在职硕士英语冲刺教程

在职硕士英语听力语音突破的技巧

许多学生在备考在职硕士英语听力时，常常发出这样的疑问：怎

么一个对话听了这么多遍还是没听懂，可一看文字答案却发现很简

单，既没有生词，也没有陌生场景和题型；还有同学，听美国人说话,

觉得别人嘴上抹了油，几秒钟，好几个单词就从嘴里溜了出来，自己

却舌头发硬，想跟读模仿也跟不上。其实这些都是因为一些基本的语

音问题所造成的。下面结合在职硕士英语听力原句，帮助大家突破语

音难关。

语音问题的突破分三个方面：一、连读；二、失去爆破；三、英

美音的区别。

1、连读

(1)正常的美国人说话必然有连读。许多同学听不出连读的关

键词，造成失分。如真题中有这样一句话:Mypenisoutofinkagain.

考生都是因为听不懂句中的连读而失分的。所以，掌握连读的基

本规律，有的放矢地进行跟读练习是突破连读句的有效方法。从上面

的例子中可以看出，只要两个或两个以上的单词在同一个意群内，前

面一个单词以辅音结尾，后面一个单词以元音开头，这两个或几个单

词就可以连读。下面再提供几个例子：

rushhournotatallcallinsickhalfanhour

sellout

(2)击穿轻辅音的连读。

forhimsellherbooksvisither

Ilenthimabook.

Imusthaveleftmykeysatmysister'shome.

2、失去爆破

在辅音当中，有六个爆破音。

当一个单词以这六个爆破音结尾，而后面的单词

以一些辅音开头，如爆破音、舌边音、鼻音等，前一个单词结尾的爆

破音不发音，我们称之为失去爆破。如：

Ithinkyou'vegotthebatteryupsidedown.

Sheaskedmeforthebikekey.

contactlensessitdownatlastgoodnight

同学们在备考中应有意识地跟读模仿，加强训练。

3、语调

语调可以影响句意，如：

Idid?-Idid.

What.—What?

4、重音

语调也可以影响句意，如：

Idon'twanttogotothemovieonSundaywithyou.

5、英美音的区别

在职硕士英语听力英音、美音都考，而许多考生学的是英音。但

要掌握英美音的基本区别，是不用畏惧的。对听力考试构成障碍的区

别有：

单词的末尾音节有的英音中不发音，美音则要发出来。如:

doctorcolorpicturelater

英音中的某些音在美音中发音不同，如：

fastclassglassclockimpossiblemodern

另外还有些单词，本身在英美音中发音不同，如：

eitheradultgaragelaboratory

掌握了这些规律还远远不够。同学们就在备考过程中多听，进行

针对性地模仿练习，才能增加实力，攻克听力难关，还可以一并提高

自己的口语水平。

在职硕士英语冲刺词汇语法讲义

查漏补缺，"补丁"词汇系列totalupto196words

Part1

1)bereliablefor____________

2)bereliableto____________

3)linger1:留恋徘徊2lingeron继续留存，缓慢消失

4)livelihood____________

5)magistrate____________

6)maneuverp254____________

7)masculinemasculinityfemininefemininity

8)maturity(支票债券等)到期

9)merger____________

10)microprocessor____________

Part2

1)minor未成年人兼修学科

2)minute微小的，详细地

3)liveamoderatelife____________

4)module____________

5)mortgagen.&vt.------------

6)negative底片负数

7)netincome净收入

8)nomination____________

9)notorious臭名昭彰的，臭名远扬的

10)heisahardnuttocrack____________

Part3

1)obscure____________

2)obligationa义务b恩惠

3)onlooker____________

4)opening职位的空缺，空地

5)opener____________

6)orthodox------------

7)oscillate------------

8)outstandinga:杰出的b:未解决的，未支付的

9)overall____________

10)overt------------

Part4

1)overtake____________

2)paralyze1使瘫痪2使呆若木鸡

3)despairistheparentofrebellion____________

4)perpendicular____________

5)perplexconfusebewilder____________

6)polish使优美，使润色

7)practitioner____________

8)preyon____________

9)propaganda------------

10)provoke

Part5

1)reactionary____________

2)reassurereassuring____________

3)recession------------

4)rectangular------------

5)redundancy1过多，多余2多余得事物

6)referee裁判，公断人

7)reincarnation1转世，再投胎2化身而成的生物，转世的生命

8)reinforce____________

9)renaissance1theRenaissance欧洲文艺复兴2文学，艺术等

的再生

10)reproach责备，批评

Part6

1)resentvt.____________

2)resorttopeacefulmeans_____________resortn.

3)reston依靠calculateon/learnon/dependon/n/reckon

on/counton

4)retardn.阻止，延迟vt.妨碍，使减速

5)retrospectn.回顾

6)rougen.胭脂，口红,vt.在...上涂上胭脂

7)salvation_________thesalvationfromtheBible

8)sanction1认可，许可，批准2支持，赞成

9)scenarion.剧本，脚本2概要

10)segment______________

Part7

1)seminar1----------------------2大学的研究班

2)setback______________=drawback

3)shabby1______________2卑鄙的，不公正的

4)shatter______________

5)shed,shedtears___________shedskins(oftensnake)

_______shedweight__________

6)thisissheernonsense______________

7)showgiftsonsomeone______________showeraffectionson

someone______________ashowerofquestions_______________

8)signify表示...的意思，预示

9)simultaneouslyspontaneouslyinstantaneoushomogeneous

heterogeneous

10)slumpl突然倒下，跌落2(物价，景气，名气等)暴跌，萧条,

骤然低落

Part8

1)soluble可溶的2_______

2)speculation深思2_______

3)spillv.------

4)sponsorship保证人身份，发起人身份

5)standby------

6)stationary------

7)stationery______

8)stern______

9)striking______

10)subscription12

Part9

1)vitaminsupplement______2______

2)tanglewith

3)terminalexam______terminalcancer______

4)therapy/vitamin/physical/chemicaltherapy

psychotherapy心理疗法

5)throne

6)tiltatfulltilt

7)uncertainty______

8)unanimous______

9)versionEnglishversion_____Chineseversion_______

10)vicinity周围地区，临近地区inthevicinityof______

Part10

1)waterproof耐水的，放水的

2)watertight不透水的，不漏水的2无懈可击的

3)wipeout彻底摧毁，消灭

4)withstand______withstandthetestoftime,withstandthe

severecold

5)observation1观察资料，观察力-2言论，评论Iwishtomake

severalobservationsaboutyourworksofar.

6)parameter1参数2界限，范围Thereisplentyofscope

forexperimentation,providedweremainwithintheparameters

ofthebudget.只要我们不超过预算的范围，试验的机会是很多的。

7)lift1云雾消失，消散2给(脸部)整容Sheisnobetter

thanbeforethoughshehasherface1ifted.

8)invent1发明，创造2捏造，虚构Heinventedanexcusefor

hisbeinglate.

9)intrigued1阴谋，诡，密谋2激起......的好奇心，兴趣，迷住

Youoncewrotesomethingthatalwaysintriguedme.

10)Identify1辩认，识别2(with)把...和...看成一样，打

成一片onecannotidentifyhappinesswithwealth,(totalup

to105words)

Part11

1)abortion流产

2)academic1学术的2学院的3(贬义)_______

3)accord给予，使一致weaccordedhimaheartywelcome.Accord

with___________

4)acknowledge1----------2------------3告知收到信件

5)act法令，条例2戏剧的一幕

6)addressvt.-----------2写姓名地址

7)administer1给予，用药等。2管理3实施administerthe

medicinetothislonelyoldman/law/thecountry

/___________/_____________

8)adopt选定(道路，职业等)

9)advance预付款

10)aesthetic/esthetic美学的，审美的2悦目的，雅致的

Part12

1)affordcanafford.........有...的资格Icanaffordtobe

criticalofhisbehavior

2)ambiguous

3)amplitude

4)appalling

5)appetite12爱好3欲望

6)articulatea.vt

7)Aspiration强烈的愿望，志向，抱负/热望，渴望

8)Assassination

9)Asylum

10)Attachment1附件2依附，依恋

Part13

1)auction拍卖

2)authentic1真实的2_______

3)awkwardhands_______/awkwardstairs_______anawkward

question_______

4)balance

5)bearhebearsgrudgeagainstmebecauseItookhisplace

intheoffice.

6)blundermakeaterribleblunder

7)bond1联合，结合2粘合剂3_______________,liabilities

8)bordervi.Borderonhiswordsborderedonrudeness.

9)Brand铭记，铭刻使留下烙印prisonhasbrandedhimfor

life.

10)Breach破坏，违反，不履行inbreachofyoucompanyisin

breachofthecontract.

Part14

1)broodon/over深思=ponderon=meditateon(尤其宗教)=dwell

on=speculateon/upon=contemplate冥思苦想，久久的考虑vt.

2)bruise使受伤"不如死"

3)cabinet1橱，柜2内阁

4)candidate12

5)acapitalcrime______

6)acardofadmission入场券

7)cell小牢房,单人房间电池-stemcell------

8)champion1冠军2拥护者，捍卫者

9)chaos______remaininchaoschaotic

10)checkup1______2_______

Part15

1)cherish抱有，怀有希望，想法，感情等

2)clampdownontheyclampdownonthenewspapers施力口压

力压制，制止，取缔

3)clashwith与……冲突，不一致/发出铿锵有力的声音

4)clingto1依恋，依靠2坚信,坚持thebabyclingstohis

mother;clingtotheoutdatedcustom

5)closet把……引进密室会谈

6)cloudy模糊不清的

7)cognitive认知的

8)compilecompel编辑，汇编/强迫，迫使

9)concede给予，让步，割让makeaconcession

10)condemnbecondemnedto

11)consensusconsensusmanagement

12)constantsupporter-------------------

13)contemplate___________________

14)converge___________________

15)acoolmillion___________________

16)coverage-------------------

17)credit1______2_______3_______

18)cybernetics___________________

19)cynical___________________

20)deliverydeliverababy/aletter/aspeech

21)demolish

22)detrimental有害的instrumental有帮助的

23)dilute___________________

24)dilemma___________________

25)discipline惩罚_______________________

26)disruptastate___________________

27)disseminate散布，传播----------------

28)dubiousdynamiteembargoembedempiricalethos

exasperateexplicit2exquisite23fund23

gallery3gamehamper

29)heritagehierarchyhormoneinauguratea

president/acommunitycenter

30)inherentadherentcoherent

31)jeopardizejudiciallame(whatalameexcuse!)

leaveout遗漏，省略(totalupto91words)+105words=196

words

词汇练习题：

11)Youcan------thevideocameraonatripod(三脚架),

sothatyoudon'thavetoworryaboutholdingitsteadywhile

youaskquestions.

A)withstandB)mountC)implement

D)dwel1

12)------studentsshouldbemotivatedbyakeeninterest

intheatreandshouldhavesomefamiliaritywithplaysin

production.

A)prospectiveB)responsibleC)ethnic

D)realistic

13)Ashewalkedoutofthecourt,hewas______with

frustrationandrage.

A)applaudingB)quiveringC)paralyzing

D)1imping

14)AIDSactivistspermanentlychangedandshortenedAmerica's

processfortestingandapprovingnewdrugsofall

kinds,foralldiseases.

A)efficientB)effectiveC)intricate

D)appropriate

15)Thedoctor______Billy'soperationwithx—raysand

specialexercisetomakehisfootstronger.

A)wentafterB)followedupC)startedupD)tookup

16)Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferent_____of

theworld.

A)ImpressionsB)complicationsC)foundati(

17)Don'tlethiscriticism______you;hebelongstothat

kindofpeoplewhotakedelightinfindingfaultwithothers'

work.

A)discourageB)concernC)dictateD)paralyze

18)Thesurveyfound80percentofviewerswere_____bythe

violentscenesinthefilm.

A)irritatedB)alertedC)offendedD)discourai

19)Themayorpromisedtotrimthecitybudgetwithoutcutting

services.

A)essentialB)appropriateC)equivalentD)lucrativ<

20)Thisdisease______inAfricabuthasnowspreadtomany

partsoftheworld.

A)derivedB)originatedC)sparkledD)dwelled

21)"Haveyouany______plansforyourfuturenowthatyou've

completedyourgraduatestudies?"

A)decisiveB)exactC)preciseD)definite

22)TheIsraelitroops______bylaunchingabombingattack

onthePalestinian-controlledarea.

A)crackdownB)drewbackC)took

revengeD)followup

23)Heshould______whathe'sgoodat,andnotswitchto

somethingheknowsabout.

A)takeonB)sticktoC)goafterD)liveon

24)Therearestillsome------forstudentsofscienceand

engineering,butthoseinartsandhumanitieshavebeenfilled.

A)positionsB)vacanciesC)categoriesD)applicat

25)Theplantsareina(n)______plasticbox,sothechildren

canobservehowtherootsgrowwithtime.

A)appropriateB)intricateC)transparent

D)waterproof

26)Peopleunderalotof_______mayexperienceheadaches,

minorpainsandsleepingdifficulties.

A)stressB)exposureC)enduranceD)endeavor

27)Histotalworldlypossessions______littlemorethanthe

clotheshestoodupin.

A)amountedtoB)settledforC)turnedupD)cameat

28)AUNofficialsaidaidprogramwillbe______untilthere

isadequateprotectionforreliefpersonnel.

A)multipliedB)spannedC)arrestedD)cameat

29)Manysocialproblemsarecausedbytheuneven_______of

wealth.

A)equalityB)justiceC)distributionD)volume

30)Theshopkeepersarecomplainingthatbusinesshasbeen

reducedtoa_______ofwhatitwasbeforetheoutbreakofwar.

A)fractionB)sectionC)portionD)trifle

在职硕士英语阅读理解冲刺班讲义

PassageOne

Thereseemsnevertohavebeenacivilizationwithouttoys,

butwhenandhowtheydevelopedisunknown.Theyprobablycame

aboutjusttofivechildrensomethingtodo.

Intheancientworld,asistoday,mostboysplayedwith

somekindsoftoysandmostgirlswithanother.Insocieties

wheresocialrolesarerigidlydetermined,boyspatterntheir

playaftertheactivitiesoftheirfathersandgirlsafterthe

tasksoftheirmothers.Thisistruebecauseboysandgirlsare

beingprepared,eveninplay,tostepintotherolesand

responsibilitiesoftheadultworld.

Whatisremarkableaboutthehistoryoftoysisnotsomuch

howtheychangedoverthecenturiesbuthowmuchtheyhave

remainedthesame.Thechangeshavebeenmostlyintermsof

craftsmanship,mechanics,andtechnology.Itisthe

universalityoftoyswithregardtotheirdevelopmentinall

partoftheworldandtheirpersistencetothepresentthatis

amazing.InEgypt,theAmericas,China,Japanandamongthe

Arctic（北极的）peoples,generallythesamekindsoftoys

appeared.Variationsdependedonlocalcustomsandwaysoflife

becausetoysimitatetheirsurroundings.Nearlyevery

civilizationhaddolls,littleweapons,toysoldiers,tiny

animalsandvehicles.

Becausetoyscanbegenerallyregardedasakindofartform,

theyhavenotbeensubjecttotechnologicalleapsthat

characterizeinventionsforadultuse.Theprogressfromthe

wheeltotheoxcarttotheautomobileisadirect1ineofascent

(进步).Theprogressfromarattle(拨浪鼓)usedbyababy

in3,000BCtooneusedbyaninfanttoday,however,isnot

characterizedbyinventiveness.Eachrattleistheproductsof

theartistictastesofthetimesandsubjecttothelimitations

ofavailablematerials.

1.Thereasonwhythetoysmostboysplaywitharedifferent

fromthosethatgirlsplaywithisthat_______

A)theirsocialrolesarerigidlydetermined

B)mostboyswouldliketofollowtheirfathers7

professions

C)boysliketoplaywiththeirfatherswhilegirlswith

theirmothers

D)theylikechallengingactivities

2.Oneaspectof"theuniversalityoftoys"liesinthefact

that_______

A)technologicaladvanceshavegreatlyimprovedthe

durabilityoftoys

B)theimprovementofcraftsmanshipinmakingtoysdepends

ontheeffortsofuniversities

C)theexplorationoftheuniversehasledtothecreation

ofnewkindsoftoys

D)thebasiccharacteristicsoftoysarethesametheworld

over

3.Whichofthefollowingistheauthor'sviewonthehistorical

developmentoftoys?

A)Thecraftsmanshipintoy-makinghasremained

essentiallyunchanged.

B)Toyshaveremainedbasicallythesameallthroughthe

centuries.

C)Thetoyindustryhaswitnessedgreatleapsintechnology

inrecentyears.

D)Toysareplayinganincreasinglyimportantrolein

shapingachild7scharacter.

4.Regardedasakindofartform,toys_______

A)followadirectlineofascent

B)alsoappealgreatlytoadults

C)arenotcharacterizedbytechnologicalprogress

D)reflectthepaceofsocialprogress

5.Theauthorusestheexampleofarattletoshowthat_______

A)intoy-makingthereisacontinuityintheuseof

materials

B)eventhesimplesttoyscanreflecttheprogressof

technology

C）itoftentakesalongtimetointroducenewtechnology

intotoy-making

D）evenasimpletoycanmirrortheartistictastesofthe

time

PassageTwo

Believeitornot,opticalillusion（错觉）cancuthighway

crashes.Japanisacaseinpoint.Ithasreduceautomobile

crashesonsomeroadsbynearly75percentusingasimple

opticalillusion.Bentstripes,calledchevrons（人字形），

paintedontheroadsmakedriversthinkthattheyaredriving

fasterthantheyreallyare,andthusdriversslowdown.

NowtheAmericanAutomobileAssociationFoundationfor

TrafficSafetyinWashingtonD.C.isplanningtorepeatJapan7s

success.Startingnextyear,thefoundationwillpaintchevrons

andotherpatternsofstripesonselectedroadsaroundthe

countrytotesthowwellthepatternsreducehighwaycrashes.

Excessivespeedplaysamajorroleinasmuchasonefifth

ofallfataltrafficaccidents,accordingtothefoundation.

Tohelpreducethoseaccidents,thefoundationwillconductits

testsinareaswherespeed-relatedhazardsarethegreatest

—curves,exitslopes,trafficcircles,andbridges.

Somestudiessuggestthatstraight,horizontalbars

paintedacrossroadscaninitiallycuttheaveragespeedof

driversinhalf.However,trafficoftenreturnstofullspeed

withinmonthsasdriversbecomeusedtoseeingthepaintedbars.

Chevrons,scientistssay,notonlygivedriversthe

impressionthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyare

butalsomakealaneappeartobenarrower.Theresultisa

longerlastingreductioninhighwayspeedandthenumberof

trafficaccidents.

6.Thepassagemainlydiscusses_______

A)anewwayofhighwayspeedcontrol

B)anewpatternforpaintinghighways

C)anewapproachtotrainingdriver

D)anewtypeofopticalillusion

7.Onroadspaintedwithchevronsdriverstendtofeelthat

A)theyshouldavoidspeed-relatedhazards

B)theyaredrivinginthewronglane

C)theshouldslowdowntheirspeed

D)theyareapproachingthespeed1imit

8.Theadvantageofchevronsoverstraight,horizontalbarsis

thattheformer_______

A)cankeepdriversawake

B)cancutroadaccidentsinhalf

C)willhavealongereffectondrivers

D)willlookmoreattractive

9.TheAmericanAutomobileAssociationFoundationforTraffic

Safetyplansto-------

A)tryouttheJapanesemethodincertainareas

B)changetheroadsignsacrossthecountry

C)replacestraight,horizontalbarswithchevrons

D)repeattheJapaneseroadpatterns

10.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutstraight,horizontalbars

paintedacrossroads?

A)TheyarefallingoutofuseintheUnitedStates.

B)Theytendtobeignoredbydriversinashortperiodof

time.

C)Theyareapplicableonlyonbroadroads.

D)Theycannotbeappliedsuccessfullytotrafficcircles.

PassageThree

Inthesamewaythatachildmustbeabletomovehisarms

andlegsbeforehecanlearntowalk,thechiIdmust

physiologicallybecapableofproducingandexperiencing

particularemotionsbeforetheseemotionscanbemodified

throughlearning.Psychologistshavefoundthattherearetwo

basicprocessesbywhichlearningtakesplace.Onekindof

learningiscalled"classicalconditioning".Thisoccurswhen

oneeventorstimulusisconsistentlypairedwith,orfollowed

by,arewardorpunishment,Itisthroughclassical

conditioningthatachildlearnstoassociatehismother,sface

andvoicewithhappinessandlove,forhelearnsthatthis

personprovidesfoodandcomfort.Negativeemotionsarelearned

inasimilarfashion.

Thesecondkindoflearningiscalled"operant

conditioning."Thisoccurswhenanindividuallearnstodo

thingsthatproducerewardsinhisenvironmentandlearnsnot

todothingsthatproducepunishments.Forexample,ifamother

alwaysattendstoherbabywhenhecriesandcuddleshimuntil

heisquiet,shemayteachhimthatifhecrieshewillget

attentionfrommother.Thus,thebabywilllearntoincrease

hiscryinginordertohavehismothermore.

Everyday,wegrowandhavenewexperiences.Weconstantly

learnbyreading,watchingtelevision,interactingwithsome

people,andsoforth.Thislearningaffectsouremotions.Why

isitthatwelearntolikesomepeopleanddislikeothers?If

apersonisnicetous,caresaboutus,welearntoassociate

thispersonwithpositivefeelings,suchasjoy,happiness,and

friendliness.Ontheotherhand,ifapersonismeantous,does

notcareaboutus,andevendeliberatelydoesthingstoharm

us,welearntoassociatethispersonwithnegativefeelings,

suchasunhappiness,discomfort,andanger.

11.Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto

A)teachchildrenhowtolearntoproduceandexperience

certainemotion

B)givethegeneralreaderanaccountoftwobasickinds

oflearning

C)giveparentssomeadviceonhowtomodifytheir

children,semotionsthroughlearning

D)discusswithpsychologisthowpositiveandnegative

feelingsareproduced

12.Ifyourjokesoftenfindalreadyechoinaperson,youwill

learnthrough______thattellingjokestothispersonisfun,

andyouwilltrywithgreatereffortstobehumorousinhis

presence.

A)classicalconditioningC)neitherof

them

B)operantconditioningD)someother

sortsofconditioning

13.Ifachildisbittenorstartledseveraltimesbyadog,

hemaylearntoassociatefurryanimalswithpainorstartle

andthusdevelopafearoffurryanimals.Thisisatypical

exampleoflearningthrough______

A)classicalconditioningC)bothofthem

B)operantconditioningD)neitherof

them

14.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthoris______

A)discussinghowwegrowandhavenewexperiencesevery

day

B)talkingaboutlearningtomodifyemotionsthrough

operantconditioning

C)concentratingonlearningbyreading,watching

television,interactingwithpeople,andsoon

D)usingexamplestofurtherillustratelearningthrough

classicalconditioning

15.Inthefollowingparagraphstheauthorwillmostprobably

goontodiscuss______

A)definitionsofpositivefeelingsandnegativefeelings

B）thethirdkindoflearning

C）furtherexamplesoflearningthroughoperant

conditioning

D）noneoftheabove

PassageFour

Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yet

theyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whether

itistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofa

five-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnited

States?

Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthat

intheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthan

civilian（百姓的）clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedto

expectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.The

televisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremore

trustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithinthe

skillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.What

easierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,ora

waitertoloseprofessionalidentity（身份）thantostepout

ofuniform?

Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveon

otherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyare

tax-deductible(可减税的).Theyareoftenmorecomfortable

andmoredurablethancivilianclothes.

Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlack

ofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperienced

bypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesof

uniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuck

withit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelook

alike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejob

atleast.

Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Though

theyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreater

thanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealso

expensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaning

ratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesof

civilianclothes.

16.ItissurprisingthatAmericanswhoworshipvarietyand

individuality_______

A)stilljudgeamanbyhisclothes

B)holdtheuniforminsuchhighregard

C)enjoyhavingaprofessionalidentity

D)willrespectanelevatoroperatorasmuchasageneral

inuniform

17.Peopleareaccustomedtothinkthatamaninuniform

A)suggestsqualitywork

B)discardshissocialidentity

C)appearstobemorepractical

D)lookssuperiortoapersonincivilianclothes

18.Thechieffunctionofauniformisto______

A)providepracticalbenefitstothewearer

B)makethewearercatchthepubliceye

C)inspirethewearer'sconfidenceinhimself

D)providethewearerwithaprofessionalidentity

19.Accordingtothepassage,peoplewearinguniforms_____

A)areusuallyhelpful

B)havelittleornoindividualfreedom

C)tendtolosetheirindividuality

D)enjoygreaterpopularity

20.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe______

A)UniformsandSociety

B)TheImportanceofWearingaUniform

C)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniform

D)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms

PassageFive

Attentiontodetailissomethingeveryonecanandshould

do-especiallyinatightjobmarket.BobCrossley,a

human-resourcesexpertnoticesthisinthejobapplications

thatcomeacrosshisdeskeveryday."It'samazinghowmany

candidateseliminatethemselves,"hesays.

"R6sum6s（简历）arrivewithstains.Somecandidatesdon't

bothertospellthecompany'snamecorrectly.OnceIseea

mistake,Ieliminatethecandidate,"Crossleyconcludes."if

theycannottakecareofthesedetails,whyshouldwetrustthem

withajob?"

Canwepaytoomuchattentiontodetails?Absolutely.

Perfectionistsstruggleoverlittlethingsatthecostof

somethinglargertheyworktoward."Tokeepfromlosingthe

forestforthetrees,"saysCharlesGarfield,associate

professorattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco."We

mustconstantlyaskourselveshowthedetailswe7reworkingon

fitintothelargerpicture.Iftheydon't,weshoulddropthem

andmovetosomethingelse."

Garfieldcomparesthisprocesstohisworkasacomputer

scientistatNASA."TheApolloIImoonlaunchwasslightly

off-course90percentofthetime,"saysGarfield."Buta

successfullandingwasstilllikelybecauseweknewtheexact

coordinatesofourgoal.Thisallowedustomakeadjustments

asnecessary."Knowingwherewewanttogohelpsusjudgethe

importanceofeverytaskweundertake.

Toooftenwebelievewhataccountsforothers'successis

somespecialsecretoraluckybreak(机遇).Butrarelyis

successsomysterious.Againandagain,weseethatbydoing

littlethingswithinourgraspwell,largerewardsfollow.

21.Accordingtothepassage,somejobapplicantswerer