自然保护地管理和政策教材课件

ProtectedAreaManagementandPolicyDr.XIE,YanFounder,GlobalProtectedAreaFriendlySystem(GPAFS)SteeringCommitteeMember,SpeciesSurvivalCommission/IUCNVice-Chair,WorldCommissiononProtectedArea/IUCNAssociateResearchProfessor,InstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences(IOZ/CAS)ProtectedAreasCurrentPAcoverageoftheworldAverage15%，2020

to17%ProtectedareasystemandlegislationComplexsysteminmostcountriesSomecountrieshaveanunifiedlaw,Germany,Brazil,SouthAfrica,Kenya,Philippines,AustralianSomecountrieshaveunifiedPAmanagementsystem(IUCNmanagementcategorysystem)25countrieshavePAsmanagedbyindigenousandlocalcommunities,andprivatePAsincludedintonationalPAmanagementsystemsProtectedareamanagementsystem国家/地区保护地类型主管机构情况统一立法情况澳大利亚50类公共保护地，土著保护地，私人保护地1999《环境保护与生物多样性保护法》全面统一保护地管理标准加拿大6类加拿大公园管理处和环境部管理近半，省级或区域地方政府管理近半；1.2%和0.4%土著居民和私人分部门立法，《国家公园法》《国家级海洋保育地法》《国家野生生物保护法》《迁徙鸟类公约》《海洋法》美国141类联邦层面、各州郡、非政府组织建立的私人保护地分系统单独立法，但是分系统立法依据国会《基本法案》；每个保护地单元的建立通过国会《授权法案》韩国14类国家级，省级和县级，主要由政府部门管理每一类保护地单独立法日本9类国立保护地主要由国家环境厅和林业厅直接管辖每一类保护地单独立法英国36类国际保护地，欧洲保护地，英国国家保护地，联合王国成员国保护地《国家公园和乡村进入法》，《野生动物和乡村法》，《乡村和路权法》，《保护法》，《苏格兰自然保护法》德国7类由环境、自然保护和核安全部和州共管，NGO协同管理《德国联邦自然保护法》香港6类主要由渔农自然护理署，WWF分别立法台湾9类多部门管理分别立法ProtectedAreaSystemofChinaNatureReservesOver2000underchargesofmanysectorsCover15%terrestriallandofChinaForestParks1400underchargeofStateForestryAdministrationCoverover1%terrestriallandofChinaScenicLandscapeandHistoricalSites800underchargeofMinistryofConstructionCoverover1%terrestriallandofChinaProtectedareasystemofChinaStartphaseStableincreasephaseRapidgrowphaseNationalScenicLandscapeandHistoricalSitesNationalGovernmentalAgenciesMinistryofEnvironmentalProtection(MEP)inchargeofintegratedmanagementofNaturereservesandwildplants.StateForestryAdministration(SFA)inchargeofmanagementofterrestrialwildanimals,BureauofFisheryofMOAforaquaticanimalsSFAforwildplantsinforestsandrarewildtreesoutsideofforests,MOAforotherwildplants.MinistryofConstruction(MOC)forwildplantsincityparks,ScenicLandscapeandHistoricalSitesInternationalPAs40RAMSARWetlandSites40MaBReserves47WorldHeritageSites10Naturalsites4Mixsites33Culturalsites2.MajorProblemswithPAsystem2.1Pooroverallplanningatnationalandregionallevel2.2Lackofstaff,fundingandlawenforcementrights2.3Weaksupervision2.4Benefitisnotfairlysharedwithlocalcommunity2.1Pooroverallplanningatnationalandregionallevel

Rightmapisthecurrentprotectedareapattern.LeftisthebiodiversityprioritymapintheNationalBiodiversityConservationStrategyandActionPlan(2011-2030)issuedin2010.Manygapsneedtofilled.MostpollutedareasarethesameareaswithPAcoveragelessthan5%ThereasonfortheunbalancedPAdistributionpatternInthepast,conservationmeansstrictprotection,andtherefore,wecannotdevelopmanyandlargenaturereservesinhumanpopulatedareaTheroleofPAcategoriesthatallowingutilizationisnotfullyexploited.Migratorygeeseandcranesrelyoncroplandforwinterfeedinginmanyareas

ThevalueofvariousPAsshouldrecognized

SanqingshanLandscapeandScenicSitespreserveslargeamountforestsForestprotectedinZhangjiajieForestParkprovidesimportantwaterresources

Inthefuture,wetlandparkwouldalsoplayimportantroleonecologicalservicesRecom.1,developasetofscientificbasedPAManagementCategorySystem

CodeRCriteriaDegreeofconservationUtilizationmethodinmajorityareaⅠStrictlyprotectedareaNohumandisturbanceNouseⅡHabitatandSpeciesManagementAreaStrictprotectionwithhumaninterventionNouseⅢNaturalparkHashumandisturbance,nodirectlyuseresourcesForvisitandrelaxⅣSustainableuseareaHashumandisturbance,directlyuseresourcesDirectlyusenaturalresources

Sixcategories(IUCN)Fourcategories(suggestedinChina)IaStrictNatureReserveIStrictlyprotectedareaIbWildernessAreaIINationalParkIIINaturalparkIIINaturalMonumentorFeatureIVProtectedLandscape/SeascapeVHabitat/SpeciesManagementAreaIIHabitatandspeciesmanagementareaVIProtectedAreawithSustainableUseofNaturalResourcesIVSustainableuseareaDifferencesbetweenIUCNandChinaPAManagementCategoriesZonationofPAsTransitionZoneBufferZoneCoreZoneBamboosub-zone:onlyallowlimitedbamboouseandNTFPcollectionOutsideofPA:encouragegreenororganicagricultureEcotourismsub-zone:onlyalloweco-tourismGrazingsub-zone:onlyallowlimitedgrazingandNTFPcollectionStrictlyprotectedwithoutorwithverylittlehumanactivitiesRelationshipofcategoryandzonationCategoryZoneⅠ:StrictProtectionAreaⅡ:HabitatandspeciesManagementAreaⅢ:NaturalParkⅣ:Sustainable-useAreaCoreZone>75%>75%(allowinterventionstoimprovehabitat)>20%>20%BufferZonesMainlyforvisitandrelaxMainlyforsustainableuseofnaturalresourcesIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIVIVIVIVIVIVIVIVIVIVIIIIVIVIVIIIIIITaketheMinshanBiodiversityPriorityAreaasanexample,demonstratetobuildconnectivityandhabitatPAnetworkbyusingcategoryI,II,III,IVinordertoachieveregionaloverallconservationgoal.2.2WeakconservationmanagementofPAsMixeddutiesofPAmanagementunitsleadtoweakconservationStaff:undercontroloflocalgovernmentConservationfunding:veryshortLawenforcementright:nocomprehensivelawenforcementrightRecom.2:GuaranteestaffandfundingforPAconservationStaff:around200,000.Onepersoninchargeof3.73km2,comparedcurrent36.16km2innaturereserves

FundingforallPAsforoneyear:around30.6billionRMBIncludingsalary,dailymanagementandroutineinfrastructureSupervisionandevaluationbytheComprehensiveManagementDepartmentNon-conventionalconservationfundingforscientificequipment,patrolroadconstruction,alieninvasivespeciescleaning,communityparticipation,compensationandsoonPortiontoGDP:0.065%~0.2%(4%foreducationand2.2%forresearchanddevelopmentin2012)Investmentperkm2:38,322Yuan(NationalParkinUSAis58,834in2011,337~718YuanfornaturereservesinChinain2005)ConservationManagementUnitdoesn’thavecomprehensivelawenforcementrightLawenforcementrightsbelongtodifferentdepartmentsNoanydepartmenthasthefullrightstoconductcomprehensiveenforcementinonePAManymanagementunitsdonothaveactualorcomprehensiveenforcementright,andthecooperationwithrelevantenforcementdepartmentnormallyveryweakRecomm3:LegalizemanagementunitswithcomprehensivelawenforcementrightsPeople’sGovernmentshouldgivetherightstotheConservationManagementUnittoconductcomprehensivelawenforcementOnePA,Oneregulation2.3Weaksupervision(athletes

andjudges)Inthenaturereservesystem,thereisacomprehensivemanagementdepartmentinchargeofsupervision.However,thedepartmentisalsomanaging11%ofnaturereserveswhichleadingtoweaksupervisionOtherPAsystems,onedepartmentinchargeofestablishing,managementandsupervisionSupervisiondepartmentManagementdepartmentManagementUnitScientificcommitteeThirdpartevaluationSocialsupervisionCommunityPeople’sCongressUseLocalgovernmentControlPromoteRecom.4:Establishsupervisionsystemofgovernment,researchinstituteandsocialCompanies2.4WeakparticipationofcommunityandunfairbenefitsharingManycommunitiesareverypoorTheiruseofnaturalresourcesisdiverse,buttheutilizationleadingbygovernmentnormallyverysimplified.LowtransparencyofinformationWeakrightprotectionawarenessRecom.5:EnsurelocalcommunityparticipateandgetbenefitinalongrunProtectedAreaCommunityControlUseCategory/ZoneSupervisionbyPACo-managementcommitteeInvolveCompensationNolossLegislationdevelopmentgoalforcommunityBenefitgeneratedfromPAsusuallycontrolledbyoutsidecompaniesandlocalcommunityisweakThegoalistokeepmajorbenefitatlocalforsupportingcommunityandconservationmanagement,andreducebenefitmonopolyLocalcommunityshouldbethemajorforceforbusinessinandaroundPAsIfmajorbenefitiskeptatlocal,thecountrywouldnotinvestalotonecologicalcompensation.Largerlandscapeconservation虎的社会组织结构

TheSocialstructureoftigers

东北虎在远东地区需要的面积雌性是种群生存的关键雌性是领域性的雌性平均需要的领域范围=450km21993-1997Russia俄罗斯东北虎保护景观规划与栖息地保护网络长白山与俄罗斯南部东北虎生境相似，保护需要在这个大区域范围内建立自然保护地网络才能有效恢复东北虎的数量维持栖息地的连通性不仅仅是老虎藏羚羊、黄羊——大量迁徙性有蹄类雪豹、豹——所有大型猫科动物大熊猫、黑熊、狼——大型食肉动物白鳍豚、江豚、大量鱼类——大量迁徙性水生动物大量迁徙鸟类……这些物种是生态系统健康的标志，也对生态系统功能的维持发挥关键作用虎豹国家公园NationalParkSystemofChina将国家公园发展成为大范围保护的一种重要手段：在全国规划一些生物多样性关键区域，每个区域结合已经建立的各类自然保护地以及生物多样性重要区域，形成一个大范围的国家公园用国家公园带动生物多样性关键区域的保护和发展推动在珲春、汪清辖区内建设虎豹国家公园，借用东北虎和远东豹，打出生态延边品牌，提升延边整体价值，逐步实现当地人民生活生产方式的转型，减少人类对生态系统的破坏，对于延边未来发展具有重要影响。Thestatusoffundingforprotectedareas

Whilethecurrentnationalfundingallocatedtoprotectedareascannotbedetermined,variousdocumentsandactualknowledgeindicatethatthemainfundingsourcesmaybedividedintothreeparts:governmentfinancing;businessincome;andsocialfunds.CompensationfundStartyearInvestmentinthestartyearInvestmentin2013森林生态效益补偿金资金200110.0149.0草原生态奖励补助资金2011136.0160.0湿地保护和流域水环境保护201015.915.9海洋保护区整治修复201038.838.8矿山地质环境专项资金20031.747.0水土保持补助资金200113.076.6国家重点生态功能区转移支付200861.0423.0生态补偿金总额200123.0910.3CompensationFundinChina(100Billion)ThestatusoffundingforprotectedareasSourcesofgovernmentfinancingincludecentralandlocal-governmentannualbudgets,eco-compensationfunds,anddedicatedprojectfunds.Businessincomeincludesprofitsfromthetourismindustryandothercommercialincome.Socialfundsincludedonationsfromcivilsocietiesandprojectfundsfromconservationorganizations.4.自然保护地资源利用经营的收入没有正式进入保护工作的渠道，缺乏相关的规定。4.Businessincomefromtheuseofresourcesinprotectedareashasnotbeenrecognizedasoneoftheofficialfundingsourcesofconservationefforts.Eventhoughsuchfundingissubstantialandisexpectedtoexpandinginthefuture,thecurrentregulationdoesnotincludeanyprovisionsforthesebusinessincomes.

5.自然保护地资源开发项目，没有明确要求开发企业进行生态补偿的规定。例如一个水电开发项目，应该如何给于资源所在地生态补偿，补偿多少都没有明确的标准和规定。5.Whereresource-utilizationprojectsarepermittedinprotectedareas,theyarenotrequiredtoprovideeco-compensation.Forexample,ifahydropowerdevelopmentprojectispermittedwithinaprotectedarea,theprofitsarenotrequiredtosharewiththeprotectedarea,norisanyeco-compensationrequiredforthelossofhabitatthathasresultedfromresourcedevelopmententerprises.NationalFiscalFunds

Nationalfinancingpaysfortheoperatingexpensesofconservationworkinnationalprotectedareas,accordingtotheannualbudgetoftheprotectedareas.Expendituresincludepatrolling,monitoring,basicinfrastructureprojects,publicawarenessandeducationexpenses.Nationally-financed,dedicatedprojectfundsshouldbeadministeredaccordingtotheregulationsontheapplicationofsuchfunds(Standardsandby-lawsregardingtheimplementationofstateallocatedfundsneedtobedeveloped).国家层面在自然保护方面的投资投资很大，但是在总量上，至少在投向还远远不足从社会投资来说，比例更是远远不足阿里巴巴公益基金投资动物保护的比例是捐赠资金的万分之一Socialfundarefarfromenough中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京3SocialfundarefarfromenoughDirection20152014201320122011201020092004Education44%27%34%36%24%26%18%39%welfare26%20%26%32%29%20%15%7%poverty9%11%15%20%9%10%10%15%disaster5%19%1%3%26%28%43%27%Others17%23%24%9%12%16%14%12%2015胡润慈善榜主要捐赠方向统计来源：胡润研究院4社会资金投入远远不足中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京5保护地友好体系-中国科学院动物研究所课题反复重复的保护工作如何持续？当地社区如何自觉自愿地支持保护？中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京6保护地友好体系GlobalProtectedAreaFriendlySystem目标（Goal）：阻止全球性生物多样性下降趋势，保卫人类生存生态安全底线战略（Strategy）：动员全社会参与保护核心措施：扶持当地社区保护能力成效指标：野生动物种群和环境健康状况持续优化中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京7融资案例一：对社区友好型发展的投资转化为保护动力沼泽、湿地8000余公顷水田面积1353公顷，水域面积1429公顷中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京8消除对候鸟的危害：有害物质、偷猎、毒杀春秋两季10余万只雁鸭类，约60种候鸟具有国际重要意义的湿地和候鸟栖息地中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京9大雁米的生产和自然保护

每年减少使用1827千克复合肥685千克尿素20千克除草剂6.85千克杀虫剂6.85千克杀菌剂提高品质增加收入实现当地自然保护的可持续：经费返还支持珲春野生动物植物保护协会九沙坪村护鸟队两年巡护153人次，135公里，清套250个，救护动物31只协会巡护317次，2576公里，清套5716个，发放宣传材料3000多份，救助动物100多次中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京10保护地友好体系2016项目地保护地友好产品：大雁米粘玉米高粱黑豆黄豆粘玉米笨玉米青梅核桃茶叶……保护了旗舰物种：大量候鸟东北虎远东豹大熊猫金丝猴麝亚洲象长臂猿天鹅……11中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京12融资案例二：企业从投资生物多样性保护中获益对区域整体生物多样性保护的友好发展模式中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京1311种类型的植被孕育了丰富的动物多样性，鸟类（林鸟、湿地鸟、海洋鸟）；淡水野生动物（淡水鱼类蛙类、蜻蜓）；红树林物种（海洋鱼类、贝类、螺类、虾蟹类）；沙滩物种（虾蟹、黄金蚁）；近海鱼类；珊瑚礁物种。C.唯一性价值：这个湿地公园与铜鼓岭和海滨一起组成了中国唯一独特的生态系统中国生物多样性创新融资机制——第二次研讨会-2016年7月22日-北京14友好型发展科学规划，整体生态优化减少一次性投入及后续维护