第四课耶鲁大学

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耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》讲稿第四课

unconsciousbecauseifapersondoesn'tknowtheyhavethemtheywillnotgivethemaway.AndthisissomethingIthinkweshouldreturntolateronwhenwetalkaboutsocialinteractionandsocialrelationships.OneotherthingonFreud--justastoryofthefalsificationofFreud.IwastakingmyyoungerchildhomefromaplaydateonSundayandheaskedmeoutoftheblue,Whycan'tyoumarryyourmotheroryourfather?Now,that'sactuallyadifficultquestiontoask--toanswerforachild,butItriedmybesttogivehimananswer.AndthenIsaid--thenIthoughtbackontheFreudlectureandsoIaskedhim,Ifyoucouldmarryanybodyyouwant,whowoulditbe?imagininghe'dmakeexplicittheOedipalcomplexandnamehismother.Instead,hepausedforamomentandsaid,Iwouldmarryadonkeyandabigbagofpeanuts.

aroundwithus.[laughter]

drewuponallsortsofsourcesandpredecessorsbutpsychoanalysisiscreation.Behaviorismisdifferent.BehaviorismisaschoolofthoughtthatbeforeSkinner,shows.Hisbookswerebestsellers.

resultofexperience.There'snopeopleareinfinitelymalleable.There'saartist,merchant,beggar-manandthief,regardlessofhistalents,penchants,

Now,couldseeinthisatremendousappealtothisviewbecauseWatsonhasanNoneofthosefactsaboutpeoplewillevermakeanydifference.Whatmatterstowhatyouareiswhatyoulearnandhowyou'retreated.Andso,Watsonclaimedhecouldcreateanybodyinanywaysimplybytreatingtheminacertainfashion.

Asecondaspectofbehaviorismwasanti-mentalism.AndwhatImeanbythisisthebehavioristswereobsessedwiththeideaofdoingscienceandtheyfelt,largelyinreactiontoFreud,thatclaimsaboutinternalmentalstateslikedesires,wishes,goals,emotionsandsoon,areunscientific.Theseinvisible,vaguethingscanneverformthebasisofaseriousscience.Andso,thebehavioristmanifestowouldthenbeto

耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》讲稿第四课

orrightduringyougivethedogsomefood鈥youpingabell鈥thebellwillcausethesalivatocomeforth.And,infact,thisistheapparatusthatheusedforhisresearch.

Hedevelopedthetheoryofclassicalconditioningbymakingadistinctionbetweentwosortsofconditioning,twosortsofstimulusresponserelationships.Oneisunconditioned.Anunconditionediswhenanunconditionedstimulusgivesrisetoanunconditionedresponse.Andthisiswhatyoustartoffwith.So,ifsomebodypokesyouwithastickandyousay,Ouch,becauseithurts,thepokingandtheouchisanunconditionedstimuluscausinganunconditionedresponse.Youdidn'thavetolearnthat.

givingrisetoanunconditionedresponse.Butwhathappensthroughlearningisthatdevelops鈥thatbetweentheconditionedstimulusandtheconditionedgeneratesaliva.Andnowthebell--When--Youstartoffwiththeunconditionedresponse.Whentheconditionedstimulusandtogetheroverandfurtherexamples.

risetotheresponse.Andthere'sadifferencetrialsandunreinforcedtrials.Atrainedsothatwhentheon--Actually,Imisframedit.I'lltryagain.Whenthebellcomesgeneralizesitextends.Oneinterestingnotionisthatofstimulusgeneralization.AndstimulusgeneralizationisthetopicofoneofyourarticlesinTheNortonReader,theonebyWatson,JohnWatson,thefamousbehaviorist,whoreportedabizarreexperimentwithababyknownasLittleAlbert.Andhere'stheidea.LittleAlbertoriginallylikedrats.Infact,I'mgoingtoshowyouamovieofLittleAlbertoriginallylikingrats.See.[pointingtovideo]He'sokay.Noproblem.Now,Watsondidsomethinginteresting.AsLittleAlbertwasplayingwiththerat,Oh,Ilikerats,oh,Watsonwentbehindthebaby--thisisthe--it'sinthechapter--andbangedthemetalbarrighthere[simulatingabangingmotion].Thebaby,Aah,screamed,startedtosob.Okay.What'stheunconditionedstimulus?Somebody.Theloudnoise,thebar,thebang.What'stheunconditionedresponse?Crying,sadness,misery.Andasaresultofthis,LittleAlbertgrew

耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》讲稿第四课

afraidoftherat.Sothere--whatwouldbetheconditionedstimulus?Therat.Whatwouldbetheconditionedresponse?Fear.Excellent.

Moreover,thisfearextendedtootherthings.So,thisisaveryweirdandunpersuasiveclip.Buttheideais--theclipistomakethepointthatthefearwillextendtoarabbit,awhiterabbit.So,thefirstpart,LittleAlbert'sfinewiththewhiterabbit.Thesecondpartisafterhe'sbeenconditionedandhe'skindoffreakedoutwiththewhiterabbit.Theproblemisinthesecondpartthey'rethrowingtherabbitathimbut

[lookingatthevideo]nowhe'sokay.[laughter]

[Speakingtoateachingassistant]Isthemicon?Oh.Thisisfine.

arguedtounderliecertaininterestingaspectsofhumanresponses.

So,Ihavesomeexampleshere.Oneexampleisfear.So,theLittleAlbertNowthepainofabite,beingbit,andthenthepainanunconditionedstimulus,stimulusandsoyougrewtobeafraidofdogs.

Howdoyoumakeconditionedthingsgoaway?Well,whatyoudoisyouthingandthelogicis--theof--thelogicisnotbad.He'sstuckinthere.Thoseareallthe--hisisthatthere'sabadassociationbetween,saydogandfear,orbetweenrelaxationexercisesbutthatprovestoodifficult.Sonowadaystheyjustpumpyoufullofsomedrugtogetyoureallyhappyandsoyou'rereallystonedoutofyourhead,you're[makessicknoise]andthisisn'tsobad.It'smorecomplicatedthanthatbutthenotionisyoucanusetheseassociativetoolsperhapstodealwithquestionsaboutfear,phobiasandhowtheygoaway.

Hunger.We'llspendsometimeinthiscoursediscussingwhyweeatandwhenweeat.Andoneanswertowhyweeatandwhenweeatisthatthere'scuesintheenvironmentthatareassociatedwitheating.Andthesecuesgeneratehunger.Forthoseofyouwhoaretryingtoquitsmoking,you'llnoticethatthere'stime--orto

耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》讲稿第四课

Moregenerally,Chomskysuggeststhatthelawofeffectwhenappliedtohumansiseithertriviallytrue,triviallyoruninterestinglytrue,orscientificallyrobustandobviouslyfalse.So,ifyouwanttoexpandthenotionofrewardorreinforcementtoanything,thenit'strue.Sowhydidyoucome--thoseofyouwhoarenotfreshmen--Oh,you--Whydidyoucome?Allofyou,whydidyoucometoYaleforasecondsemester?Well,Irepeatedmyactionbecausethefirstsemesterwasrewarding.Okay.Whatdoyoumeanbythat?Well,youdon'tliterallymeantha