高考英语阅读理解专题辅导

阅读理解复习策略概述：高考对于阅读理解的考查符合中学生学习英语的目的和实践。题材的选择体现了“贴近时代、贴近生活、贴近学生”的原则。命题者熔知识性、趣味性、实用性于一炉，全方位多侧面对学生的阅读能力进行检测。选材特点1、阅读材料的主题明确，话题新颖，有时代感。材料来源广泛，但避免选用广为流传和人所共知的材料，有些节选自各类丛书，有些出自报刊杂志，有些选自各类活页宣传材料。2、语言地道、原汁原味。阅读理解的文章多为母语为英语的人写的反映外国生活内容的文章，很少涉及国内题材。3、材料长短适宜。平均每篇短文300词左右，但每篇文章有足够的信息量。4、材料条理清晰，结构紧凑，在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上要有较大的复杂性。5、语言难易适度。材料中的生词量应控制在1%以内（由构词法形成的词不计为生词），避免短文中出现太多的汉语释义。每篇注释的词控制在3个以内。6、体裁多样化，应有叙述文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。通常每套试题有一篇考查特定信息能力的广告、公告类材料，也可选用科普、新闻等体裁。命题趋势：近年来，高考阅读理解测试的内容和形式朝着纵深方向发展，命题的难度也将逐渐加大，主要体现在以下几个方面：1、5篇文章题材与体裁多样化，信息含量大。英语高考中阅读理解短文的题材广泛，包括：政治、经济、文学、历史、地理、社会生活、科普知识等。短文的体裁以叙述文、议论文、说明文为主，应用文为辅。但应用文因其较强的实用性，近些年考查力度有所加大。英语应用文是指人们在日常生活、工作和学习中为处理日常事务解决具体问题而写作的一种文体，应用文包括的内容很广，如书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事等。应用文的特点是有明确的读者对象、明确的范围。2、语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加。近年来阅读理解的篇章和句子结构几乎囊括了英语句法修辞中的所有语句结构形式。简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、省略、倒装、插入语等无不涵盖其中。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多。考生常常读懂了文字，却不一定能立刻领悟语篇的意思。3、词汇量加大，阅读速度提高，这是个大趋势。还要注意的一个特点是非考纲词汇有所增加。这就要求考生能较好地掌握合成词与派生词。在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。知能目标：1、读懂材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。2、既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念。3、既能理解字面的意思，也能理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。

4、既能理解某句，某段的含义，也能理解全篇的逻辑关系，并以此为根据进行合理、正确的推理和判断。

5、既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。考查重点：高考中每份试卷的5篇文章20道题都有序地安排好细节理解题，词义猜测题、主旨归纳题与推理分析题，下面就这几个考查重点一一分析。细节理解题1、常见的考查细节类的题目措辞如下：Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.NoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEexcept…Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?

Thestoryhappenedin_____.Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)...?2、细节考查的不同方式：阅读理解中考查的主要事实和特定细节都可以在文章中找到。但是，要注意的是出题者不会很明白很直接地提问，而是很注意提问的技术性或艺术性。也就是说，提问都设有一定的障碍或陷阱，或往往给真实的细节罩上一层迷雾，使得你弄不清问题指的是哪一件事，哪一个细节，造成你寻找的困难。通常这些提问法有：（1）转换提问法出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，要求考生对已有信息进行必要的转换，以得出正确理解。例如：…Studentspushedtheirwayoutside.Longandloudfiresirenscouldbeheardnearby,andMrs.Pott’sembarrassmentwasutmostwhenshespottedatelevisioncrewfromalocalnewsstation.Theysquattedonthelawnandfilmedthemassdeparturefromtheschool.…Question:WhatmadeMrs.Pottfeelmostuncomfortable? A.Theheadadministratorgavethetroublemakerhisduepunishment. B.Theeventwouldprobablybebroadcastedbythelocalnewsstation. C.Otherstudentsdidn’tdoanythingtostopDarinfromcausingtrouble. D.HersewingclasswascompletelyspoiledbyDarin.本文中的embarrassmentwasutmost近义理解为题干中的feelmostuncomfortable，文中的atelevisioncrew和filmedthemassdeparture当然可以理解为B项中probablybebroadcastedbythelocalnewsstation。因此答案为B。（2）真伪判断法出题者提出片面的、不确切的，或完全错误的说法让考生去判断。这就要求考生找到与每个选项说法相应的文章部分，了解正确肯定的事实，来排除不符合文章所交待的内容的选项。例如：AnadvertisementisjustlikeaSomebodyElseSaysquotationinanewsstory.Thenewspaperdoesnotsaythatwhattheadvertisersaysistrue.Allthenewspapersaysis,“Thisiswhattheadvertisersays.”Tofindoutwhetheritistrueornotwillbelefttothereaders.Allthestatementsintheadsaretheadvertiser’sstatements,notthepapers.Question:WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage? A.Thebuyershouldnotshareopinionswithadvertisers. B.Theeditorhastoanswerforthetruthofadsinthepaper. C.Thebuyerhimselfshouldfindoutwhetheranadistrueornot.D.Theadvertisershouldnotexpresshisownopinionsinanad.本题中的A、B、D三个选项均是对本文的错误理解，而文中的Tofindoutwhetheritistrueornotwillbelefttothereaders则可正确理解为C项Thebuyerhimselfshouldfindoutwhetheranadistrueornot.（3）计算提问法当涉及时间、距离、价格、数量等数据等时，你必须经过一些测算才能确定答案。例如：Thefirstrecordedsightingofatransitwasmade,innorthwestEngland,byJeremiahHerrocks,whohadworkedoutarepeaton4December,1639.Theintervals（时间上的间隔）betweentransitsfollowanunusualpattern:8years,then,then8,thenyears,andwilldosountil2984.Question:WhencanweseethetransitofVenusnexttimeaccordingtothetext? A.In2022 B.In2033 C.In2025 D.In2055这是一道较为复杂的计算题。从文章可知整个周期需要：8++8+=243（年），那么下一次应该是在1639年以后的四个周期之后的2022。（4）补全事实提问法这是指根据文章提供的一部分事实，将文章没有直接说明的另一部分事实在回答问题时去起来。例如：RescueworkersandvolunteersinFloridaworkednon-stoptohelpasmanydolphinsastheycouldtoreturntodeepwater.Somedolphinsmadeit.Abouttwodozendied.For35dolphinsindangertherewasonlyonechanceforsurvival—tobesenttotheMarineMammalsCareCenter.Thedolphinswereplacedinawaterpoolwheretheyhavebeengivenround-the-clockcarebyhundredsofvolunteerswhosignedupforfour-hourshifts（轮班）.Question:ThedolphinsstrandedonthebeachweresenttotheMarineMammalsCareCenter,where________. A.theywerewarmlywelcomed B.theyweretakencareofandcured C.theyweretobetrained D.theywouldlivewithhumanbeings本文明确说明Thedolphinswereplacedinawaterpoolwheretheyhavebeengivenround-the-clockcare，所以theyweretakencareof是毫无疑问的，但cured则是要求考生根据第一小节的Somedolphinsmadeit（指returntodeepwater）对信息作出适当的补充。猜测词义1、常见的考查词句理解的题目如下：Whenthewomansaid…,whatshemeantwas_______.Thephrase…means_______.Theunderlinedwords…referto________.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression…standsfor?Theword…hasthesamemeaningastheword_______.2、词义猜测技巧阅读理解中，经常出现一定量的生词，并且每年总有二至四题直接考查词义、句义猜测。这充分体现了《教学大纲》和《考试说明》的要求，意在考查考生根据上下文推测生词短语含义的能力，突出考查语境的分析和把握能力。猜词能力不仅涉及到学生的语言知识水平，还涉及到学生的语言应用能力和综合素质水平。在阅读理解中，猜测词义、句义题的特点是对生词、短语，指示代词和句子的猜测。其常见应试技巧作如下简单介绍：（1）同义法：通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推知它的大致词义。例如：Tofillthesalmonsupply,peoplehaveturnedtofishfarming,oraquaculture.Question:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aquaculture”meanaccordingtothepassage? A.Itmeansthefastestgrowingfoodindustry. B.Itmeansfishfarming. C.Itmeansakindofculturewithwater. D.Itmeansraisingsalmononfarms.答案为B。（2）反义法：利用反义词说明生词的意义。如反义词hotandcold.Giveandreceive,perfectandimperfect,甚至前、后句为肯定与否定、或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。例如：Someplantshaverelativelyabilitynottobeaffectedbyagreatmanydiseases,whileothershavesusceptibilitytothem.Question:Theunderlinedwords“havesusceptibilityto”means_______. A.arenotlikelytobeinfluencedby B.arenotveryeasilycontrolledby C.areseldomattackedby D.areverylikelytobeharmedby本句中的while引导的是个表示转折分句，意思是“然而”，因此前后句的意思应该是相反的，A、B、C三种说法都与前面的分句一致，只有D表示相反的意思，是正确的。（3）释义法：在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。例如：Aglobalizedworkforce,withbettertransportlinksandremoteaccesstoofficeresourcesmeansthattravelinglongdistancestoworkhasbecomecommonplaceandmorepopular.Jobcommutinghasbecomearealityformillionssopeoplecanchoosewheretheylive.Question:Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“Jobcommuting”mean? A.Jobhuntinginlargecities B.Househuntinginlargecities C.Travelinglongdistancetoworkeveryday D.Aprogramdesignedforjobhunting本文的第一个句子就是对后文划线词组的解释，概括为C项的Travelinglongdistancetoworkeveryday。（4）情景推断法：猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断出来。例如：Somanyofusholdontothelittleresentment（怨愤）thatmayhavecomefromanargument,amisunderstanding,orsomeotherpainfulevents.Stubbornly,wewaitforsomeoneelsetoreachouttous,believingthisistheonlywaywecanforgiveorregainafriendshiporfamilyrelationship.Question:Theunderlinedpartmeans________. A.stretchoutone’shand B.givehelp C.offeranapology D.explainsomething本题是典型的利用情景推断法来确定词组的含义，从上下文的意思，尤其是下文的forgive，可以推知词组的正确含义是“作出道歉”。（5）代词替代法：一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。例如：Mostgreatinventorsinthecapitalist（资本主义的）societymeetwithmuchoppositiontotheirinventionsfromthepeoplewhoplacetheirinterestsbeforethoseofthepeople.Question:Theunderlinedword“those”refersto________. A.inventors B.inventions C.interests D.monopolies了解句子的含义：把他们自己的利益放在人民的利益之前。可见用interests代替those句子意义成立，因此C项正确。（6）构词法根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如：Wavesfromearthquake-generatedtsunamiscantravelatspeedsexceedingthoseofajetairplane,makinganearlywarningsystemallthemoreimportant,delegatessaid.Question:Theunderlinedword“exceeding”means________. A.equaling B.reaching C.greaterthan D.lowerthan根据构词法我们知道ex-前缀有“向外；脱离”之意，引申为“超出范围”，所以可以推测为greaterthan。主旨归纳1、常见考查文章或段落主题与中心思想的题目如下：Thebesttitleofthepassagemightbe_______.Themainideaofthepassageis_______.Thepassageismainlyabout_______.Thewriter’smainthoughtisthat_______.Whichtitlebestgivestheideaofthatpassage________?Whichofthefollowingsupportsthemainidea________?Whichofthefollowingcanbethebestheadlineofthepassage________?Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto_____.2、主旨归纳题的常见情况：主旨判断题通常考查短文或段落的标题、中心思想等。解答这类题目的关键是对文章或各段主题句的寻找，必要时还要进行归纳、总结，以期得出能够涵盖全文或整个段落的中心思想，不片面，同时不超越文章的所陈述的内容。通常文章的主题句会出现篇（段）的开头、末尾、中间，例如：（1）Aquacultureisoneoftheworld’sfastestgrowingfoodindustries.Itisreplacingcommercialfishinginmanyplacesandisreducingthepriceofsalmontoaboutathirdofitsearlierprice.Theotherbenefitofaquacultureisthatitallowsthewildsalmonpopulationtorecover.Aboutaquarterofamillionmoresalmonreturnedtotheirhomeriverstoproduceeggseachyearinthemid-1990s.Question:Whatcanweconcludefromthelastparagraph?A.Aquaculturehasreducedthepriceofsalmontoaboutathirdofitsearlierprice.B.Aquacultureisreplacingcommercialfishinginmanyplaces.C.Aquaculturebenefitsthewildsalmonpopulationtorecover.D.Aquaculturebenefitstheecosystemofthesalmonandpromotesthedevelopmentofthefoodindustry.本段文字的第二个句子是对整个段落的概括，后面举了两个例子，一是使价格降了下来，二是使salmon得以很好地繁殖。A、C都失之偏颇，而D则不是这一小节的内容。所以B项正确。（2）…“Thisresearchshowshowimportantitistogetallyoungpeopleworkinghardandteachthemthevalueofhighereducation,”hesaid.

Question:Themainpurposeoftheresearchis________. A.togivethegovernmentsomeadviceonhighereducation B.toshowussomeinformationabouthighereducation C.toshowthesexdifferenceinhighereducation D.tomakeallthestudentsworkhardandrealizetheimportanceofhighereducation本段文字是一篇调查报告的最后一小节，对于调查的效果作出说明，也是该调查的目的。选D。（3）Haveyoueverbeenafraidtotalkbackwhenyouweretreatedunfairly?Haveyoueverboughtsomethingjustbecausethesalesmantalkedyouintoit?Areyouafraidtoasksomeoneforadate?

Manypeopleareafraidtoassert(表现)themselves.Dr.Alberti,authorofStandUp,SpeakOut,andTalkBack,thinksit’sbecausetheirself-respectislow.“Ourwholesetup(体制)isdesignedtomakepeopledistrustthemselves,”saysAlberti.“There’salways‘superior’around–aparent,ateacher,aboss–who‘knowsbetter’.Theresuperiorsoftengainwhentheychip(削弱)awayatyourself-image.”Question:Thepassagemainlydiscussestheproblemthat_____.A.peopleareeasilycheatedwhentheybuysomethingB.peopleareafraidtospeakforthemselvesC.somepeoplethinktoolowofthethemselvesD.somepeopleareafraidofsuperiors本文的第一小节以三个问句的形式举例，第二小节一开始就上文的现象提出观点，然后是关于此观点的更多阐述。这正是“引题——主题思想——解释”这一模式。答案选C当然，有时候在叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实之后，文章没有明确地对主题思想作总结，而是要求读者对此进行正确的归纳，例如：InthesoutheasterncorneroftheUnitedStatesliesthestateofFlorida.ItisoneofthemostfamousplacesintheUnitedStates.Amongallthestates,Floridarankstwenty-secondinsizeandninthinpopulation.Itbecamethetwenty-seventhstateintheUSAin1854.ThecapitalisTallahassee,butthelargestcityisJacksonville.Floridahasapleasantclimate.IthassomanysunnydaysthatitsnicknameistheSunshineState.ASpanishnamedPoncedeLeondiscoveredFloridain1513.Theword“Florida”inSpanishmeans“flowery”.Hemighthavegiventheareathisnamebecauseofcountlessflowersinthisarea.PoncedeLeonwentbacktoSpainbutreturnedin1521tocolonizethisarea.However,SpainunderestimatedthepoweroftheIndiansandtheIndianskilledPoncedeLeon.TwomoreSpanishgroupsarrivedbutwerequicklydefeatedbytheIndians.Finally,in1565theSpanishwereabletofoundthecitySaintAugustine.ThisistheoldestpermanentEuropeansettlementintheUnitedStates.Question:Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.TheSpanishintheUSA. B.SaintAugustine. C.ApleasantClimate. D.TheHistoryofFlorida.从本文的内容可以归纳出其中心是介绍佛罗里达的历史。推理分析1、推理分析的题目常见的题干有：Thewriterdoesn’tsaybutwecanknow__________.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageseemstobe__________.Thispassageisprobablytakenfrom____________.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______________.Theauthorprobablyfeelsthat___________.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?Thewriterofthispassageisprobablya_____________.Thewriter’sattitudetoward….is__________.2、分析推理题的类别在高考阅读理解题中难度最大且出现越来越多的是推理分析题,近几年的高考每年都保持在10题左右。这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示,抓住内含语义,用逻辑思维的方法加以整理,然后做出合理的推断。推理的方法大致可分为:简单推理和复杂推理。（1）简单推理，常见设题形式有：Supposing…,_________willhappen?If…,wecansay_________.Fromthetext,wecaninferthatthewriterwould________.Whatisthemostprobableendingofthestory?所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据对某些细节进行推理，或对故事的结局作出推理。这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。例如：Therearetwogeneralkindsofvoicelifts.Insomecases,implantsareinsertedthroughanincision（切口）inthenecktobringthevocalcords（声带）closertogether.Doctorsalsoinjectfatorothersubstancestomakethecordsbiggersothatthevoicesoundsyounger.Question:Ifonehasagoodvoice,wecansay________. A.hehasimplantsinhisneck B.hisvocalcordsarebigandclose C.hehasavoicelift D.hehasafacelift从文中信息可以容易地知道voicelift是使cords变close和big来使声音听起来年轻悦耳，因此可推知B项为正确答案。（2）复杂推理复杂推理不但要以文字为依据,而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理,就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法:A.如何推测作者的写作目的和作态度，常见设题形式有：…ismentionedinorderto…Whydoestheauthormention…?Thepurposeinwritingthistextisto________.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。例如：…Butinsomeanimals,certainmusclecellshavebecomesospecializedaselectricalgenerators（发电机）thattheydonotworkasmusclecellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellsarelinkedtogether,theeffectcanbeastonishing.Theelectriceel（鳗）isanamazinglivingbattery.Itcansendajoltofasmuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlives…Question:Whydoestheauthormentiontheelectriceel? A.Towarnthereadertostayawayfromthem B.Tocomparetheirvoltagetothatusedinhouses. C.Togiveanexampleofalivingelectricalgenerator. D.Todescribeanewsourceofelectricalpower.上面一小节指出一种现象，而下面一小节则举例说明这一现象。答案是C。在有些文章里，作者的语气和态度往往并不能直接在文章中读到，而是通过一些描写反映了作者的某种态度或倾向。通过全文的阅读，有时可以从文章中领悟作者的观点；通过对作者使用的词汇(多为形容词和副词)的分析，可以推断出作者的态度和感情，比如作者对某一观点是赞成还是反对，是批评还是客观陈述。例如：Olderpeople,tiredfromaday’swork,arenotasnobleasbefore,evenfarfromit.Manyargumentsorquarrelsbreakoutastheypushandpulleachothertogetonbusesandtrains.Question:Onthetrainorbus,accordingtotheauthor,olderpeople_________. A.oftenoffertheirseatstoothers B.aretreatedbetterthanyoungerpeople C.arenomorethoughtfulthanyoungerpeopletowardseachother D.areveryselfishtowardsyoungerpeople从asnobleasbefore,evenfarfromit可以推知olderpeople的行为不比youngerpeople来得更礼貌体贴。B.如何推断文章的出处，常见设题形式有：Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom______.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof______.判断体裁应根据其写作特点和叙述的内容，故事、评论、阐述对话各有其特点，是不难区分的。判断其来源要留心所选的部分是哪一类的，涉及哪方面的内容。一篇故事是不可能取材于科学杂志，新闻报道也不可能刊载在书评内。因此，判断文章来源应将文章的形式及内容特点加以综合考虑才能下结论。例如：Linguists(语言学家)believethatthelanguagesofaboutone-thirdofthehumanracealldevelopedfromoneIndo-Europeanlanguage.Butwhowerethespeakersofthisancientlanguage?Linguisticdetectiveworkofferssomeclues.It’ssometimessaidthatyoucandeduce(推断)apeople’shistoryfromthewordstheyuse.StudyofsomefiftyancientvocabularieshasledtoareconstructionofthelifestyleofthefirstIndo-European,avanished(消失的)people…Question:Wheredoyouthinkthispassageprobablyappeared? A.Inanarticlemeantforgeneralreaders. B.Inanarticlemeantforlinguists C.Inanarticleforspecialistsinarchaeology D.Inanarticleforspecialistsinhistory这段文字作者以第三者的视角向读者介绍了语言的发展，因此不是写给linguists看的，从内容来看也不是讲考古或历史，从语气来看比较亲切，比如用了疑问句以及It’ssometimessaidthatyoucan…中的第二人称。由此可见是写给一般读者看的。而有些文章则很容易从其内容或结构来判断其出处，比如：报道前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；广告因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明、器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。这里不再举例赘述。C.如何推断人物性格，常见设题形式有：Whatdoweknowaboutsomebodyinthetext?Whatkindofmansomebodyis?Somebodycanbesaidtobe______.做这类题时一定要注意准确把握字里行间的意思,切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点；特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。例如：Daddidsomanythingsformeduringmyprimaryschoolyears.Heaskedtheschoolbusdrivertopickmeupatmyhouseinsteadoftheusualbusstopthatwassixblocksaway.HealwayshadmylunchreadywhenIcamehome—usuallyasandwichthatwasshapedfortheseason.MyfavoritewasatChristmas.Thesandwicheswouldbecoveredwithgreensugarandcutintheshapeofatree.Question:Theauthorlistssomanydetailsinordertoshow_______. A.herfatherwaschildish B.herfatherwascarefulandthoughtful C.shefailedtogainindependence D.herfatherwasnotlikeaman这段文字的第一句已经对Dad作出了肯定的评价，后面的例子进一步说明了Dad的优秀品质，所以B项才正确地判断了任务的性格。D.如何判断和预测前后的内容,常见设题形式有：Theparagraphpreceding（先于...）thisonemostprobablydiscusses...

Theparagraphprecedingthisextractprobablydealwith...Whatdoestheparagraphfollowingthepassagemostlikelydiscuss?

Whatdoyouthinktheauthorwilldiscussinthenextpart?Theauthorintendtoexplainnext...

Accordingtothepassageyou'veread,thewriterwillprobablysuggestnext...解这种题目最好是带着问题去阅读。首先，我们对所读的选段要有一个全局的概念，弄清它所涉及的全部内容，哪些可能已谈过，哪些还没谈。其次，我们要从文章的语篇结构上去分析。一篇文章通常由导言、正文和结束语构成。导言一般要概述全篇内容，它规定了文章的主线或中心内容。借助导言，我们能紧紧把握作者的思路，从而有利于对文章的理解。正文是文章的主体，也是最常选摘的部分。正文的各段内容都由导言确定，也就是说，正文不论述导言中未提及的观点和内容。结束语是文章的收尾部分，尤其是正式论文往往通过它而使全篇得到提纲挈领的概括并从中得出结论。因此，通过对文章的篇章结构的分析，就可判断已谈了什么或将要谈什么。例如：Scientistshaveworkedhardtofigureoutaverageairtemperatureinordertoseehowmuchthesehavechanged.OneofourbestestimatesisthattheEarthhaswarmedupabout1F°inthepasthundredyears.Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch,butfortheplanetevensmallchangesintemperaturehavebigeffects.Question:Iftherewereaparagraphfollowingthispassage,whatwoulditmostprobablytalkabout? A.TheinfluencethatthesmallchangesintemperaturewillhaveontheEarth. B.Theincreasingtemperaturethatmoreandmorecarbondioxideiscausing. C.Thegreenhouseeffectcausedbyseriouspollution. D.TheconstructionofthebiglaboratoryinthePacificOcean.从本段文字的最后一句可知后文很有可能对这一论点作进一步的论证和说明，而B、C、D都与该段文字内容相距甚远，所以A正确。典例剖析议论文例1（2022江苏高考）Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:changesforthebetter,changesfortheworse;changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologymtheapplicationofsciencemhasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience--awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience--amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaid,"Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(纱线),goodandilltogether.'’Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities–scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?1.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?A.B.C.D.thefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat________.A.agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwarB.alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwarC.theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweaponsD.theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofnuclearweaponsontheearthunderlinedword"mingled"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happydoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?A.Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.B.MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.C.Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.D.Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.[答案与解析] 1．A文章结构考查题。从各个段落的内容来看，第一小节是总起，第二和第三两小节都是讲现代科技的给人类带来的好处，第四小节内容有了转折，讲现代科技的给人类带来的不利，第五小节是借Shakespeare的话来作出总结。因此图示A符合本文的写作思路。2．D作者思想情感推理题。从第四小节最后的让步状语从句里能明确看出作者的担忧之情。3．B词语释义题。从上下文对现代科技正反两方面的分析，以及Shakespeare的话，能推断出mingled意思是mixed。4．D前后文内容推理题。从最后一节的提问可见作者对科技正反两方面共存这一现象的存在很不甘心，因此可能在下文提出如何若干避免消极因素的措施。[点评]议论文是作者对某个问题提出主张、发表意见、表明态度、总结经验等，有较浓的主观色彩。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。该类文章逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。在议论文的阅读中要抓住表明作者态度、观点的句子，从体现作者态度的句子（即作者赞成什么，反对什么）往往能够抓到文章的中心思想，而这些句子一般都在段落的开头或结尾部分。议论文由论点、论据、论证三要素组成，抓住论证就能够进一步理解文章的逻辑性和弄清作者怎样用论据去证明论点例2Didyoueverthinksomeonewasscary(可怕的)becausetheylookeddifferentoratestrangefood?Well,theymightthinkthesameaboutyou!Oneofthethingsweallneedtodoistocelebratevariety.Weshouldn’tthinkbadlyofpeoplefromotherculturesbecausetheyaredifferentfromourown.Sometimeswejudgepeoplefromothercountriesunfairly,becauseonepersonfromthatculturedidsomethingbad.Well,hasyourclasseverbeenpunishedjustbecauseafewkidswerecausingtrouble?Hasyourwholefamilyeverbeenblamedforsomethingyourlittlesisterdid?Itdoesn’tseemfair,doesit?It’sjustasunfairtoblameawholecultureforwhattwoorthreepeopledo.Soherearesomethingsthatyoucandotohelpyourselfunderstandothercultures:1.Findcommonground!Rememberthateventhoughsomepeoplelookdifferentontheoutside,itdoesn’tchangewhattheylookontheinside.Theystillhavethesamefeelings!2.Don’tblameeveryonebecauseofone!Solet’ssaysomeonefromanothercultureisbeingmean(卑劣的)andyoudecidetoavoideveryonefromthatculture.Well,thinkaboutit.Whyareyoublamingthemforsomethingtheydidn’thaveanythingtodowith?Putyourselfintheirshoes.Howwouldyoufeel?Tryingtounderstandhowapersonthinkscanbeaverygoodwaytounderstandwhytheyareactingthatway.Remember,otherpeoplemaynotthinkthesameway.3.Trytomakefriendswithpeoplefromothercultures.Youcouldaskthemwhattheyknowabouttheirculture,orwhatitwaslikeintheircountry.Tryfoodsfromthatculture,oraskthemiftheyknowanywordsinthatlanguage.Youmightbesurprisedathowpureotherculturescanbe!Youcanhavegreatdiscussionsandhavelotsoffundoingnewthings.4.Knowthatpeoplealwaysjudgeotherpeople.Ifyouknowwhatyouarethinkingthenyoucanhelpmakethingseasier.Payattentiontowhatyouthinkaboutotherpeople.Ithelps!1.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?A.Whytherearedifferencesbetweenpeople.B.Whattodotounderstandothercultures.C.Howpeoplefeelwhentheymeetpeoplefromothercultures.D.Wheredifferencesbetweenpeoplelie.2.Intheauthor’sopinion,onemistakewhenwetreatculturaldifferencesisthatwe_______.A.cannotseeandsharewhatpeopleshaveincommonB.believethatotherpeoplemaycertainlythinkbadlyofusC.don’twanttolearnanythingvaluableinotherculturesD.trytofindthereasonforthedifferences3.Theunderlinedword“celebrate”heremostprobablymeans___________.A.tofeelproudofB.toexpressthankstoC.tounderstandandenjoy D.topayattentionto4.Theauthorbelievesthat_____________.A.somepeopleareactuallykindthoughtheysometimesdosomethingbadB.onepersoncannotstandfortherealcultureheisinC.somepeoplereallyhavenothingtodowiththeircultureD.ifyoujudgesomeonebadhewilldothesametoyou5.Bysaying“…thenyoucanhelpmakethingseasier.”theauthormeansyouwill_________.A.makemorefriendsB.knowmoreabouttheworldC.havemorefuninlifeD.findlessdifferencebetweenyouandothers[答案与解析]1．B主旨考查题。本文第一段总起提出面对文化差异人们所产生的错误认识的问题，然后就此提出解决建议。读完全文即可知其中心。2．A作者态度猜测题。作者在第四段建议我们要findcommonground，可见他认为不能做到这一点是人们的错误所在。3．C词义猜测题。celebrate通常的意义是“庆祝”，但这里应是“赞赏”之意。celebratevariety意即要把文化的差异看作是一件好事。4．B作者观点推测题。第二段和第五段对此进行了反复的论述。5．D作者观点推测题。从作者的总体论述中不难看出，他的观点是“只要我们能换位思维，有文化包容心理，那么一切事情都好办”，换言之，“你就会发现异种文化间无所谓有什么差别了。”叙述文例3（2022湖北高考）AtonetimenoonecouldtravelonanEnglishroadfasterthanfourmilesanhour.Thatwasthelawuntil1896.Amanhadtowalkinfrontofacarwhichcouldnotgofasterthantheman.Atnightthemanhadtocarryaredlamp. OnceCharlesRollsbroughtacarfromFrancetoEngland,buthewantedtodrivefasterthanfourmilesanhour.Inordertohavenotroublewiththepolice,hehadatalkwithsomeofthepoliceofficers,whoorderedtheirpolicementolooktheotherwaywhenthecarcamealongtheroad.Thiswasagoodplaninthecountry,butnotsoeasytofollowinthebusystreetsofLondon. OnenightRollsandsomefriendsstartedfromLondonontheirjourneytoCambridge.Oneofthemenwalkedinfrontwiththeredlamp,buthewalkedasfastashecould.Thepolicebecameveryinterestedinwallsandshop-frontswhentheyheardthecar,andnotoneofthemsawit. Theyreachedahill;butwhatawasteoftimeitwastodrivedownthehillatfourmilesanhour!Rollswasgettingreadytojumpintothecar;butthenhenoticedapolicemanwhowasn