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7QualityAssuranceandControl质量保证和质量控制MICHAELC.VANDERZWANPharmaceuticalTechnical,RochePharmaceuticals,Basel,SwitzerlandI.Introduction介绍...........................235II.DefiningandAssuringtheQualityoftheActivePharmaceuticalIngredient原料药质量的定义和保证..................240III.TheRegulationsforQuality质量监管.................245IV.TheQualityControlandQualityAssuranceDepartment质量控制和质量保证.................273AppendixA附录...........................280

目录I.INTRODUCTION介绍 2A.TheProduct产品 3B.TheProcess工艺 4C.TheFacilities设备 5D.ThePeople人员 5E.TheQualityManagementDepartment质量管理部门 6F.TheRegulatoryAuthorities监管机构 7G.TheRegulations法规 7II.DEFININGANDASSURINGTHEQUALITYOFTHEACTIVEPHARMACEUTICALINGREDIENT原料药质量的定义和质量保证 9A.DefiningtheAPIQuality原料药质量的界定 10B.TestingtheAPIforItsDefinedAttributes原料药定义的属性测试 11C.DesigningQualityintotheProcess工艺中的质量设计 12D.ValidationoftheProcess工艺验证 14E.Reality实际 16III.THEREGULATIONSFORQUALITY质量法规 17Introduction:TheEmergenceofSpecificRegulationsforAPIs导言:API具体法规的出现 171.ICHQ7ASectionI:‘‘Introduction’’第一部分:简介 212.ICHQ7ASection2:‘‘QualityManagement’’第二部分质量管理 223.ICHQ7ASection3:‘‘Personnel’’第三部分人员 244.ICHQ7ASection4:‘‘BuildingsandFacilities’’第四部分厂房和设施 265.ICHQ7ASection5:‘‘ProcessEquipment’’第五部分工艺设备 296.ICHQ7ASection6:‘‘DocumentsandRecords’’第六部分文件和记录 317.ICHQ7ASection7:‘‘MaterialsManagement’’第7部分物料管理 368.ICHQ7ASection8:‘‘ProductionandIn-ProcessControls’’第8部分产品和过程控制 409.ICHQ7ASection9:‘‘PackagingandIdentificationLabelingofAPIsandIntermediates’’第9部分原料药和中间体的包装和标识标签 4410.ICHQ7ASection10:‘‘StorageandDistribution’’储存和发运 4511.ICHQ7ASection11:‘‘LaboratoryControls’’第11部分实验室控制 4612.ICHQ7ASection12:‘‘Validation’’ 4613.ICHQ7ASection13:‘‘ChangeControl’’第13部分变更控制 5314.ICHQ7ASection14:‘‘RejectionandRe-UseofMaterials’’第14部分物料的拒收和再用 5515.ICHQ7ASection15:‘‘ComplaintsandRecalls’’第15部分投诉与召回 5916.ICHQ7ASection16:‘‘ContractManufacturers(IncludingLaboratories)’’第16部分协议制造商(包括实验室) 60IV.THEQUALITYCONTROLANDQUALITYASSURANCEDEPARTMENT质量控制和质量保证部 61

I.INTRODUCTION介绍Thequalityofactivepharmaceuticalingredients(APIs)isdefinedasmeetingtheappropriatespecificationsfortheAPIandbeingproducedinafacilitycompliantwithICHguidelines‘‘Q7A’’andFDA’scurrentgoodmanufacturingpractices(cGMPs)regulations.MostcountriesregulatethemanufactureofAPIs.TheseregulationsrequireatotalsystemsapproachtoassuringanAPIhastheappropriatelevelofquality.Allcomponentsinthissystemmustbeproperlydesigned,validated,maintained,andoperatedtoallowthemanufacturertoassuretheAPIconsistentlymeetsqualityrequirements.Thegeneralcomponentsofthesystemaretheprocess,facilities,andthepeople.Thischapterconcernsthesecomponents,aswellastheproductqualityitself,theregulations,andthequalitymanagement(QM)department.活性药物成分(APIs)的质量应被定义为符合相应的API规范,并且正在建设中的设施应符合ICH指南'Q7A'和FDA现行的动态药品生产管理规范(cGMP)的规定。大多数国家对原料药的生产制造都有规定。这些法规要求有一个总的系统方法来保证API的质量在适当水平。这个系统中的所有组件必须经过正确的设计,验证,维护和操作,以保证制造商的API始终符合质量要求。该系统中普遍的组件包含工艺过程、设施和人员。本章内容包括这些组件,以及产品质量本身,法规条例和质量管理部(QM)。A.TheProduct产品ThequalityofanAPIisdeterminedbytwofactors:itsconformancetopre-establishedspecificationsandwhetheritisproducedaccordingtoadocumentedvalidatedprocessinacGMPcompliantfacility.TheAPImustpossessappropriatechemicalandphysicalattributestoassurethatitdeliverstheintendedpharmacologicaleffect.Thechemicalattributesdescribetheappropriatepurityandimpuritylimits.Impurityspecificationsareestablishedfromclinicaltoxicologicalstudiesandarealsobasedonreasonableminimumsexpectedfromregulatoryauthoritiesandconsumers.Thephysicalattributesdescribethenecessarycharacteristicsforreliablepharmaceuticalprocessingintofinaldosageforms.Theseattributesaredeterminedbyempiricalevidencefromformulationtrialstoproduceuniformandstabledosageformsofadequatebioavailability.API的质量是由两个因素决定:是否与预先建立的标准相一致,是否在符合cGMP要求的设施内并且根据成文的经验证的工艺过程生产出来的。API必须具有适当的化学和物理属性,以确保它提供预期的药理学作用。化学属性描述了适当的纯度和杂质限度。杂质规范根据临床毒理学研究建立,同时基于从监管部门和消费者那里得到预期的合理最低值。物理属性描述了可靠药物加工成最终剂型的必要特征。这些属性由配方试验的经验证据确定,以生产具有足够生物利用度、均匀且稳定的剂型。B.TheProcess工艺ThequalityoftheAPIisdesignedintothemoleculethroughthedevelopmentofthefullmanufacturingprocess,fromthelaboratoryscalesyntheticprocessthroughtoendproduct.API的质量通过全面的制造工艺的发展被设计成分子,从实验室规模的合成过程通向最终产品。Thesyntheticprocessmustbedesignedtominimizeimpurities,especiallythosethatprovedifficulttoremoveinthelaststep.Thus,througheffectiveprocessdevelopment,yieldsaremaximized,wasteisminimized,andimpuritiesarenotformed,eliminated,orcertainlyminimized.Thespecificcontrolsusedbythedevelopmentalchemisttoproducethehigh-yield,high-qualityproductmustbedocumented;thisdocumentationformsthebasisfortheproofofconceptandforthevalidationreport.Innearlyallcountriestoday,regulatoryauthoritiesrequiretheAPItobeproducedfromadocumentedprocessthatreliablymeetsallappropriatespecifications.ThiswasstrengthenedbytheissuanceandadoptionoftheInternationalConferenceonHarmonizationTripartiteGuidelineofQ7A‘‘GoodManufacturingPracticeGuideforAPIs.’’TheEuropeanUnion,theJapaneseMinistryofHealthandtheUnitedStatesFood&DrugAdministrationadoptedtheguide.合成方法必须被设计成最小化的杂质,尤其是那些证明在最后一个步骤难以除去的。因此,通过有效的工艺开发、产量最大化、废弃物最小化、不形成、消除或最小化杂质。所采用的发展化学家的具体控制来产生高收益、高品质的产品必须被记录;本文档构成了概念证明和验证报告的基础。在今天几乎所有的国家、监管部门要求API应在符合所有相应规范、有记录的工艺过程来生产。这方面因为国际会议的三方协调指南Q7A“良好生产实践指南的API”的发行和通过得到了加强。欧盟,日本监管部门和美国食品药品监督管理局通过了这个指南。C.TheFacilities设施ThefacilitiesinwhichAPIsareproducedarealsoaddressedinthischapterbecauseacomponentofqualityofanAPIisthatitbeproducedincGMP-compliantfacilities.ThosecomponentsofthefacilitygovernedbycGMParethereforepartofthischapter.TheessenceofcGMPforfacilitiesor,forthatmatter,anyaspectofAPImanufactureisthatthefacilityperformsasdesignedtoassurethequalityoftheproduct.生产API的设施在本章节也进行讨论,因为API的质量的组成部分是通过cGMP的标准设施来生产的。因此,由cGMP管辖的设施的组成部分是本章节的一部分。对于这个问题,cGMP的设施或API制造的任何方面的的本质是设施执行的设计,以保证产品的质量。Further,theperformancecharacteristicmustbedocumented,andmanagementmustdemonstratethefacilitycontinuallyperformsasdesigned.Performancecontrolmonitoring,preventativemaintenance,andcarefullycontrolledandapprovedrepairsorchangestofacilitycomponentsareallconsideredpartofassuringqualityofAPIs.此外,性能特点必须记录,管理必须证明该设施持续按设计执行。性能控制监控、预防性维护、精密控制和批准的设备部件的维修或变更都被认为是保证API质量的一部分。D.ThePeople人员ThepeoplewhoproducetheAPIareconsideredacriticalpartofthesystemand,assuch,becomepartoftherequirementsforqualityofAPIs.TodotheirjobseffectivelyandtoassurequalityoftheAPI,theymustbeproperlytrainedandequipped.Qualifiedpersonnelmustconductthetraining;theequipmentmustbeofproperdesignandfunction.ThesupervisorsofpeoplemanufacturingAPIsmustalsobeproperlytrainedtodotheirjobs.Finally,theremustbeanadequatenumberofpeopletoallowsufficienttimetoperformtheseresponsibilitiesinasatisfactorymanner.生产API的人员是该系统的一个重要组成部分,因此,成为API的质量要求的一部分。为了有效地做好本职工作,以确保API的质量,就必须进行适当的培训和装备。合格人员必须进行培训;设备必须有适当的设计和功能。人造API的监管人员也必须进行适当的培训来做好本职工作。最后,必须有适当的人数,以便有充足的时间、以令人满意的方式执行这些职责。E.TheQualityManagementDepartment质量管理部门Asinmostanyothermanufacturingenterprise,thereisaqualitycontrolandoraqualityassurancedepartment.Today,thesedepartmentsareusuallycombinedintoaQMdepartment.因为在大多数的任何其他制造企业,有一个质量控制部和/或质量保证部。如今,这些部门通常被合并成一个质量管理部门。TheroleoftheQMdepartmenthasalsoadvancedfrom‘‘check-test-decide’’responsibilitytobeinganequalpartnerwithmanufacturingandengineeringtomanageandimprovethequalityoftheentireprocessandsystem.质量管理部门的角色也从''检查、测试、决定'的职责变为与制造和工程平等的参与者来提高全过程和系统的质量。ForAPIsanddrugproducts,theQMdepartment,throughitsqualityassurancearm,stillhastheresponsibilityvestedinitbyregulationstoreleaseallproductsforuseandeventuallytothemarket.AsacomponentofthesystemtoproduceAPIs,theactivitiesandresponsibilitiesoftheQMdepartmentarealsoacomponentofproductquality.MostcGMPsrequirethattheQMdepartmentisresponsibletoreviewandapproveproductionprocedures,andanychangestothem,mostreports,procedures,andcontrols,deemednecessarytoassurethequalityoftheprocessandproduct.对于原料药和药物产品,质量管理部门,通过其质量保证的手臂,还有赋予的责任,通过法规来释放所有产品中使用,并最终推向市场。作为该系统的一个组成部分来生产原料药,活动和QM部门的职责是也产品质量的一个组成部分。大多数的cGMP要求质量管理部门负责审查和批准生产的程序,并且对它们的更改,大多数报告,程序和控制,认为有必要确保过程和产品的质量。Finally,theQMdepartmentmusthaveadequatelaboratoryfacilitiesandproperlytrainedandexperiencedpeopletoeffectivelycarryouttheirresponsibilities.最后,质量管理部门必须有足够的实验室设施和适当的培训,经验丰富的人来有效地履行其职责。F.TheRegulatoryAuthorities监管机构Healthauthoritiesineverycountryregulatedrugproducts.Inmostcountries,theseregulationsalsoincludeAPIs.ThesecGMPregulationsrequirethatadrugmustmeetallpredefinedqualityspecificationsandbeproducedfromadocumentedvalidatedprocess.Further,ifthedrug,orAPI,isnotproducedandcontrolledaccordingtotheestablishedprocess,thenthedrugisconsideredadulterated,andthereforenotfitforuseorsale.Theregulationsaddresseveryaspectofdrugproductmanufacture,andessentiallyrequirethattheproducerhasdocumentedevidenceofproofofcontroloveranyaspectthatmightaffectproductquality.Theregulatorsweredeliberateintheiruseoftheword‘‘current’’whenthecGMPswerepromulgated.Thisqualifierenablestheagenciestocontinuouslyrequirethatmanufacturersmaintaintheirfacilitiesandprocessesatthestateoftheart,therebyalwaysassuringthepublicthatdrugproductsareassafeandeffectiveaspossible.每一个国家由卫生主管部门管制药品。在大多数国家,这些法规还包括原料药。这些的cGMP法规要求药品必须符合所有预定的质量标准,并从记录验证过程中产生的。此外,没有按已建立的方法制备并控制的药物或API,则该药物被认为是掺假,因此不适合使用或出售。该法规涉及药品生产每一个环节,而且基本上要求生产者记录控制证明可能影响产品质量的任何方面。监管机构颁布的法规即cGMP,不断要求制造商维持其设备和工艺的状态,从而保证始终如一的生产安全有效的药品。G.TheRegulations法规TheproductionofAPIsisregulatedinmostcountries.TheICH-harmonizedtripartiteguidelineQ7AentitledasGoodManufacturingPracticeGuideforAPIswasrecommendedforadoptionatStep4oftheICHprocessonthe10thofNovember2021.Thisdocumentwasadoptedbythefollowingagenciesdenotingitswidespreadacceptance:原料药的生产在大多数国家是受监管的。良好生产实践指南APIICH-三方协调指导Q7A(2021年11月10日)被建议使用。下列机构表示普遍接受:_EuropeanUnion(EU)adoptedbyCPMP,November2021,issuedasCPMP/ICH/1935/00欧盟采用CPMP,2021年11月,以CPMP/ICH/1935/00发行_JapaneseMHLWadoptedNovember2nd,2021MSBnotificationNO.1200日本MHLW采用2021年11月2日的MSB通知,第1200期_UnitedStatesFDApublishedintheFederalRegister,Vol.66,No186,September25th,2021,pages49028–49029.美国FDA发表在联邦注册,第66卷第186期,2021年9月25日,2021年,第49028-49029页TheproductionprocessandalltestsandcontrolsmustbeapprovedbytheregulatinggovernmentinwhichAPIswillbeused,andthefacilitiesandsystemsinwhichtheyareproducedmustmeetthemanufacturingstandardssetdownbythegoverningbody.Thus,thequalityofAPIsisbasedontwocomponents:meetingfinalqualityspecificationsandbeingproducedaccordingtotheregulated,approvedprocessinafacilitycompliantwiththeappropriatemanufacturingstandards.Itisimportanttonotethatbothcriteriamustbemet:finalspecificationsandcompliancetomanufacturingstandards.Thesetwocomponentswillbedealtwithseparatelyinthischapter.ItisalsoimportanttonotethattheapproachtowardqualitydescribedinthischaptershouldapplytoanyAPIregardlessofthecountryinwhichitwillbeusedorsold,orwhetherornotitwillbearegulateditem.生产过程中,所有的测试和控制必须由政府监管包括API,设施和系统,生产必须满足的制造标准。因此,原料药的质量是基于两部分组成:符合最终质量规范,按规定的已批准的工艺在适合的设施中生产。注意,两个标准都必须满足。这两部分将在本章中另行阐述。同样重要的是要注意,在本章中描述的API质量适用于原料药将在其中使用或出售,不管这个国家是否受法规管制。Theapproachtoquality,describedinthischapter,isbasedonsoundscientificprinciples,goodQMprinciples,andappliestoanyAPI.Infact,theseprinciplesapplytothemanufactureofanychemicalthatrequiresahighassuranceofquality.ThischapterwilldealwiththechemicalsynthesisofAPIs.However,alltheprinciplesandregulationsalsoapplytoothermeansofpreparation,suchasfermentationroutesorextractionfromnaturalsources.质量方针,以本章所述,基于合理的科学原则,良好的质量管理原则,适用于任何API。事实上,这些原则适用于任何需要高质量的化学品的生产。本章将涉及原料药的化学合成。然而,所有的原则规定也适用于其它的制备工艺,如发酵路线或者从天然提取。Finally,sinceitisassumedthroughoutthischapterthattheAPIwillbesubjecttoregulatoryrequirements,referencewillbemadetotheregulations.Ifthereaderisdealingwithanunregulateditem,suchreferencemaybeignored,butthescientificprinciplesonwhichtheregulationisbasedshouldbeseriouslyconsidered.II.DEFININGANDASSURINGTHEQUALITYOFTHEACTIVEPHARMACEUTICALINGREDIENT原料药质量的定义和质量保证Thissectionofthechapteraddresseshowto:_definethenecessaryqualityattributes_testforthem,_designthemintotheprocess,and_validatetheprocesstoassureconsistentproduction.AsAPIsareregulatedarticles,theirqualityisdeterminednotonlybysatisfactorytestresults,butalsotheassurancethattheprocesswasconductedaccordingtoavalidatedprocess.本节解决了如何:_定义必要的质量属性_检验_将设计融入工艺_验证工艺,以确保生产的一致性。由于API是受管制物品,其质量不仅取决于令人满意的测试结果,也认为工艺是由验证过程来保证的。A.DefiningtheAPIQuality原料药质量的定义TheAPImusthaveitsfinalchemicalpurityandimpurityanditsfinalphysicalattributesspecified;somearticlesalsorequiremicrobiologicalanalysestobedetermined,dependingonthefinaldosageformandthemanufacturingprocessinvolved.TheseattributesareestablishedtoassureanAPIwillperformsatisfactorilyinthepharmaceuticalmanufacturingprocessandwillresultinafinaldosageform;i.e.,thedrugproductthatwillmeetitsinitialreleasespecificationsandfinalstabilityrequirements.Thechemicalpurityminimumisusuallysetat98%toassureproperdosinginthedrugproductandtoassureaminimalamountofimpurities.Thephysicalparametersshouldbeestablishedwithknowledgeofthepharmaceuticalprocessandtheultimatefinaldosageform.Otherattributesusuallyincludecolorofthesolidformandorasolution,meltingpoint,specificrotationifopticallyactive,crystalmorphology,andsoforth.AlistoftypicalAPIspecificationsisprovidedinAppendixAalongwiththerationaleforeachone.API必须具有其最终的化学纯度和杂质,并规定其最终的物理属性;一些还需要微生物分析,这取决于最终的剂型和所涉及的制造工艺上。这些属性被建立以保证一个API将在药物制造过程中令人满意地执行,并导致最终剂型即药品将满足其最初版本的规格和最终稳定性的要求。化学纯度最低通常设定在98%,以保证药品的适当剂量,并且确保最小量的杂质。物理参数应建立与制药过程和最终剂型的知识基础上。其他属性通常包括固体形式的颜色和或溶液,熔点,比旋度(如果有光学活性),晶体形态,等等。附录A提供了典型API的规范列表。WhensettingAPIphysicalattributespecifications,themostimportantaspecttoconsiderisitsuseinthepharmaceuticalprocess;namely,whetheritwillbewettedforgranulation,dissolvedforsolution,dryblended,andsoon,andthetypeofdrugproducttobemade:tablets,capsules,solutions,sterileornonsterile,orother.Itisalsoimportanttoknowhowthedrugproductwillbeusedbythepatient;forexample,ifitwillbeusedasapowderblendedwithotherexcipients,carefulconsiderationshouldbegiventorateofdissolutionandtheeventualcolorofsolution(foraestheticreasons)whendissolvedbythepatient(orhealthcaregiver)priortouse.Forthisreason,finalAPIspecificationsarealwaysdefinedwiththecooperationofthepharmaceuticaldevelopmentarea.ThequalityassurancefunctionapprovesfinalAPIqualitystandards,takingintoconsiderationallrequirements:processrelated,governmental,andcustomer.当建立API的物理属性时,要考虑的最重要的方面是其在制药过程中的使用;如被润湿造粒,溶解于溶液中,干燥混合等,且可以制成的药品类型有:片剂,胶囊剂,溶液剂,无菌或非无菌的,或其他。同样重要的是要明白药品将用于患者;例如,赋形剂的粉末应考虑到由患者(或保健给予者)溶解的速率和溶液在使用前的最终的颜色(用于美观的原因)。出于这个原因,最终的API规范始终说明需与药物开发领域的合作。质量保证职能应在最终批准的API质量标准中同时考虑到所有要求:工艺相关的要求,政府和客户的要求。B.TestingtheAPIforItsDefinedAttributes原料药质量属性的测试EachqualityattributerequiredoftheAPImusthaveasoundandproventestprocedure.Inregulatorycomplianceterms,thismeansthetestmustbevalidated;thatis,tohavedocumentedproofthatitperformsreliably,isindicativeoftheattributeunderquestion,andisnotbiasedbyinterferingcomponents.Thereareeightspecificcomponentsofavalidatedtest,andforanexcellenttreatiseonthis,thereaderisreferredtothecurrentUSPortheICHguidanceonanalyticaltestvalidation.MostregulatoryauthoritiesrequireatestforallsignificantAPIqualityattributesoneachlotproduced.API的每个质量属性都必须有一个健全的和可靠的测试程序。在合规性方面,这意味着必须在试验中验证;也就是说,已经证明程序的执行可靠,而不是由干扰组分造成。一个验证过程包括8个特定的部分,读者可参考现行USP或ICH分析方法验证的指导。大多数监管部门都要求每批进行API关键质量属性的测试。Innearlyallcases,thepharmaceuticalmanufacturerrequiresacertificateofanalysis(CofA)documentingtheresultsobtainedoneachlot,aswellasastatementfromthequalityofficethatthebatchmetitsestablishedqualitycriteria.在几乎所有情况下,药品生产商需要COA(分析证书)来记录每批的结果,证明符合质量部分规定的质量标准。C.DesigningQualityintotheProcess工艺中的质量设计Asdescribedabove,thepharmaceuticalmanufacturingprocessandenduseofthedrugproductdosageformarethebasisforestablishingthelimitsofchemicalpurityandphysicalattributes.Havingpredefinedtheseattributes,thesyntheticchemistandchemicalengineerhavethetaskofdesigningqualityintotheprocess;therebyassuringeverylotwillmeetitscriteria.Thisisperhapsthemostsignificantaspectofchemicalprocessvalidationandacornerstoneofmostregulatoryrequirementsforqualityassurance.Afterthechemicalprocessisdeveloped,atechnicaldocument,whichexplainshowandwhycertainreagents,steps,controls,etc.werechoseninordertobuildqualityintotheproduct,shouldbeprepared.如上所述,药物的制造过程和最终用途的药品剂型受到化学纯度和物理属性的限制。为达到预定义的属性,合成化学家和化学工程师有将质量设计于工艺的任务,从而确保每一批将符合其标准。这也许是化学工艺验证最显著的方面和大多数法规要求的质量保证基石。化学过程开发后,技术文件将解释试剂,步骤,控制等的方式为什么和怎样被选择的将质量设计于产品中。Whenthemanufacturingteamtakesonthecommercialimplementationoftheprocess,andgoesthroughtheformalmanufacturingvalidationprocess,theyshouldrelyheavilyonthistechnicaldocumenttoprovethequalityofthefinalAPI.Asstatedintheintroduction,qualityisdesignedintotheprocessnotforregulatorypurposes,butbecauseitmakesgoodmanufacturingandbusinesssensetodoso.Manufacturerswantaprocessthatsafelyandreliablydelivershighyieldandqualityforeconomicandenvironmentalreasons.当制造团队需要对工艺进行商业化生产,并进行正规的生产验证过程,在很大程度上依赖于该技术文件以证明最终API的质量。正如在简介中说名,质量是设计于过程中,不是出于监管目的,而是因为有良好的生产和经营意识才这样做。处于经济和环境的原因制造商希望有一个安全,可靠地工艺来达到产品的高产量和高质量。OneshouldbegintheapproachtodesigningqualityintotheAPI,withtheconceptofdesigningaperfectsystem.Keepinmindthatallthesafety,environmental,andeconomicreasonsfordevelopingaperfectchemicalsynthesisarepreciselyconsistentwiththegoalofdesigningqualityintotheprocess,andverywellserveallregulatoryprocessvalidationandcontrolrequirements.Ifoneimaginesaperfectprocess,therewillbenotoxicemissionsaboutwhichtobeconcerned,nosafetyconcernsorneedforspecialsafetycontrols,andtheyieldofeachstepwillbe100%ofthedesiredintermediate,stereoisomer,andendproduct.Suchaprocesswouldbefreeofanyimpuritiesandwouldassayfor100%purity.Thenextchallengeistodesignthesynthesissothateachstepcanbepreciselycontrolledtoalwaysprovidethesameendresult.用API质量设计的方法来设计一个完美的系统。为开发一个完美的化学合成过程,精确符合将质量设计于工艺的目标,需考虑所有的安全、环境和经济原因,还需符合工艺验证的法规和控制要求。如果想象一个完美的工艺,没有有毒物排放,没有安全问题或需要特殊的安全控制,每一步获得的中间体,立体异构体和最终产品的收率都是100%。这种工艺将是没有任何杂质,100%纯度,下一个挑战就是设计合成路线精确控制每一步以得到相同结果。Thedesignworkrequiresacompleteunderstandingofthechemicalreactionsinthesyntheticprocessunderdevelopment.Thenacleverdesigncanbedevelopedtoeliminateanyundesirablesidereactions.Insomeinstances,thiscanbeachievedbysophisticateduseoffunctionalgroupprotectingagents,andinotherinstancesbychangingthesequenceoffunctionalgroupintroductionontotheendproductbuildingblockandsometimesbysimplecarefulcontroloverreactionparameters.Oncetheprocesshasbeenperfectlydesigned,developed,andcontrolled,thelastconcernisoverthecontrolofqualityandreliabilityoftherawmaterials,properfunctioningofequipment,anderror-freeoperationsbypersonnel.Withthevisionofaperfectsysteminmind,onecanimaginehowtheAPIqualitywouldbeperfectandconsistent.设计工作需要对开发中的合成方法的化学反应有一个完整的理解。然后,一个巧妙的设计可以开发用以消除任何不良副反应。在一些情况下,这可以通过使用官能团的保护剂来实现,并且在通过改变官能团引入的顺序到最终产品来构建,有时需简单小心地控制反应参数。一旦过程已经完全设计,开发和控制,最后值得关注的是在质量和原材料,设备的正常运作的可靠性,并通过人员无误差操作的控制。随着设想的完善制度的实行,可以想见的API质量将是完美的,一贯的。D.ValidationoftheProcess工艺验证Thisaspectoftheregulationsisperfectlyalignedwithbusinessinterests.Theregulationsrequirethatachemicalmanufacturingprocessbevalidated,whichtheauthorpersonallydefinesasproofofknowledgeofcontrol.法规这方面是与商业利益完全一致的。法规要求化学品制造过程必须进行验证,作者个人定义为控制知识的证明。Whiletheterm‘‘validation’’hasvariousdefinitionsinseveraldifferentregulations(cGMPs),allessentiallymeanorimply‘‘proofofknowledgeofcontrol.’’Inessence,thevalidationoftheprocessisthedescriptionoftheprocessafteralldevelopmentworkiscompleted,withtheelaborationoftheproofofsyntheticpathway,controlsoverprocessconditions,andfinally,soundanalyticalproofofqualityfromsamplesobtainedduringactualmanufacturingcampaignsintheplant.Criticalprocessparameterssuchastime,temperature,andmixingconditionsshouldbedefined,controlled,andmonitored.Thekineticsofthesyntheticpathwayisdocumentedinaprocessmanual.TheestablishmentofaprocessmanualforeachAPIisthefoundationofprocessvalidation.Inthismanual,onedescribesproofoftheknowledgeoftheprocessandthecontrolsnecessaryforconsistentresults.Hence,thescientificdesignprocesstobuildtheperfectprocessrequiresfullknowledgeofthechemistryoftheprocess.ThatknowledgeisdescribedinthechemicalpathwayfromrawmaterialstothefinalAPI.术语''验证''有几种不同的规定定义(cGMP),基本意味着或暗示'控制知识的证明''。在本质上,该方法的验证是开发工作完成后的过程的证明,用拟定合成途径,在控制的工艺条件,实际生产出可获得的样品。关键的工艺参数,如时间,温度,和混合条件应该被定义,控制和监测。合成途径的动力学记录在一个工艺手册中。对于每个API的工艺建立是工艺验证的基础。在这个手册中,描述了工艺知识和一致的结果对照的证明。因此,科学的工艺设计的完美过程需要充分了解化学知识。该知识阐述了从原料到最终API的化学途径。Thescientificevidence,suchasintermediatestructureelucidation,spectrographicanalysis(IR,NearIR,massspec,UV,NMR,C13NMR,etc.),andtheproposedchemicalmechanismforeachtransformation,servesastheproofofthatknowledge.Finally,duringthecourseoftheprocessdevelopment,fullknowledgeisgainedconcerningthoseparametersandconditionsthataffectthekinetics,yield,andpurityofeachstep.Experimentstooptimizeeachstepforpurityandyieldleadtheprocessengineertodescribethenecessarycontrolsandconditions.Thesecontrolsaredescribedinaprocessmanualandareusedinthescale-upworkandultimatefull-scaleoperationinthechemicalplant.科学证据,如中间结构解析,光谱分析(红外光谱,近红外光谱,质谱,紫外光谱,核磁共振,C13NMR,等等),以及所提出的每个转化的化学机理,都作为这种知识的证明。最后,工艺开发过程中应充分了解,获得关于那些影响动力学,产率和纯度的每个步骤的参数和条件的知识。为优化每一步的纯度和收率所进行的实验,都作为工艺工程师用来描述必要的控制手段和反应条件。这些控制在流程手册中有描述,并在化工厂进行规模化生产,并最终得到全面运转使用。E.Reality实际Werealizethattheperfectsyntheticprocesswill,inalllikelihood,betooelusive.Eventually,wemustmakethedecisiontofocusourresourcesonthebestprocessavailableafterthoroughdevelopmentworkyieldsasoundandreliableprocess.EachsyntheticchallengerepresentsrealityofthebusinessofAPImanufacturing,andsoatsomepoint,mercializingwhathasbeenachievedtodatemustbeevaluatedonarisk(loosingprecioustimeinthemarket)toreward(achievingasuperiorprocess)basis.ItissufficienttosayherethattoensurequalityofthefinalAPI,thedevelopmentoftheprocessprovidesthenecessaryinformationtodesignin-processcontrolsneededtomonitortheprogressofeachstep.Thesecontrolsarethechemicalandphysicalmonitorsthatinformtheoperatorthatthesynthesisisproceedingaccordingtotheoriginaldesign.Theyareusedalsotoinformtheoperatorwhenthereactioniscompleteandwhenthenextstepmayoccur.Inmanycases,especiallywhentheprocessiswelldefinedanddesigned,includingthequalityofstartingmaterialsandreagents,agoodcontrolissimplytheuseoftime,basedonaknowledgeofthekineticsofthereaction.我们意识到在所有的可能性中完美的合成过程是很难的。最后,我们必须集中资源提供最佳的工艺。每次合成的挑战都代表原料药制造业的现实,因此在某些时候,进一步的研究与商业化风险必须进行评估其可行性(失去宝贵的时间在市场上)去获得(实现一个卓越的技术)。它足以确保最终的API的质量,该方法的发展提供了必要的信息,设计过程中的控制,以监测每个步骤的进展是需要的。这些控制是化学和物理监测,即告知操作者该合成是按照原设计跟进。它们还用来告知操作时反应完​​全和可能发生的下一个步骤。在许多情况下,特别是在工艺已被很好定义和设计时,基于化学反应的动力学知识,包括起始物料和试剂的质量,良好的控制能很大的节省时间。In-processcontrolsshou

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