生化生命科学复习生物化学

NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineWinners2000-1901broughttoyoubyThe 2000TheprizewasawardedjointlyARVIDCARLSSON,PAULGREENGARDandERICKANDELfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningsignaltransductioninthenervoussystem.1999Theprizewasawardedto:GÜNTERBLOBEL,forthediscoverythatproteinshaveintrinsicsignalsthaterntheirtransportandlocalizationinthecell.1998Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ROBERTF.FURCHGOTT,LOUISJ.IGNARROandFERIDMURADfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningnitricoxideasasignallingmoleculeinthecardiovascularsystem.1997STANLEYB.PRUSINERforhisdiscoveryofPrions-anewbiologicalprincipleof Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:PETERC.DOHERTYandROLFM.ZINKERNAGELfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthespecificityofthecellmediatedimmune1995Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDWARDB.LEWIS,CHRISTIANENSLEIN-VOLHARDandERICF.WIESCHAUSfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthegeneticcontrolofearlyembryonicdevelopment.1994Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ALFREDG.GILMANandMARTINRODBELLfortheirdiscoveryofG-proteinsandtheroleoftheseproteinsinsignaltransductionincells.1993Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:RICHARDJ.ROBERTSandPHILLIPA.SHARPfortheirindependentdiscoveriesofsplitgenes.1992Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDMONDH.andEDWING.KREBSfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningreversibleproteinphosphorylationasabiologicalregulatory1991Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ERWINNEHERandBERTSAKMANNfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthefunctionofsingleionchannelsincells.1990Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:JOSEPHE.MURRAYandE.DONNALLTHOMASfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningorganandcelltransntationinthetreatmentofhumandisease.1989Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:J.MICHAELBISHOPandHAROLDE.VARMUSfortheirdiscoveryofthecellularoriginofretroviraloncogenes.1988Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRJAMESW.BLACK,GERTRUDEB.ELIONandGEORGEH.HITCHINGSfortheirdiscoveriesofimportantprinciplesfordrug1987SUSUMUTONEGAWAforhisdiscoveryofthegeneticprincipleforgenerationofantibodydiversity.1986Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:STANLEYCOHENandRITALEVI-MONTALCINIfortheirdiscoveriesofgrowthfactors.1985Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:MICHAELS.BROWNandJOSEPHL.GOLDSTEINfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheregulationofcholesterolmetabolism.1984Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:NIELSK.JERNE,GEORGESJ.F.KLERandCARMILSTEINfortheoriesconcerningthespecificityindevelopmentandcontroloftheimmunesystemandthediscoveryoftheprincipleforproductionofmonoclonalantibodies.1983BARBARAMCCLINTOCKforherdiscoveryofgenetic1982Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SUNEK.BERGSTR,BENGTI.SAMUELSSONandSIRJOHNR.VANEfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningprostaglandinsandrelatedbiologicallyactivesubstances.1981Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:ROGERW.SPERRYforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthefunctionalspecializationofthecerebralhemispheres.andtheotherhalfawardedjointlyto:DAVIDH.HUBELandTORSTENN.WIESELfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninginformationprocessinginthevisualsystem.1980Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:BARUJBENACERRAF,NDAUSSETandGEORGED.SNELLfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninggeneticallydeterminedstructuresonthecellsurfacethatregulateimmunologicalreactions.1979Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ALANM.CORMACKandSIRGODFREYN.HOUNSFIELDforthedevelopmentofcomputerassistedtomography.1978Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:：WERNERARBER,DANIELNATHANSHAMILTONO.SMITHforthediscoveryofrestrictionenzymesandtheirapplicationtoproblemsofmoleculargenetics.1977Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedjointlyto:ROGERGUILLEMINandANDREWV.SCHALLYfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthepeptidehormoneproductionofthebrainandtheotherhalfawardedto:ROSALYNYALOWforthedevelopmentofradioimmunoassaysofpeptidehormones.1976Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:BARUCHS.BLUMBERGandD.CARLETONGAJDUSEKfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningnewmechanismsfortheoriginanddisseminationofinfectiousdiseases.1975Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:DAVIDBALTIMORE,RENATODULBECCOandHOWARDMARTINTEMINfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheinctionbetweenesandthegeneticmaterialofthe1974Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ALBERTCLAUDE,CHRISTIANDEDUVEandGEORGEE.PALADEfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthestructuralandfunctionalorganizationofthecell.1973Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:KARLVONFRISCH,KONRADLORENZandNIKOLAASTINBERGENfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningorganizationandelicitationindividualandsocialbehaviour1972Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:GERALDM.EDELMANandRODNEYR.PORTERfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthechemicalstructureofantibodies.1971EARLW.JR.SUTHERLANDforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthemechanismsoftheactionofhormones.1970Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRBERNARDKATZ,ULFVONEULERandJULIUSAXELRODfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthehumoraltransmittorsinthenerveterminalsandthemechanismfortheirstorage,releaseandinactivation.1969Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:MAXDELBRK,ALFREDD.HERSHEYandSALVADORE.LURIAfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthereplicationmechanismandthegenticstructureofes. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ROBERTW.HOLLEY,HARGOBINDKHORANAandMARSHALLW.NIRENBERGfortheirinterpretationofthegeneticcodeanditsfunctioninproteinsynthesis. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:RAGNARGRANIT,HALDANKEFFERHARTLINEandGEORGEWALDfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheprimaryphysiologicalandchemicalvisualprocessesintheeye. Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:PEYTONROUSforhisdiscoveryoftumorinducingesandtheotherhalfto:CHARLESBRENTONHUGGINSforhisdiscoveriesconcerninghormonaltreatmentofprostaticcancer. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:FRANISJACOB,ANDR?/font>LWOFFandJACOUESMONODfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninggeneticcontrolofenzymeand1964Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:KONRADBLOCHandF RLYNENfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthemechanismandregulationofthecholesterolandfattyacid Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRJOHNCAREWECCLES,SIRALANLLOYDHODGKINandSIRANDREWFIELDINGHUXLEYfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheionicmechanismsinvolvedinexcitationandinhibitionintheperipheralandcentralportionsofthenervecellmembrane. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:FRANCISHARRYCOMPTONCRICK,JAMESDEWEYWATSONandMAURICEHUGHFREDERICKWILKINSfordiscoveriesconcerningthemolecularstructureofnuclearacidsanditssignificanceforinformationtransferinlivingmaterial. GEORGVONBYforhisdiscoveriesofthephysicalmechanismofstimulationwithinthecochlea.1960Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRFRANKMACFARLANEBURNETandSIRPETERBRIANMEDAWARfordiscoveryofacquiredimmunologicaltolerance. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SEVEROOCHOAandARTHURKORNBERGfortheirdiscoveryofthemechanismsinthebiologicalsynthesisofribonucleicacidanddeoxiribonucleicacid. Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedjointlyto:GEORGEWELLSBEADLEandEDWARDLAWRIETATUMfortheirdiscoverythatgenesactbyregulatingdefinitechemicaleventsandtheotherhalfto:JOSHUALEDERBERGforhisdiscoveriesconcerninggenetic binationandtheorganizationofthegeneticmaterialofbacteria. DANIELBOVETforhisdiscoveriesrelatingtosyntheticcompoundsthatinhibittheactionofcertainbodysubstances,andespeciallytheiractiononthevascularsystemandtheskeletalmuscles. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ANDRfontFRICCOURNAND,WERNERFORSSMANNandDICKINSONW.RICHARDSfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningheartcatherizationandpathologicalchangesinthecirculatorysystem. AXELHUGOTHRTHEORELLforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthenatureandmodeofactionofoxidationenzymes. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:JOHNFRANKLINENDERS,THOMASHUCKLEWELLERandFREDERICKCHAPMANROBBINSfortheirdiscoveryoftheabilityofpoliomyelitisestogrowinculturesofvarioustypesoftissue. Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:SIRHANSADOLFKREBSforhisdiscoveryofthecitricacidcycleandtheotherhalfto:FRITZALBERTLIPMANNforhisdiscoveryofco-enzymeAanditsimportanceforintermediarymetabolism. SELMANABRAHAMWAKSMANforhisdiscoveryofstreptomycin,thefirstantibioticeffectiveagainsttuberculosis. MAXTHEILERforhisdiscoveriesconcerningyellowfeverandhowtocombat Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDWARDCALVINKENDALL,TADEUSREICHSTEINandPHILIPSHOWALTERHENCHfortheirdiscoveriesrelatingtothehormonesoftheadrenalcortex,theirstructureandbiologicaleffects.1949Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:WALTERRUDOLFHESSforhisdiscoveryofthefunctionalorganizationoftheinterbrainasacoordinatoroftheactivitiesoftheinternalorgansandtheotherhalfto:ANTONIOCAETANODEABREUFREIREEGASMONIZforhisdiscoveryofthetherapeuticvalueofleucotomyincertain PAULHERMANNMLERforhisdiscoveryofthehighefficiencyofDDTasacontactpoisonagainstseveralarthropods. Theprizewasdivided,onehalfawardedjointlyto:CARLFERDINANDCORIandGERTYTHERESACORInRADNITZfortheirdiscoveryofthecourseofthecatalyticconversionofglycogenandtheotherhalfawardedto:BERNARDOALBERTOHOUSSAYforhisdiscoveryofthepartyedbythehormoneoftheanteriorpituitarylobeinthemetabolismofsugar. HERMANNJOSEPHMULLERforthediscoveryoftheproductionofmutationsbymeansofX-rayirradiation. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRALEXANDERFLEMING,SIRERNSTBORISCHAINandLORDHOWARDWALTERFLOREYforthediscoveryofpenicillinanditscurativeeffectinvariousinfectiousdiseases. TheprizewasawardedjointlytoJOSEPHERLANGERandHERBERTSPENCERGASSERfortheirdiscoveriesrelatingtothehighlydifferentiatedfunctionsofsinglenerve Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:HENRIKCARLPETERDAMforhisdiscoveryofvitaminK.andtheotherhalfto:EDWARDADELBERTSYforhisdiscoveryofthechemicalnatureofvitaminK.1942- TheprizemoneywasallocatedtotheMainFund(1/3)andtotheFund(2/3)ofthisprize GERHARDDOMAGKforthediscoveryoftheantibacterialeffectsofprontosil.(Causedbytheofhiscountrytodeclinetheaward,butlaterreceivedthediplomaandthemedal.)1938CORNEILLENFRANISHEYMANSforthediscoveryoftheroleyedbythesinusandaorticmechanismsintheregulationofrespiration. ALBERTSZENT-GGYIVONNAGYRAPOLTforhisdiscoveriesinconnectionwiththebiologicalcombustionprocesses,withspecialreferencetovitaminCandthecatalysisoffumaricacid. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRHENRYHALLETTDALEandOTTOLOEWIfortheirdiscoveriesrelatingtochemicaltransmissionofnerveimpulses. HANSSPEMANNforhisdiscoveryoftheorganizereffectinembryonic Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:GEORGEHOYTWHIPPLE,GEORGERICHARDSMINOTandWILLIAMPARRYMURPHYfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninglivertherapyincasesofanaemia. THOMASHUNTMORGANforhisdiscoveriesconcerningtheroleyedbythechromosomeinheredity. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRCHARLESSCOTTSHERRINGTONandLORDEDGARDOUGLAS fortheirdiscoveriesregardingthefunctionsofneurons. oftherespiratoryenzyme. KARLLANDSTEINERforhisdiscoveryofhumanblood Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:CHRISTIAANEIJKMANforhisdiscoveryofthe uriticvitaminandtheotherhalfawardedto:SIRFREDERICKGOWLANDHOPKINSforhisdiscoveryofthegrowth-stimulatingvitamins. CHARLESJULESHENRINICOLLEforhisworkon JULIUSWAGNER-JAUREGGforhisdiscoveryofthetherapeuticvalueofmalariainoculationinthetreatmentofdementiaparalytica. JOHANNESANDREASGRIBFIBIGERforhisdiscoveryoftheSpirop Theprizemoneyfor1925wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection. WILLEMEINTHOVENforhisdiscoveryofthemechanismofthe SIRFREDERICKGRANTBANTINGandJOHNJAMESRICHARDforthediscoveryof Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRARCHIBALDVIVIANHILLforhisdiscoveryrelatingtotheproductionofheatinthemuscleandOTTOFRITZMEYERHOFforhisdiscoveryofthefixedrelationshipbetweentheconsumptionofoxygenandthemetabolismoflactidacidinthemuscle. Theprizemoneyfor1921wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection. SCHACKAUGUSTSTEENBERGERKROGHforhisdiscoveryofthecapillarymotorregulatingmechanism. JULESBORDETforhis relatingto1918- Theprizemoneyfor1918-1915wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthis ROBERTBYforhisworkonthephysiologyandpathologyofthevestibular CHARLESROBERTRICHETinrecognitionofhisworkon ALEXISCARRELinrecognitionofhisworkonvascularsutureandthetransntationofblood-vesselsandorgans. ALLVARGULLSTRANDforhisworkonthedioptricsofthe ALBRECHTKOSSELinrecognitionofthecontributionstoourknowledgeofcellchemistrymadethroughhisworkonproteins,includingthenucleicsubstances. EMILTHRKOCHERforhisworkonthephysiology,pathologyandsurgeryofthethyroidgland. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ILYAILYICHMECHNIKOVandPAULEHRLICHinrecognitionoftheirworkonimmunity. CHARLESLOUISALPHONSELAVERANinrecognitionofhisworkontheroleyedbyprotozoaincausingdiseases.1906Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:CAMILLOGOLGIandSANTIAGORAMONYCAJALinrecognitionoftheirworkonthestuctureofthenervoussystem.1905ROBERTKOCHforhisinvestigationsanddiscoveriesinrelationtotuberculosis. IVANPETROVICHPAVLOVinrecognitionofhisworkonthephysiologyofdigestion,throughwhichknowledgeonvitalaspectsofthesubjecthasbeentransformedandenlarged. NIELSRYBERGFINSENinrecognitionofhiscontributiontothetreatmentofdiseases,especiallylupusvulgaris,withconcentratedlightradiation,wherebyhehasopenedanewavenueformedicalscience.1902SIRRONALDROSSforhisworkonmalaria,bywhichhehasshownhowitenterstheorganismandtherebyhaslaidthefoundationforsuccessfulresesarchonthisdiseaseandmethodsofcombatingit. EMILADOLFVONBEHRINGforhisworkonserumtherapy,especiallyitsapplicationagainstdiphtheria,bywhichhehasopenedanewroadintheofmedicalscienceandtherebycedinthehandsofthephysicianavictoriousweaponagainstillnessanddeaths.NobelPrizeinChemistryWinners2000-broughttoyou TheNobelPrizeInternet2000Theprizeisbeingawardedwithonehalfjointlyto:ALANJ.HEEGER,ALANG.MACDIARMID,andHIDEKISHIRAKAWAforthediscoveryanddevelopmentofconductive AHMEDZEWAILforhisstudiesofthetransitionstatesofchemicalreactionsusingfemtosecondspectroscopy.1998Theprizewasawardedforpioneeringcontributionsindevelomethodsthatbeusedfortheoreticalstudiesofthepropertiesofmoleculesandthechemicalprocessesinwhichtheyareinvolved.Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:WALTERKOHNforhisdevelopmentofthedensity-functionaltheoryandJOHNA.POPLEforhisdevelopmentofcomputationalmethodsinquantumchemistry. Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedjointlyto:PAULD.BOYERandJOHNE.WALKERfortheirelucidationoftheenzymaticmechanismunderlyingthesynthesisofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)andwithonehalfto:JENSC.SKOUforthefirstdiscoveryofanion-transportingenzyme,Na+,K+-ATPase. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ROBERTF.CURL,Jr.,SIRHAROLDW.KROTO,andRICHARDE.SMALLEYfortheirdiscoveryoffullerenes. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:PAULCRUTZEN,MARIOMOLINA,andF.SHERWOODROWLANDfortheirworkinatmosphericchemistry,particularlyconcerningtheformationand positionofozone.1994GEORGEA.OLAHforhiscontributiontocarbocation1993TheprizewasawardedforcontributionstothedevelopmentsofmethodswithinDNA-basedchemistryequallybetween:KARYB.MULLISforhisinventionofthepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)method.andMICHAELSMITHforhisfundamentalcontributionstotheestablishmentofoligonucleiotide-based,site-directedmutagenesisanditsdevelopmentforproteinstudies. RUDOLPHA.MARCUSforhiscontributionstothetheoryofelectrontransferreactionsinchemicalsystems. RICHARDR.ERNSTforhiscontributionstothedevelopmentofthemethodologyofhighresolutionnuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)spectroscopy. ELIASJAMESCOREYforhisdevelopmentofthetheoryandmethodologyoforganicsynthesis. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIDNEYALTMANandTHOMASR.CECHfortheirdiscoveryofcatalyticpropertiesofRNA. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:JOHANNDEISENHOFER,ROBERTHUBERandHARTMUTMICHELforthedeterminationofthethree-dimensionalstructureofaphotosyntheticreactioncentre.1987Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ONALDJ.CRAM,N-MARIELEHNandCHARLESJ.PEDERSENfortheirdevelopmentanduseofmoleculeswithstructure-specificinctionsofhighselectivity.1986Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:DUDLEYR.HERSCHBACH,YUANT.LEEandJOHNC.POLANYIfortheircontributionsconcerningthedynamicsofchemicalelementary Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:HERBERTA.HAUPTMANandJEROMEKARLEfortheiroutstandingachievementsinthedevelopmentofdirectmethodsforthedeterminationofcrystalstructures. ROBERTBRUCEMERRIFIELDforhisdevelopmentofmethodologyforchemicalsynthesisonasolidmatrix. HENRYTAUBEforhisworkonthemechanismsofelectrontransferreactions,especiallyinmetalcomplexes. SIRAARONKLUGforhisdevelopmentofcrystallographicelectronmicroscopyandhisstructuralelucidationofbiologicallyimportantnucleiacid-proteincomplexes. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:KENICHIFUKUIandROALDHOFFMANNfortheirtheories,developedindependently,concerningthecourseofchemicalreactions. Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:PAULBERGforhisfundamentalstudiesofthebiochemistryofnucleicacids,withparticularregardtobinant-DNAandtheotherhalfjointlyto:WALTERGILBERTandFREDERICKSANGERfortheircontributionsconcerningthedeterminationofbasesequencesin Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:HERBERTC.BROWNandGEORGWITTIGfortheirdevelopmentoftheuseofboron-andphosphorus-containingcompounds,respectively,intoimportantreagentsinorganicsynthesis.1978PETERD.MITCforhiscontributiontotheunderstandingofbiologicalenergytransferthroughtheformulationofthechemiosmotictheory. ILYAPRIGOGINEforhiscontributionstonon-equilibriumthermodynamics,particularlythetheoryofdissipativestructures. WILLIAMN.. Bforhisstudiesonthestructureofboranesilluminatingproblemsofchemicalbonding.1975Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRJOHNWARCUPCORNFORTHforhisworkonthestereochemistryofenzyme-catalyzedreactionsandVLADIMIRPRELOGforhisresearchintothestereochemistryoforganicmoleculesandreactions. PAULJ.FLORYforhisfundamentalachievements,boththeoreticalandexperimental,inthephysicalchemistryofthemacromolecules. Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:ERNSTOTTOandSIRGEOFFREYWILKINSONfortheirpioneeringwork,performedindependently,onthechemistryoftheorganometallic,socalledsandwichcompounds. Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:CHRISTIANB.ANFINSENforhisworkonribonuclease,especiallyconcerningtheconnectionbetweentheaminoacidsequenceandthebiologicallyactiveconfirmationandtheotherhalfjointlyto:STANFORDMOOREandWILLIAMH.STEINfortheircontributiontotheunderstandingoftheconnectionbetweenchemicalstructureandcatalyticactivityoftheactivecentreoftheribonucleasemolecule. GERHARDHERZBERGforhiscontributionstotheknowledgeofelectronicstuctureandgeometryofmolecules,particularlyradicals. LUISF.LELOIRforhisdiscoveryofsugarnucleotidesandtheirroleinthebiosynthesisofcarbohydrates. Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRDEREKH.R.BARTONandODDHASSELfortheircontributionstothedevelopmentoftheconceptofconformationanditsapplicationinchemistry. LARSONSAGERforthediscoveryofthereciprocalrelationsbearinghisname,whicharefundamentalforthethermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses.1967Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:ANFREDEIGENandtheotherhalfjointlyto:RONALDGEORGEWREYFORDNORRISHandLORDGEORGEPORTERfortheirstudiesofextremelyfastchemicalreactions,effectedbydisturbingtheequlibriumbymeansofveryshortpulsesofenergy. ROBERTS.MULLIKENforhisfundamentalworkconcerningchemicalbondsandtheelectronicstructureofmoleculesbythemolecularorbitalmethod. ROBERTBURNSWOODWARDforhisoutstandingachievementsintheartoforganicsynthesis. DOROTHYCROWFOOTHODGKINforherdeterminationsbyX-raytechniquesofthestructuresofimportantbiochemicalsubstances.1963Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:KARLZIEGLERandGIULIONATTAfortheirdiscoveriesinthefieldofthechemistryandtechnologyofhighpolymers. Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:MAXFERDINANDPERUTZandSIRJOHNCOWDERYKENDREWfortheirstudiesofthestructuresofglobularproteins. MELVINCALVINforhisresearchonthecarbondioxideassimilationinnts. WILLARDFRANKLIBBYforhismethodtousecarbon-14foragedeterminationinarchaeology,geology,geophysics,andotherbranchesofscience. JAROSLAVHEYROVSKYforhisdiscoveryanddevelopmentofthepolarographicmethodsofysis. FREDERICKSANGERforhisworkonthestructureofproteins,especiallythat LORDALEXANDERR.TODDforhisworkonnucleotidesandnucleotideco- Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRCYRILNORMANHINSHELWOODandNIKOLAYNIKOLAEVICHSEMENOVfortheirresearchesintothemechanismofchemical VINCENTDUVIGNEAUDforhisworkonbiochemicallyimportantsulphurcompounds,especiallyforthefirstsynthesisofapolypeptidehormone.1954LINUSCARLPAULINGforhisresearchintothenatureofthechemicalbondanditsapplicationtotheelucidationofthestructureofcomplexsubstances.1953HERMANNSTAUDINGERforhisdiscoveriesinthefieldofmacromolecular Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ARCHERJOHNPORTERMARTINandRICHARDLAURENCEMILLINGTONSYNGEfortheirinventionofpartition Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDWINMATTISONMCMILLANandGLENN RESEABORGfortheirdiscoveriesinthechemistryofthetransuraniumelements. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:OTTOPAULHERMANNDIELSandKURTALDERfortheirdiscoveryanddevelopmentofthedienesynthesis. WILLIAMFRANCISGIAUQUEforhiscontributionsinthefieldofchemicalthermodynamics,particularlyconcerningthebehaviourofsubstancesatextremelylow ARNEWILHELMKAURINTISELIUSforhisresearchonelectrophoresisandadsorptionysis,especiallyforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthecomplexnatureoftheserumproteins. SIRROBERTROBINSONforhisinvestigationsonntproductsofbiologicalimportance,especiallythealkaloids. Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:JAMESBATCERSUMNERforhisdiscoverythatenzymescanbecrystallized.theotherhalfjointlytoJOHNHOWARDNORTHROPandWENDELLMEREDITHSTANLEYfortheirpreparationofenzymesand proteinsinapureform. ARTTURIILMARIVIRTANENforhisresearchandinventionsinagriculturalandnutritionchemistry,especiallyforhisfodderpreservationmethod. OTTOHAHNforhisdiscoveryofthefissionofheavy GEORGEDEHEVESYforhisworkontheuseofisotopesastracersinthestudyofchemicalprocesses. TheprizemoneywasallocatedtotheMainFund(1/3)andtotheSpecialFund(2/3)ofthisprizesection. ADOLFFRIEDRICHJOHANNBUTENANDTforhisworkon (Causedbytheofhiscountrytodeclinetheawardbutlaterreceivedthediplomaandthemedal).andLEOPOLDRUZICKAforhisworkonpolymethylenesandhigherterpenes. RICHARDKUHNforhisworkoncarotenoidsandvitamins.(Causedbytheuthoritiesofhiscountrytodeclinetheawardbutlaterreceivedthediplomaandthemedal.) Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRWALTERNORMANHAWORTHforhisinvestigationsoncarbohydratesandvitaminC.andPAULKARRERforhisinvestigationsoncarotenoids,flavinsandvitaminsAandB2. PETRUS(PETER)JOSEPHUSWILHELMUSDEBYEforhiscontributionstoourknowledgeofmolecularstructurethroughhisinvestigationsondipolemomentsandonthediffractionofX-raysandelectronsingases. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:FRICJOLIOTandIREJOLIOT-CURIErecognitionoftheirsynthesisofnewradioactive HAROLDCLAYTONUREYforhisdiscoveryofheavy TheprizemoneywasallocatedtotheMainFund(1/3)andtotheSpecialFund(2/3)ofthisprizesection. IRVINGLANGMUIRforhisdiscoveriesandinvestigationsinsurfacechemistry. Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:CARLBOSCHandFRIEDRICHBERGIUSinrecognitionoftheircontributionstotheinventionanddevelopmentofchemicalhighpressure HANSforhisresearchesintotheconstitutionofhaeminandchlorophyllandespeciallyforhissynthesisofhaemin. Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRARTHURHARDENandHANSKARLAUGUSTSIMONVONEULER-CHELPINfortheirinvestigationsonthefermentationofsugarandfermentativeenzymes. ADOLFOTTOREINHOLDWINDAUSfortheservicesrenderedthroughhisresearchintotheconstitutionofthesterolsandtheirconnectionwiththevitamins. HEINRICHOTTOWIELANDforhisinvestigationsoftheconstitutionofthebileacidsandrelatedsubstances. THE(THR)SVEDBERGforhisworkondisperse RICHARDADOLFZSIGMONDYforhisdemonstrationoftheheterogenousnatureofcolloidsolutionsandforthemethodsheused,whichhavesince fundamentalinmoderncolloidchemistry. Theprizemoneyfor1924wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection. FRITZPREGLforhisinventionofthemethodofmicro- ysisoforganic FRANCISWILLIAMASTONforhisdiscovery,bymeansofhismassspectrograph,ofisotopes,inalargenumberofnon-radioactiveelements,andforenunciationofthewhole-number FREDERICKSODDY,forhiscontributionstoourknowledgeofthechemistryofradioactivesubstances,andhisinvestigationsintotheoriginandnatureofisotopes. Theprizemoneyfor1919wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection. FRITZHABERforthesynthesisofammoniafromitselements. Theprizemoneyfor1917-1916wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection. RICHARDMARTINWILLSTTERforhisresearchesonntpigments,especially REWILLIAMRICHARDS,inrecognitionofhisaccuratedeterminationsoftheatomicweightofalargenumberofchemicalelements. ALFREDWERNERinrecognitionofhisworkonthelinkageofatomsinmoleculesbywhichhehasthrownnewlightonearlierinvestigationsandopenedupnewfieldsofresearchespeciallyininorganicchemistry.1912Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:VICTORGRIGNARDforthediscoveryoftheso-calledGrignardreagent,whichinrecentyearshasgreatlyadvancedtheprogressoforganicchemistryandPAULSABATIERforhismethodofhydrogenatingorganiccompoundsinthepresenceoffinelydisintegratedmetalswherebytheprogressoforganicchemistryhasbeengreatlyadvancedinrec