外文翻译-抗侧向荷载的结构体系

StructuralsystemstoresistlateralloadsCommonlyusedstructuralsystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:Moment-resistingframes.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.Tube-in-tubestructures.Tube-in-tubestructures.Core-interactivestructures.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding.Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.Moment-ResistingFramesPerhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints.Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads.Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces.浇Analy坐sisca尤nbea泡ccompl庆ished治bySTR洋ESS,S丧TRUDL,换ora炒hosto底fothe傲rappr准opriat凤ecomp座uter闷progra心ms微;anal宰ysisb应ythe粥so-cal眼ledpo像rtalm垮ethod则ofthe蜡canti丘lever马method恩hasn客oplac吊eint珍oday首’骗stech丈nology时.疮Becaus伪eoft鸭heint恭rinsic窄flexi叮bility涉ofth体ecolu惜mn/gir裳derin煎tersec世tion,硬andbe政cause绒prelim冻inary淘design有sshou半ldaim议tohi迫ghligh头tweak炉nesses互ofsy旬stems,俯itis沸notu渠nusual混tous桑ecent炭er-to-伴center潮dimen淘sions长forth铲efram批eint瞒hepre钱limina增ryana随lysis.需Ofco诸urse,笋inthe拾latte食rphas笑esof踢design私,are咐alisti忍cappr待aisal产in-joi蕉ntdef狱ormati绑onis跪essent筛ial.酷Braced激Frame趁s音Thebr遮acedf赠rame,颠intrin辩sicall粘ystif水ferth攻anthe录momen过t堂–标resist屋ingfr田ame,f智indsa弊lsogr凡eater朗applic委ation忙tohig辰her-ri寸sebui第ldings宇.The累system炭isch竟aracte辉rized塑bylin父earho宾rizont孕al,ve召rtical汗,and芝diagon乘almem核bers,步connec终tedsi较mplyo靠rrigi其dlyat白their贴joint膊s.It艳isuse物dcomm源onlyi墨nconj眠unctio朱nwith漆other进syste哑msfor屡talle烧rbuil穿dings骄andas坏asta泼nd-alo茎nesys爆temin袄low-t饶omedi笋um-ris胶ebuil叉dings.肥While亩theus善eofs耽tructu哈ralst棚eelin址brace旋dfram叙esis躁common敢,conc描retef舰rames浇aremo性relik悦elyto脊beof介thel帽arger-袍scale劳variet喜y.Ofs块pecial煮inter仔estin禾areas插ofhi粗gh搞seism筹i仰city行isth匙euse训ofthe系eccen瓜tricb呼raced害frame.某Again,招analy斧sisca播nbeb骡ySTRE蚀SS,ST贿RUDL,瞧orany类oneo丝fase彼rieso行ftwo波–天orthr炭ee混dimens描ional雀analy天sisco趴mputer过progr纱ams.A添ndaga运in,ce奖nter-t役o-cent扫erdim茎ension鸣sare僵usedc鸭ommonl袜yint弊hepre竞limina抓ryana誉lysis.扬Shear任walls苹Thesh倍earwa圾llis央yetan掠other嗽stepf鸦orward访along捐apro芦gressi旁onof匀ever-s肯tiffer劈struc蒸tural宗system善s.The载syste拥misc乘haract象erized凭byre珍lative哗lythi沙n,gen谎erally杠(but迅not诞always畜)conc监rete共eleme贺ntsth口atpro润videb辟othst瓣ructur初alstr哗ength矩andse贺parati完onbet朵weenb茧uildin巴gfunc颠tions.妇Inhig汗h-rise盲build坚ings,答shear校walls社ystems盈tend驰tohav毙eare补lative先lyhig视haspe划ctrat绢io,th粉atis,持their可heigh质ttend萍stob窄elarg究ecomp贯aredt密othei奸rwidt投h.Lac哪kingt际ension倡inth迷efoun排dation谁syste激m,any直struc荣tural骡elemen粉tisl换imited语init值sabil搅ityto谎resis闻tover脑turnin散gmome走ntby打thewi图dthof辩thes仁ystem钳andby胖theg代ravity投load食suppor海tedby朴thee斤lement牌.Limi昂tedto羽anar甘rowov驳erturn象ing,O劫neobv术iousu乖seof哪thesy须stem,涨which培doesh介aveth莫eneed皆edwid摘th,is会inth趣eexte耕riorw景allso尸fbuil挨ding,接where供there鲜quirem钉entfo缝r率window到s堡iske墨ptsma晓ll.雨Struct认urals役teels联hearw落alls,苍genera灿llyst翁iffene圆dagai成nstbu撤ckling调bya心concre城teove缴rlay,剥havef典ounda绪pplica粒tionw欠heres泽hearl伸oadsa舅rehig需h.The盲syste汁m,int刺rinsic态allym抄oreec面onomic赞altha育nstee角lbrac夹ing,i捆spart兵icular三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的分隔。督在高层建筑中耀，剪力墙体系咸趋向于具有相漠对大的高宽经蝇，即与宽度相馆比，其高度偏弟大。由于基础荣体系缺少应力厚，任何一种结贴构构件抗倾覆蒸弯矩的能力都娇受到体系的宽脊度和构件承受滑的重力荷载的皆限制。由于剪菊力墙宽度狭狭闸窄受限，所以细需要以某种方斯式加以扩大，微以便提从所需歇的抗倾覆能力青。在窗户需要流量小的建筑物稳外墙中明显地族使用了这种确屑有所需要宽度迁的体系。做钢结构剪力墙额通常由混凝土绘覆盖层来加强站以抵抗失稳，也这在剪切荷载唐大的地方已得陵到应用。这种姑体系实际上比独钢支撑经济，茫对于使剪切荷柱载由位于地面徐正上方区域内吧比较高的楼层墓向下移特别有盟效。这种体系扒还具有高延性笋之优点，这种表特性在强震区挨特别重要。悔由于这些墙内面必然出同一些割大孔，使得剪悼力墙体系分析承变得错综复杂鬼。可以通过桁劫架模似法、有规限元法，或者绒通过利用为考壮虑剪力墙的交游互作用或扭转设功能设计的专冠门计处机程序凭进行初步分析识框架或支撑式垫筒体结构：稠框架或支撑式赵筒体最先应用孙于哈IB指M厕公司芹在揭Pittsb今urg秘h唯的一幢办公楼奸，随后立即被惧应用于纽约双留子座怠的胖11垮0哗层世界贸易中念心摩天大楼和拌其他的建筑中臭。这种系统有渐以下几个显著疑的特征：三维岩结构、支撑式仗结构、或由剪妥力墙形成的一筛个性质上差不辈多是圆柱体的丑闭合曲面，但叔又有任意的平闪面构成。由于亦这些抵抗侧向扶荷载的柱子差赤不多都被设置渴在整个系统的首中心，所以整败体的惯性得到优提高，刚度也捆是很大的。杯在可能的情况李下，通过三维怖概念的应用、类二维的类比，皇我们可以进行蛮筒体结构的分痒析。不管应用弓那种方法，都茎必须考虑剪力伍滞后的影响。讨这种最先在航码天器结构中研窃究的剪力滞后芒出现后，对筒损体结构的刚度蒸是一个很大的录限制。这种观坊念已经影响了够筒体结构泳在骡6僻0技层以上建筑中闻的应用。设计园者已经开发出诱了很多的技术拥，用以减小剪菜力滞后的影响排，这其中最有盼名的是桁架的事应用。框架或琴支撑式筒体尚在驶4训0麻层或稍高的建拦筑中找到了自悬己的用武之地抵。除了一些美酬观的考虑外，哀桁架几乎很少抛涉及与外墙联牙系的每个建筑千功能，而悬索称一般设置在机惜械的地板上，秆这就令机械体翻系设计师们很砍不赞成。但是献，作为一个性钥价比较好的结后构体系，桁架钻能充分发挥它鲁的性能，所以竖它会得到设计耕师们持续的支怀持。由于其最陈佳位置正取决卸于所提供的桁点架的数量，因及此很多研究已鸦经试图完善这戏些构件的位置燕。实验表明：塘由于这种