托福综合写作满分要素

综合写作攻略：一、题型分析5AresponseatthisEffectivelyaddressesthetaskbyconveyingrelevantinformationfromthelecture;andaccura yrelateskeyinformationfromthelecturetoinformationinthereading;andIswellorganizedandcoherent;Containsappropriategr randvocabulary,withonlyoccasionalminorlanguageerrors.文章切题，包含中的相关信息；将主要信息与阅读材料信息准确4AresponseatthisGenerallyconveysrelevantinformationfromthelecture,butmayhaveminoromissions;andIsgenerallygoodinrelatinginformationfromthelecturetoinformationinthereading,butmayhaveminorinaccuraciesorvaguenessofsomecontentorconnectionsamongideas;andIsgenerallywellorganized;Containsappropriategr randvocabulary,butmayhavenoticeableminorlanguageerrorsoroccasionallackofclarity.3AresponseatthisContainssomerelevantinformationfromthelecture,butmayomitonekeypoint;Conveyssomeconnectionsbetweenthelectureandthereading,butsomecontentorconnectionsamongideasmaybe plete,inaccurate,orvague;orContainserrorsingr rorusagethatresultinvaguenessofsomecontentorconnectionsamongideas2AresponseatthisContainssomerelevantinformationfromthelecture,butmayhavesignificantomissionsorinaccuraciesofkeypoints;orOmitsorlargelymisrepresentstheconnectionsbetweenthelectureandthereading;Containslanguageerrorsthatobscuremeaningofkeyideasorconnectionsamong解了与材料间的联系；语法错误严重影响内容表1AresponseatthisContainslittleornorelevantcontentfromthelecture;orFailstoconnectpointsfromthelectureandreading;orContainslanguageerrorsthatgreatlyobscuremeaning;orIstoobrieftoallowevaluationofwritingproficiency.0AresponseatthisOnlycopiessentencesfromthereading;orIsnotrelatedtothegiventopic;orIswritteninalanguageotherthanEnglish;orIsblank.细节(example,reason,detail)不能跑题（organization）段落过渡流畅(coherent) 3)明确观点4)条理内7)扬长避二、出题方式2）1~2分钟，长度与阅读相三、要点句四、动笔写作前的注意事Readthequestioncarefullyandthinkaboutwhatitwantsyoutoreviewthenotesyoutookduringthenwhatfactstopresent,andinwhatselectmainpointsandwriteaparagraphaboutdeveloptheideaswithexamplesand六、写作中的注意事项：Statethekeypointclearlyinthefirstsentenceoftheparagraphwithminimumdetail.Eachparagraphshouldconveyonemajorpointandsupportitwithrelevantdetailsorexnation.(每段包含的主要观点必须有相关的细节说明或解释)Allowtimetocorrectgrrandvocabularyerrors.(留出时间检查语法与单词拼考生易犯的错Problem1:nosubject-verbMorethanonereasonareexpressedinthereadingpassage.Morethanonereasonisexpressedinthereadingpassage.Oneideaisthatthesizeofthebrainindicatea’sinligence.Oneideaisthatthesizeofthebrainindicatesa’sinligence.Problem2:nopronounThebestwaytopreventacaraccidentistopreventthemfromhappening.Thebestwaytopreventacaraccidentistopreventitfromhappening.Maryisasales whichdoesagoodMaryisasales whodoesagoodProblem3:duplicateMarthaGrahamshemadeherdebutin1920withtheDenishawnSchool.MarthaGrahammadeherdebutin1920withtheDenishawnSchool.AlthoughChristopherColumbushefailedinhisoriginalgoal,thediscoveryhedidmakeweremoreimportantthantheroutetoAsiaheexpectedtoAlthoughChristopherColumbusfailedinhisoriginalgoal,thediscoveryhedidmakeweremoreimportantthantheroutetoAsiaheexpectedtoProblem4:incorrectverbThesenewdrugsaswonderdrugssavingmanypeoplewhoareverysick.Thesenewdrugsaswonderdrugssavemanypeoplewhoareverysick.Problem pleteAsaresult,reductioninthenumberofAsaresult,reductioninthenumberofdeathhasbeenachieved.Problem6:incorrectlyjoinedSurfaceirrigationwastesalotofthiswatercannotbeusedforotherSurfaceirrigationwastesalotofandthiswatercannotbeusedforotherCheckthesentencestructureofthefollowingparagraphs.Crossouterrorsandwritecorrectionsabovethem.Theremaybemorethanonewaytocorrectanerror.Inthepast,peopleusegeothermalenergyinseveralways.Forexample,hotspringsforbathing,treatingdisease,andheatingbuildings.DifferenttribesinNorthAmericatheycallhotspringscesofpeace,everybodycouldsharethehotwaterforbathing.InEuropeanhistory,theRomanstheyalsousethewaterofhotspringsfortheirhealingpower.Forexample,eyeandskindiseases.GeothermalenergywasalsoheathomesinRomeandotherceswhoaregeologicallyactive.Keys:Inthepast,peopleusedgeothermalenergyinseveralways.Forexample,hotspringswereusedforbathing,treatingdisease,andheatingbuildings.TribesinNorthAmericacalledhotspringscesofpeace,andeverybodycouldsharethehotwaterforbathing.InEuropeanhistory,theRomansusedhotspringtocureeyeandskindiseases.Theyevenusedthewaterofhotspringsastheirhealingpower.GeothermalenergyheatedhomesinRomeandotherceswheregeothermalenergyisgeologicallyactive.Theprofessormademanypointsaboutthemotivationandneedsofworkerstheysupportpointsmadeinthereading.First,theprofessorsaythesmallworkgroupimportantforworkersabout3to15peoplewithoneleader.Theworkgroupfillneedsofworkersthereasonistheycanparticipateandasenseofrespect.Thesmallworkgroupalsogiveworkerstheabilityformakedecisions.Thispointagreedwiththereadingitsaidthemostsatisfyingjobsarethosewithahighlevelofautonomythisgaveworkersavoicecanmaketheirowndecisions.Keys:Theprofessormademanypointsaboutthemotivationandneedsofworkers.First,theprofessorsaidthatthesmallworkgroupisimportantforworkersabout3to15peoplewithoneleader.Theworkgroupfillsneedsofworkersthattheycanfullyparticipateineachtaskandenjoyasenseofrespect.Thesmallworkgroupalsogivesworkersthepossibilitytomakedecisions.Thispointagreedwiththereadinginthepointthatthemostsatisfyingjobsarethosewithahighlevelofautonomywhichgaveworkersavoicetomaketheirowndecisions.七、拓展观点总结材料summarizetheThespeakertalksThelecturediscusses/ismainlydiscussingTheprofessormadethepointthat引出要点introducekeyFirst/then/anotherpointisOrexpressthekeypointdirectlyinatopic引出例子introduceexamplesorForexample(instance)/oneexampleis/suchas/that增加例子addexamplesor对比观点ShwcontrastbetweenHowever/Incontrast/onthecontrary/ontheotheropening:Thelecturediscusses…whichdiffersfromthemainideainthereadingTheprofessormadethepointthat….ThereadingdoesnotdiscussthisAnotherimportantpointisthat…,butthereadingdoesnotdiscussthepoint.Finally,theProfessorstatedthat….Ingeneral,theProfessordiscussesproblemsof…thatthereadingdoesnotAccordingtothelecture,….Ontheotherhand/whilethereadingstatedTheprofessormadethepointthat….Onthecontrary/however/incontrast,thewriterdemonstratedanideathat…Thelecturesupports/illustratestheideaThelecturecontradicts/refutes/isincontraryto/istheoppositeoftheidea对材料的指称Thewriter/narrator/readingmaterial/writing八、总体写作模式 firstkeypointfromtheExamplesfromtheExnationorconnectiontothereadingParagraph2 secondkeypointfromthelectureExamplesfromtheExnationorconnectiontothereadingParagraph3 thirdkeypointfromthelectureExamplesfromtheExnationorconnectiontothe示例模板：Thelectureismainlydiscussing challengingwhatarestatedinthereadingpassagethat .Firstofall,thespeakerthinksthat .Incontrast,thereadingpassagebelievesthat .So,thelecturestotallydisagreewiththeviewmadeinthereading.Second,thespeakerdiscusses ,Contradictingwhatisstatedinthereadingthat Finally,thespeakersraisestheissuethat .Thispointdisagreeswiththepointthat demonstratedinthereading.So,thecontentsinthereadingpassagearetotallyjeopardizedbythespeakerandthespeakerhastotallydifferentideasonthetopicsmadeinthereading.九、范文分析READING(Time-3Thediscoveryofpenicillinandotherantibioticdrugsisthemostdramaticmedicaldevelopmentofthetwentiethcentury.Thesenewdrugsquicklybecameknownas“wonderdrugs”becausetheysavedsomanylivesthatwerethreatenedbymajorformsThediscoveryofpenicillinandotherantibioticdrugsisthemostdramaticmedicaldevelopmentofthetwentiethcentury.Thesenewdrugsquicklybecameknownas“wonderdrugs”becausetheysavedsomanylivesthatwerethreatenedbymajorformsofinfection.Theresearchthatledtotheirdevelopmentrestedonthebeliefthatchemicalscouldbefoundthatwoulddestroyspecificmicroorganismswithoutinjuringthehumanbodyatthesametime.Advancesinchemistryandintheknowledgeofbacteriaquickenedthediscoveryofsuchchemicals.In1933,thefirstofthesulfadrugs,prontosil,wastestedclinicallyonhumansandwasfoundtocurebloodinfectionsthatwouldotherwisehavebeenfatal.In1941,thefirstsuccessfulhumantestsofpenicillinwereconductedoncasesofstreptococcusinfections.Thediscoveryofpenicillinlaidthefoundationforevenmorepowerfulweaponsagainstspecificdiseases.Withinthenestdecade,researchersidentifiedsome200antibioticsubstancesthatwereeffectiveagainstoneoranothertypeofbacteria.Oneofthemostimportantwasstreptomycin,foundtobepotentagainstandandotherinfectionsthatwerenotaffectedbyAntibioticsgavethemedicalprofessionpowerfultoolsthatcoulddirectlyfightaverywiderangeofspecificdiseases.Theymadepossiblethesurvivalofpatientsduringandaftersurgery.Nolongerwasitnecessarytodependlargelyonthebody’sownimmunesystemtofightoffmajorinfections;theseinfectionscouldbeattackeddirectlywithdrugs.Amongthemostspectaculareffectsofantibioticswerereductionsinthenumberofdeathsfromp oniaandtuberculosis.NowlistentopartofalectureinabiologyAssoonaswedevelopedantibiotics,newstrainsofbacteriaappearedthatwereresistanttosomeorallofthedrugs.Hospitalsstartedusingantibioticsregularlyinthe1950s,butstartedappearingwithinafewyears.Today,one-thirdofthepatientsinhospitalsareonantibiotics,butantibioticisincreasingthedangerofhospitalinfections——tothepointwherepeoplearealmostsaferstayinghomethangoingtohospital.Intheforties,penicillinreallywasawonderdrug.Backthen,youcouldgiveapatientwithbacterialp oniathenthousandunitsofpenicillinfourtimesadayandcurethedisease.Today,youcouldgive24millionunitsofpenicillinaday,butthepatientmightstilldie.Why?Well,inaway,bacteriaaresmarterthanus.Theyevolveto ctanydrugweattackthemwith.Alotofbacteriaarenowcomple resistanttopenicillin.Bacteriacanevolveveryeffectiveweaponsagainstantibiotics.Someofthemdevelopenzymestomatcheveryantibioticwethrowatthem.Alltheseweaponsandcounter-weaponsmatchoneanother——justliketheweaponsinrealmilitarywarfare.So,nomatterwhatantibioticweuse,thebacteriawillcomeupwithawaytomakeitHowdoesthishappen?Well,ifyoudouseacolonyofbacteriawithanantibioticthecolonywillbekilled——thatis,allexceptforafewcells.Afewcellswillsurvivebecausetheycarryageneforthatparticularantibiotic.Thesurvivingcellsquicklymultiplyandtheypassalongthisluckygenetotheiroffspring.Andsoonyouhaveanewstrainofbacteriathat’sresistanttothatdrug.Oneconsequenceofantibioticisthereappearanceoftuberculosisasamajorillness.Twentyyearsago,doctorsthoughttuberculosiswasadefeateddisease.Sincethen,however,newcasesoftuberculosishaveincreasedby20percent.Andseveralstrainsofthediseaseareresistanttoanydrugwecanattackthemwith.Summarizethemainpointsmadeinthelecture,exininghowtheydifferfrompointsmadeinthereading.ExamplesofresponsestothiswritingResponsebystudentThelecturediscussestheofbacteriatoantibiotics,whichdiffersfromthemainideainthereadingthatantibioticsare“wonderdrugs”.Whenantibioticsweredevelopedinthe1940s,theyweresuccessfulincuringmanydiseases.However,bacteriaquicklybecameresistanttosomedrugs.Today,manypeopleinhospitaltakeantibiotics,butthereistheseriousdangerofhospitalinfections.Penicillinusedtocurediseasessuchasp onia,buttodaypeoplestilldiebecausebacteriaareresistanttothedrug.Bacteriadeveloptoantibioticsbecausetheyevolveweaponsagainstthedrugs.Theycanevolvestrategiestofightanydrugwegivethem.Thissituationissimilartotheweaponsoftwoarmiesuseinawar.Whenyoutreatadiseasewithanantibiotic,itwillkillthebacteria.However,afewcellswillsurvive.Soonthenewtypeofbacteriawillappear,andresistanttotheantibiotic.Therefore,weshouldnotconsiderantibioticsaswonderdrugsbecausethebacteriaalsohavestrongweapons.Oneresultofantibiotic istheincreaseinnewcasesoftuberculosis.Doctorsusedtobelievethatantibioticswerepowerfulweaponsagainstdiseasessuchastuberculosis.However,todayseveraltypesareresistanttoantibiotics.Soitisanewandseriousproblem.Thisisanotherreasonwhyantibioticsarenotwonderdrugs.ResponsebystudentIngeneral,thelecturecontradictstheideathatantibioticsare“wonderdrugs”asthereadingstates.Onthecontrary,antibioticsarenotwonderdrugsbecausetheofbacteriatoantibiotics.Accordingtothereading,thediscoveryofpenicillinandotherantibioticdrugssavedmanylivesthatwerethreatenedbydangerousdiseasessuchap oniaandtuberculosis.Inthetwentiethcentury,penicillinwasfirstawonderdrugbecauseitcancurestreptococcusinfections.Furthermore,streptomycinfoundtobepotentagainsttuberculosis.However,thelecturemadethepointthatthisisnottrueinthepresent.Todaytuberculosisisamajorillnessagainbecausethenewstrainofbacteriaisresistanttoantibiotics.Accordingtothelecture,bacteriahavedevelopedeffectiveweaponsagainstsomedrugs,forexample,penicillin.Theyevolvetocounctantibiotics.Ithappenswhenafewcellsofbacteriasurvivebecausetheyhavethegene.Thennewstrainsofbacteriaappeared.Afterthat,antibioticsmayattackbuttheydonotkillalldiseaseinfections.ThisseriousproblemtodayistheofbacteriatoInthepast,antibioticdrugscouldattackandkilldiseases,butthisisnottruetoday.Therefore,itisnecessarytodevelopnewwonderdrugstofightdisease.ResponsebystudentIwilldescribehowtheofbacteriatoantibiotics.First,it’sbigproblemthehospitals.Hospitalsusedantibioticsin1950,butappearingaproblem.ThereasonisdangerofhospitalinfectionisverybadsopeoplehadbetterstayhomeaSecond,penicillinwasawonderdrugin1940.Yougaveamaninhospital10000penicillinandhecuredthedisease.Buttodayyougive24penicillinbuthemightdie.Thereasonisbacteriasmartsoverydifficulttreatp oniaandotherdiseaseinahospital.Severalpeopledie——becausethereasonistheofthebacteriatoThird,howdoesthishappenisyoudoseacolonyofbacteriawithanantibiotic.Thecolonykilledexceptafewcells.Thisisadangerousprobleminahospitalbecausepeoplemaydie.Doctorsthinktuberculosiswasadefeateddiseasebuttheincreaseisby20%.Thechangestheviewofantibioticsas“wonderdrugs”byofbacteriatoantibiotics.It’sabitproblemtodayanddoctorscan’tfinddrugstocurethediseasesuchastuberculoses.Penicillinandotherantibioticdrugswerewonderdrugsin1940-soit’snecessarytohaveadifferentviewofantibioticstoday.ResponsebystudentTheofbacteriatoantibioticschangestheviewofwonderdrugs.Oneexampleispenicillin.Itiswonderdrugin1941,whenthefirstsuccessfulhumantestsofpenicillin.Thediscoveryofpenicillinthefoundationforevenmorepowerfuldrugs,forexample,antibiotics.Anotherexampleisstreptomycin,foundagainsttuberculosisandotherinfectionsthatwerenotaffectedbypenicillin.Theofbacteriatoantibioticstosomeofthedrugs.Firstexampleis onia.Inthepastpenicillincurehim,howevertodayhestilldie.Secondexampleistuberculosis.Themosteffectsofantibioticswerereductionsinthenumberofdeaths,however,sincetuberculosisincrease20percentdeaths.Itdescribestheofbacteriatoantibiotics.Inthepast,itwasnoproblem,however,todayitisseriousproblem.It’schangestheviewofantibioticsaswonderdrugswhichsavedsomanylives.Becausetodaypeoplecanstilldie.ResponsebystudentIdiscussabiologyprofessortalkaboutantibiotics.Thesenewdrugsaswonderdrugssavingmanypeoplewhoverysickthediseases.Professorhedescribepenicillinaswonderdrugitcausingmanypeoplewellaftersick.Thediscoveryofpenicillinandotherantibioticdrugsisthemostdramaticmedicaldevelopmentofthetwentiethcenturyquickly eknownas‘wonderdrugs’.Antibioticsgavethemedicalprofessionpowerfultoolsthatcouldfightaverywiderangeofspecificdiseases.Professorhegaveexampletheantibioticsmakethesurvivalofpatients.Forexample,bloodinfections,poniaandtuberculosis.Asaresult,reductionsinthenumberofExerciseReadthepassageandthenlistentotherecording.Tomakethispracticemoreliketherealtest,coverthepassageandquestionduringthelecture.Listenforimportantinformation.Takenotesaboutexamplesorreasonsthatwillhelpyourememberthekeypoints.Whenyouhearthequestion,uncoverthepassageandquestion.Thenallow20minutestonandwritearesponse.Readingtime-3TheinternationalstyleisthenamegiventothefunctionalstyleofarchitecturethatevolvedinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesshortlybeforetheFirstWorldWarandprevailedduringmostofthetwentiethcentury.Theinternationalstyleischaracterizedbyanemphasisonfunctionandrejectionoftraditionaldecoration.ItisalsoknownastheBauhausstylebecauseitwasrefinedatthefamousGermandesignschool,theBauhaus,duringthe1920s.ThedirectorsoftheBauhaus,WalterGropiusandLudwigMiesvanderRohe,reducedtheurbanbuildingtoabasicframeworkofsteel,askinofglass,andanopeninteriorinwhich“curtainwalls”couldbemovedaroundtosuitthepurposesoftheuser.SupportersoftheBauhausidiompromotedautilitariansimplicityinsuchphrasesas“formfollowsfunction”and“lessisTheinternationalstyleinspiredbotharchitectsandordinarycitizens,andgreatlyinfluencedthemid-centurybuildingboomintheunitedstates,particularlyinNewYork.ThebeautyandsimplicityoftheBauhausidiomwasevidentinNewYorkstructuressuchastheRockefellercentercomplex.PerhapsthebestknownNewYorkexampleistheofficebuildingoftheUnitedNationssecretariat,completedin1952.ASwiss-bornarchitectknownasLeCorbusierledtheinternationalgroupofarchitectsthatdesignedit.TheUNsecretariatisaslabonly72feetthick,butitsblue-tintedglasswallsare287feetwideby544feethigh.Thebuildinghasasimplicityandeleganceworthyofthemostprominentinternationalorganization,theUnitedNations.Thesleekutilitarianbeautyoftheinternationalstylesucceededinreshathecity,makingitoneofthemostsuccessfularchitecturalmovementsinhistory.Nowcoverthepassageandquestion.Listentotherecording.Whenyouhearthequestion,uncoverthepassageandquestionandbeginyourresponse.NowNowlistentopartofalectureonthetopicyoujustreadTheinternationalstyledominatedcommercialarchitectureformostofthetwentiethcentury.Theinternationalstylewasthestyleofthemoderncity.WecanseetheresultsinNewYorkCitytoday.MostofNewYork’sskylineismadeupoftall,straight,severe,glass-and–steeltowers.Thesetowerssocompleydominatethecityscapethattheyshadethecitystreets.AwalkingonthestreetiscompleyStrictsimplicityisthedefiningfeatureoftheinternationalstyle,butittakesthethat“formmustfollowfunction”---ittakesthisideatoanextreme.Inthehandsofatruemaster,thestylehascreativepotential.However,therearen’tthatmanytruemasters.Andstartingalmostimmediay,whatwesawwastheuglificationoftheofficebuilding…tothepointwheretheglassboxbecamenotonlyuglybutalsoTheinternationalstylestartedanexplosionofcheapimitations.Taketheunsecretariatbuilding.It’sabeautifulbuildingonitsown.Ithasanelegancethatcommandsrespect.Butthistypeofbeautywasturnedintosomethingcheapandvulgarbecausewesawtoomuchofit.Itlostitseleganceandbecame,well,alittleThephilosophyoftheinternationalstyleissummedupinthefamiliarphrase“lessismore.”Butislessreallymore?“Lessismore”inspiredthousandsofstarklysimplebuildings.Inlargenumbers,andespeciallywhentheydominateacity’sskyline,thesebuildingscanbeuglyanduninspiring,evencoldandunfriendly—moremachinethanCriticsoftheinternationalstylesawitsuglinessveryearlyon.Theglassboxreceivedagreatdealofnegativecriticism—notonlyfromthepublicbutalsofromprofessionalarchitects.Oneofthegreatestarchitects,FrankLloydWright,said,“lessismore…wheremoreisnogood.”RobertVenturiwasevenharsherwhenhesaid,“lessisabore.”Summarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,ex iningSummarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,ex ininghowtheyagreeordisagreewithpointsmadeinthereading.KeypointsforexerciseTheinternationalstyledominatedthearchitectureofthemoderncity;thisagreeswiththepointsinthereadingthatthestylereshapedthecityandwasoneofthemostsuccessfularchitecturemovementsinhistory.Theinternationalstyletakessimplicityand“formfollowsfunction”toanextreme,leadingtoofficebuildingsthatareugly,ridiculous,cheap,vulgar,andboring;thisdisagreeswiththepointinthereadingthatutilitariansimplicityisbeautifulanelegant.Theinternationalstylereceivedmuchnegativecriticismfromarchitectsandthepublic;thisdisagreeswiththepointinthereadingthatthestyleinspiredbotharchitectsandordinarycitizens.ExerciseReadthepassageandthenlistentotherecording.Tomakethispracticemoreliketherealtest,coverthepassageandquestionduringthelecture.Listenforimportantinformation.Takenotesaboutexamplesorreasonsthatwillhelpyourememberthekeypoints.Whenyouhearthequestion,uncoverthepassageandquestion.Thenallow20minutestonandwritearesponse.Readingtime-3Geothermalenergyisderivedfromtheheatcontainedwithintheearth.Insomecestheheatissointensethatitmeltsmantlerocktocreateliquidmagna.Geologistsbelievethattheultimatesourceofgeothermalenergyisradioactivedecayoccurringdeepwithinthenet.Arenewableenergyresource,geothermalheatisproducedprimarilywhenwaterdescendsfromtheearth’ssurfaceandmeetshotmagnarisingtowardit.Someofthisgeothermalwatercirculatesbackupthroughfaultsandcracksintheearth’scrustandreachesthesurfaceashotspringsorgeysers.However,mostgeothermalwaterremainsdeepunderground,trappedincracksandporousrock.Inmostregionsoftheworld,geothermalheatreachestheearth’ssurfaceinaverydiffusestate,havinglostmuchofitsenergypotential.However,insomeareas,includingsignificantportionsofwesternNorthAmerica,geothermalreservoirsexistclosetothesurfaceandarethuseasilytappedforpowergeneration.Geographicregionsthatpossesswell-developedgeothermalsystemsarelocatedingeologicallyactiveareas.Suchfavoredregionswithcontinuous,concentratedheatflowtothesurfaceincludeIceland,Japan,andthePhilippines.Nowcoverthepassageandquestion.Listentotherecording.Whenyouhearthequestion,uncoverthepassageandquestionandbeg