TOEFL阅读真题-2023修改整理

千里之行，始于第2页/共2页精品文档推荐TOEFL阅读真题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读真题1

PASSAGE40

Accordingtoanthropologists,peopleinpreindustrialsocietiesspent3to4hoursperdayorabout20hoursperweekdoingtheworknecessaryforlife.Moderncomparisonsoftheamountofworkperformedperweek,however,beginwiththeIndustrialRevolution(1760-1840)when10-to12-hourworkdayswithsixworkdaysperweekwerethenorm.Evenwithextensivetimedevotedtowork,however,bothincomesandstandardsoflivingwerelow.AsincomesroseneartheendoftheIndustrialRevolution,itbecameincreasinglycommontotreatSaturdayafternoonsasahalf-dayholiday.ThehalfholidayhadbecomestandardpracticeinBritainbythe1870s,butdidnotbecomecommonintheUnitedStatesuntilthe1920s.

IntheUnitedStates,thefirstthirdofthetwentiethcenturysawtheworkweekmovefrom60hoursperweektojustunder50hoursbythestartofthe1930s.In1914HenryFordreduceddailyworkhoursathisautomobileplantsfrom9to8.In1926heannouncedthathenceforthhisfactorieswouldclosefortheentiredayonSaturday.Atthetime,FordreceivedcriticismfromotherfirmssuchasUnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse,buttheideawaspopularwithworkers.

TheDepressionyearsofthe1930sbroughtwiththemthenotionofjobsharingtospreadavailableworkaround;theworkweekdroppedtoamodemlowfortheUnitedStatesof35hours.In1938theFairLaborStandardsActmandatedaweeklymaximumof40hourstobeginin1940,andsincethattimethe8-hourday,5-dayworkweekhasbeenthestandardintheUnitedStates.Adjustmentsinvariousplaces,however,showthatthisstandardisnotimmutable.In1987,forexample,Germanmetalworkersstruckforandreceiveda37.5-hourworkweek;andin1990manyworkersinBritainwona37-hourweek.Since1989,theJapanesegovernmenthasmovedfroma6-toa5-dayworkweekandhassetanationaltargetof1,800workhoursperyearfortheaverageworker.TheaverageamountofworkperyearinJapanin1989was2,088hoursperworker,comparedto1,957fortheUnitedStatesand1,646forFrance.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Whypeopleinpreindustrialsocietiesworkedfewhoursperweek

(B)Changesthathaveoccurredinthenumberofhoursthatpeopleworkperweek

(C)Acomparisonofthenumberofhoursworkedperyearinseveralindustries

(D)WorkingconditionsduringtheIndustrialRevolution

2.Comparedtopreiudustrialtimes,thenumberofhoursintheworkweekinthenineteenthcentury

(A)remainedconstant

(B)decreasedslightly

(C)decreasedsignificantly

(D)increasedsignificantly

3.Thewordnorminline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)minimum.

(B)example

(C)possibility

(D)standard

4.Thewordhenceforthinline13isclosestinmeaningto

(A)intheend

(B)forabriefperiod

(C)fromthattimeon

(D)onoccasion

5.Theideamentionedinline15refersto

(A)the60-hourworkweek

(B)thereductioninthecostofautomobiles

(C)thereductionintheworkweekatsomeautomobilefactories

(D)thecriticismofFordbyUnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse

6.Whatisonereasonforthechangeinthelengthoftheworkweekfortheaverageworkerinthe

UnitedStatesduringthe1930s?

(A)Severalpeoplesometimessharedasinglejob.

(B)LaborstrikesinseveralcountriesinfluencedlaborpolicyintheUnitedStates.

(C)Severalcorporationsincreasedthelengthoftheworkweek.

(D)TheUnitedStatesgovernmentinstituteda35-hourworkweek.

7.WhichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthepurposesoftheFairLaborStandardsActof

1938?

(A)todiscourageworkersfromaskingforincreasedwages

(B)toestablishalimitonthenumberofhoursintheworkweek

(C)toallowemployerstosetthelengthoftheworkweekfortheirworkers

(D)torestricttradewithcountriesthathadalongworkweek

8.Thewordmandatedinline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)required

(B)recommended

(C)eliminated

(D)considered

9.Thewordimmutableinline21isclosestinmeaningto

(A)unmatched

(B)irregular

(C)unnecessary

(D)unchangeable

10.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasevidencethatthelengthoftheworkweekhas

beendecliningsincethenineteenthcentury?

(A)Thehalf-dayholiday(line7)

(B)HenryFord(lines11-12)

(C)UnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse(line14-15)

(D)Germanmetalworkers(line21)

11.Accordingtothepassage,onegoaloftheJapanesegovernmentistoreducetheaverage

annualamountofworkto

(A)1,646hours

(B)1,800hours

(C)1,957hours

(D)2,088hours

PASSAGE40BDDCCABADCB

托福阅读真题2

PASSAGE41

Biologicaldiversityhasbecomewidelyrecognizedasacriticalconservationissueonlyinthepasttwodecades.Therapiddestructionofthetropicalrainforests,whicharetheecosystemswiththehighestknownspeciesdiversityonEarth,hasawakenedpeopletotheimportanceandfragilityofbiologicaldiversity.Thehighrateofspeciesextinctionsintheseenvironmentsisjolting,butitisimportanttorecognizethesignificanceofbiologicaldiversityinallecosystems.Asthehumanpopulationcontinuestoexpand,itwillnegativelyaffectoneafteranotherofEarthsecosystems.Interrestrialecosystemsandinfringemarineecosystems(suchaswetlands),themostcommonproblemishabitatdestruction.Inmostsituations,theresultisirreversible.Nowhumansarebeginningtodestroymarineecosystemsthroughothertypesofactivities,suchasdisposalandrunoffofpoisonouswaste;inlessthantwocenturies,bysignificantlyreducingthevarietyofspeciesonEarth,theyhaveunraveledconsofevolutionandirrevocablyredirecteditscourse.

Certainly,therehavebeenperiodsinEarthshistorywhenmassextinctionshaveoccurred.Theextinctionofthedinosaurswascausedbysomephysicalevent,eitherclimaticorcosmic.Therehavealsobeenlessdramaticextinctions,aswhennaturalcompetitionbetweenspeciesreachedanextremeconclusion.Only.01percentofthespeciesthathavelivedonEarthhavesurvivedtothepresent,anditwaslargelychancethatdeterminedwhichspeciessurvivedandwhichdiedout.

However,nothinghaseverequaledthemagnitudeandspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworldanddemolishingtheenvironment.Infact,thereiswideagreementthatitistherateofchangehumansareinflicting,evenmorethanthechangesthemselves,thatwillleadtobiologicaldevastation.LifeonEarthhascontinuallybeeninfluxasslowphysicalandchemicalchangeshaveoccurredonEarth,butlifeneedstimetoadapt—timeformigrationandgeneticadaptationwithinexistingspeciesandtimefortheproliferationofnewgeneticmaterialandnewspeciesthatmaybeabletosurviveinnewenvironments.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Thecausesoftheextinctionofthedinosaur

(B)Thevarietyofspeciesfoundintropicalrainforests.

(C)TheimpactofhumanactivitiesonEarthsecosystems

(D)Thetimerequiredforspeciestoadapttonewenvironments

2.Thewordcriticalinline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)negative

(B)essential

(C)interesting

(D)complicated

3.Thewordjoltinginline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)predicted

(B)shocking

(C)unknown

(D)illuminating

4.TheauthormentionsthereductionofthevarietyofspeciesonEarthinline12tosuggestthat

(A)newhabitatscanbecreatedforspecies

(B)humansareoftenmadeillbypollutedwater

(C)somespecieshavebeenmadeextinctbyhumanactivity

(D)anunderstandingofevolutioncanpreventcertainspeciesfromdisappearing

5.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasexamplesoftheeffectofhumansoiltheworlds

ecosystemsEXCEPT

(A)destructionofthetropicalrainforests

(B)habitatdestructioninwetlands

(C)damagetomarineecosystems

(D)theintroductionofnewvarietiesofplantspecies

6.Theauthormentionstheextinctionofthedinosaursinthesecondparagraphtoemphasize

that

(A)thecauseofthedinosaursextinctionisunknown

(B)Earthsclimatehaschangedsignificantlysincethedinosaursextinction,

(C)notallmassextinctionshavebeencausedbyhumanactivity

(D)actionsbyhumanscouldnotstoptheirreversibleprocessofaspeciesextinction

7.Thewordmagnitudeinline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)concern

(B)determination

(C)carelessness

(D)extent

8.Accordingtothepassage,naturalevolutionarychangeisdifferentfromchangescausedby

humansinthatchangescausedbyhumans

(A)areoccurringatamuchfasterrate

(B)arelessdevastatingtomostspecies

(C)affectfewerecosystems

(D)arereversible

9.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

(A)Humaninfluenceonecosystemsshouldnotbeafactorindeterminingpublicpolicy.

(B)Theextinctionofafewspeciesisanacceptableconsequenceofhumanprogress.

(C)Technologywillprovidesolutionstoproblemscausedbythedestructionofecosystems.

(D)Humansshouldbemoreconsciousoftheinfluencetheyhaveonecosystems

PASSAGE41CBBCDCDAD

托福阅读真题3

PASSAGE42

RailroadsreshapedtheNorthAmericanenvironmentandreorientedNorthAmericanbehavior.Inaquarterofacentury,claimedtheOmahaDailyRepublicanin1883,theyhavemadethepeopleoftheUnitedStateshomogeneous,breakingthroughthepeculiaritiesandprovincialismswhichmarkedseparateandunminglingsections.

Therailroadsimultaneouslystrippedthelandscapeofthenaturalresources,madevelocityoftransportandeconomyofscalenecessarypartsofindustrialproduction,andcarriedconsumergoodstohouseholds;itdispatchedimmigrantstounsettledplaces,drewemigrantsawayfromfarmsandvillagestocities,andsentmenandgunstobattle.Itstandardizedtimeandtravel,seekingtoannihilatedistanceandspacebyallowingmovementatanytimeandinanyseasonortypeofweather.Initsgrandandimpressiveterminalsandstations,architectsrecreatedhistoricRomantemplesandpublicbaths,FrenchchateausandItalianbelltowers—edificesthatpeopleusedasstagesformanyofeverydaylifeshighemotions:meetingandparting,waitingandworrying,planningnewstartsorcominghome.

Passengerterminals,liketheluxuryexpresstrainsthathurledpeopleoverspots,spotlighttheromanceofrailroading.(Thetwentieth-CenturyLimitedspedbetweenChicagoandNewYorkintwentyhoursby1915).Equallyimportanttoeverydaylifeweretheslowfreighttranschuggingthroughindustrialzones,themorningandeveningcommuterlocalsshuttlingbackionsandurbanterminals,andtheincessantcomingsandgoingsthatoccurredintheclassifications,orswitching,yards.Moreover,inadditiontoitsbeingatransportationpathwayequippedwithamammothphysicalplantoftrackssignals,crossings,bridges,andjunctions,plustelegraphandtelephonelinestherailroadnurturedfactorycomplexes,coatpiles,warehouses,andgeneratingstations,formingalongitsright-of-waywhathasaptlybeencalledthemetropolitancorridoroftheAmericanlandscape.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theinfluenceofancientarchitectureonthedesignofrailroadterminals

(B)Theimportanceofnaturalresourcesinthedevelopmentofrailroads

(C)TherailroadsimpactondailylifeintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcentury

(D)Technologicalimprovementsintheareaofcommunicationinthenineteenthcentury

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthequotefromtheOmahaDailyRepublican(line2-4)thatrailroads

(A)madeallsectionsofthenationmuchwealthier

(B)broughtmoreunitytowhathadbeenafragmentednation

(C)reduceddependenceonnaturalresources

(D)hadnoeffectontheenvironmentoftheUnitedStates

3.Theworditinline7refersto

(A)transport

(B)scale

(C)production

(D)railroad

4.Theworddrewinline8isclosest

(A)obliged

(B)de