CharlesLindberghbecomesfirstpilottoflysoloacrossAtlantic;

TheJazzSingerbecomesfirst“talkie”

1929WilliamFaulknerpublishesTheSoundandtheFury

1929ErnestHemingwaypublishesAFarewelltoArmsIIThe1920s

ThemajorsportwasbaseballandthemostfamousplayerwasBabeRuth.TheScopesTrial(1925)whichdeclaredthatJohnT.Scopeshadviolatedthelawbyteachingevolutioninschools,creatingtensionbetweenthecompetingtheoriesofcreationismandevolution.ProhibitionofalcoholTheImmigrationActof1924TheSecondIndustrialRevolutionHenryFordandtheAutomobileFordThefirstfeaturefilmoriginallypresentedasatalkiewasTheJazzSinger,releasedinOctober1927LouisArmstrong

Comingtoprominenceinthe1920sasan"inventive"cornetandtrumpetplayer,Armstrongwasafoundationalinfluenceonjazz,shiftingthemusic'sfocusfromcollectiveimprovisationtosoloperformers.1925Ford"NewModel"T

TudorSedanKuKluxKlanrally,1923.Prohibitionofalcohol

InthehistoryoftheUnitedStates,Prohibition,alsoknownasTheNobleExperiment(1920-1933),duringwhichthesale,manufacture,andtransportationofalcohol

beveragesforconsumptionwererestrictedorillegalandbannednationallyasmandatedintheEighteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution.TheImmigrationActof1924Itplacesrestrictionsonimmigration.NationalquotascurbedmostEasternandSouthernEuropeannationalities,furtherenforcedthebanonimmigrationofEastAsians,IndiansandAfricans,andputmildregulationsonnationalitiesfromtheWesternHemisphere(LatinAmericans).

Socialacceptanceofminoritiesandhomosexuals

MasculineFemale,femininemen!Whichistherooster,whichisthehen?It'shardtotell'emaparttoday!And,say!Sisterisbusylearningtoshave,Brotherjustloveshispermanentwave,It'shardtotell'emaparttoday!Hey,hey!GirlsweregirlsandboyswereboyswhenIwasatot,Nowwedon'tknowwhoiswho,orevenwhat'swhat!Knickersandtrousers,baggyandwide,Nobodyknowswho'swalkinginside,Thosemasculinewomenandfemininemen!—WordsbyEdwardDanielsAswomen'srightsincreased,sotoodidsocialfreedoms.AnewsymboloftheJazzAgeemerged:theimageoftheshort-haired,short-skirted,independent-minded,andsexuallyliberated“flapper”womanwholivedlifeinthefastlane.

Symbolism

象征派在艺术上受英国拉斐尔前派和象征派诗人马拉美、波特莱尔，音乐家瓦格纳及尼采主观唯心主义思想的影响。象征派主张强调主观、个性，以心灵的想象创造某种带有暗示和象征性的神奇画面，他们不再把一时所见真实的表现出来，而通过特定形象的综合来表达自己的观念和内在的精神世界。在形式上则追求华丽堆砌和装饰的效果。Symbolism

LesFleursdumal(TheFlowersofEvil,1857)byCharlesBaudelaire.(波特莱尔的《恶之花》TheworksofEdgarAllanPoe,whichBaudelaireadmiredgreatlyandtranslatedintoFrench,wereasignificantinfluenceandthesourceofmanystocktropes（转喻）andimages.Symbolistsbelievedthatartshouldrepresentabsolutetruthswhichcouldonlybedescribedindirectly.Symbolistpoemswereattemptstoevoke,ratherthanprimarilytodescribe;symbolicimagerywasusedtosignifythestateofthepoet'ssoul

FuturismPoetry,canbecharacterizedbyitsunexpectedcombinationsofimagesandhyper-conciseness.20世纪出现最早、反叛精神最强的一个文艺流派。十年之间，来去匆匆。以“否定一切”为基本特征，主张彻底抛弃艺术遗产和传统文化，歌颂机械和都市混乱，赞美“速度美”和“力量”，用自由不羁的语句随心所欲地进行艺术创造。创始人是马里内蒂Marinetti，主要成就是诗歌。香港汇丰银行Versace

2012Expressionismamodernistmovement,initiallyinpoetryandpainting,originatinginGermanyatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itstypicaltraitistopresenttheworldsolelyfromansubjectiveperspective,distortingitradicallyforemotionaleffectinordertoevokemoodsorideas.

。埃贡·席勒的《爱德华·科斯马克肖像》葛雷柯《多莱多风景》

1921年埃瑞许·孟德尔松

在德国波茨坦造的

爱因斯坦塔。

奥地利小说家弗兰兹·卡夫卡的两部较能体现表现主义小说特征的作品——短篇小说《乡村医生》（1917）和长篇小说《城堡》（1922）。Vorticism(1912-1915)short-livedBritishartmovementitismorecloselyrelatedtoFuturisminitsembraceofdynamism,themachineageandallthingsmodern).ittriedtocapturemovementinanimage.InaVorticistpaintingmodernlifeisshownasanarrayofboldlinesandharshcoloursdrawingtheviewer'seyeintothecentreofthecanvas.DadaismisaculturalmovementthatbeganinZurich,Switzerland,duringWorldWarIandpeakedfrom1916to1922.concentrateditsanti-warpoliticsthrougharejectionoftheprevailingstandardsinartthroughanti-artculturalworks.Itspurposewastoridiculewhatitsparticipantsconsideredtobethemeaninglessnessofthemodernworld.Inadditiontobeinganti-war,dadawasalsoanti-bourgeoisandanarchistinnature.Surrealismisaculturalmovementthatbeganintheearly1920s,andisbestknownforthevisualartworksandwritingsofthegroupmembers.Surrealistworksfeaturetheelementofsurprise,unexpectedjuxtapositionsandnonsequitur(不合逻辑的推论);SurrealismdevelopedoutoftheDadaactivitiesduringWorldWarIandthemostimportantcenterofthemovementwasParis.Fromthe1920sonward,themovementspreadaroundtheglobe,eventuallyaffectingthevisualarts,literature,filmandmusicofmanycountriesandlanguages,aswellaspoliticalthoughtandpractice,philosophyandsocialtheory.它的主要特征，是以所谓“超现实”、“超理智”的梦境、幻觉等作为艺术创作的源泉，认为只有这种超越现实的“无意识”世界才能摆脱一切束缚，最真实地显示客观事实的真面目。西班牙画家达利（1904—1989），

《记忆的永恒》

雷尼·马格利特（1898~1967)比利时

TheElephantCelebes(1921)byMax

Ernst.德国画家，诗人，达达运动的成员和超现实主义的创立人。他在德国的科隆与其它前卫的艺术家组成了达达小组。M