毕业论文外文翻译设定收益制养老金会计新准则

外文翻译原文2NewAccountingRulesforDefinedBenefitPensionPlansMARCH2008-IssuedinSeptember2006,StatementofFinancialAccountingStandards(SFAS)158,Employers’AccountingforDefinedBenefitPensionandOtherPostretirementPlans—AnAmendmentofFASBStatementsNo.87,88,106,and132(R),significantlychangesthebalance-sheetreportingfordefinedbenefitpensionplans.BeforeSFAS158,theeffectsofcertainevents,suchasplanamendmentsoractuarialgainsandlosses,weregranteddelayedbalance-sheetrecognition.Asaresult,aplan’sfundedstatus(planassetsminusobligations)wasrarelyreportedonthebalancesheet.SFAS158requirescompaniestoreporttheirplans’fundedstatusaseitheranassetoraliabilityontheirbalancesheets,whichwillcausereportedpensionliabilitiestorisesignificantly.AlthoughSFAS158alsoappliestopostretirementbenefitplansotherthanpensionsandtonot-for-profitentities,thefocusbelowisonfor-profitbusinesseswithdefinedbenefitpensionplans.Balance-SheetReportingUnderSFAS158UnderSFAS87,prepaidoraccruedpensioncost,whichisthenetofafirm’spensionassets,liabilities,andunrecognizedamounts,isreportedonthebalancesheet.SFAS158arguablyimprovesfinancialreportingbymoreclearlycommunicatingthefundedstatusofdefinedbenefitpensionplans.Previously,thisinformationwasreportedonlyinthedetailedpensionfootnotes.UnderSFAS158,companieswithdefinedbenefitpensionplansmustrecognizethedifferencebetweentheplan’sprojectedbenefitobligationanditsfairvalueofplanassetsaseitheranassetoraliability.Theprojectedbenefitobligationistheactuarialpresentvalueofthebenefitsattributedbythepensionplanbenefitformulaforservicesalreadyprovided.Asaresult,thecomplexandconceptuallyunsound“minimumpensionliability”rules,whichareusedwhentheaccumulatedbenefitobligationislessthanthefairvalueofpensionplanassets,hasbeeneliminated.(Theaccumulatedbenefitobligationissimilartotheprojectedbenefitobligationbutdoesnotincludeexpectedfuturesalaryincreasesinthecalculationofthepresentvalueofactuarialbenefits.)Inaddition,theunrecognizedpriorservicecostsandactuarialgainsandlossesthatwerepreviouslyrelegatedtothefootnotesarenowrecognizedonthebalancesheet,withanoffsettingamountinaccumulatedothercomprehensiveincomeundershareholders’equity.IncomeReportingUnderSFAS158SFAS158doesnotchangethecomputationofperiodicpensioncost,whichremainsafunctionofservicecost,interestcost,expectedreturnonpensionplanassets,andamortizationofunrecognizeditems.Itdoes,however,impactthereportingofcomprehensiveincome.Specifically,actuarialgainsorlossesandpriorservicecoststhatariseduringtheperiodarerecognizedascomponentsofcomprehensiveincome.Inaddition,theamortizationofactuarialgainsorlosses,priorservicecosts,andtransitionamountsrecognizedbeforeimplementingSFAS158requireareclassificationadjustmenttocomprehensiveincome.ApplyingSFAS158Exhibit1presentspensionfootnotedataforthreecompanies:LockheedMartin,Glatfelter,andAMRCorp.LockheedMartinrepresentsaclassicexampleofascenarioSFAS158isdesignedtoeliminate:namely,reportingapensionassetwhenthepensionplanisactuallyunderfunded.Specifically,LockheedMartin’spensionobligation($28,421million)exceedsitsplanassets($23,432million),meaningtheplanisunderfundedbythedifference,$4,989million.Previously,LockheedMartin’sunrecognizednetlossesandunrecognizedpriorservicecosts(totaling$7,108million)enabledittoreportapensionassetof$2,119million($7,108–$4,989).ThedataforGlatfelterandAMRinExhibit1indicateotherlikelyscenariosunderSFAS158.Glatfelter,whileoverfundedby$155.3million,wouldreduceitsreportedpensionassetby$90millionunderSFAS158.AlthoughAMRcurrentlyrecognizesapensionliabilityof$882million,SFAS158wouldrequireAMRtosignificantlyincreaseitsreportedpensionliabilityto$3,225million.AnIllustrationoftheTransitiontoSFAS158Thefollowingexampleusestheactual2005datafromExhibit1toillustratehoweachofthesecompanieswouldrecordthetransitiontothenewrules.BecauseSFAS158isgenerallyfirsteffectiveforfiscalyearsendingafterDecember15,2006,theactualnumbersthesecompaniesrecordupontransitiontoSFAS158willdifferfromthoseinthisexample.Forsimplicity,theillustrationignorestaxeffects.Exhibit1showsthateachofthethreecompaniesreportsadditionalminimumliabilitiesandrelatedintangibleassetsonitsbalancesheet.TheseitemsareeliminatedunderSFAS158.Inaddition,pensionassetsandliabilitiesandaccumulatedothercomprehensiveincomeareadjustedsothattheirendingbalancesconformtotheamountsrequiredunderSFAS158.Thenecessaryjournalentriestoaccomplishthetransition,using2005data,arepresentedinExhibit2.Exhibit3showsthebalance-sheetreportingforeachcompanyafterpostingtheentriesinExhibit2,andexposesseveralimportantpoints.First,eachcompanyreportsitsfundedstatusaseitherapensionassetorliability.Second,thebalanceinaccumulatedothercomprehensiveincomeequalstheamountofpreviouslyunrecognizeditems.Inthisexample,andlikelyformanycompanieswithdefinedbenefitplans,theamountofthiscontra-shareholders’equitywillincreaseunderSFAS158,evenpotentiallygeneratingnegativeshareholders’equity.ThetransitiontoSFAS158mightimposecostsonleveragedfirmsduetotheincreasedlikelihoodoftighteningrestrictivedebtcovenants.Finally,thebalance-sheetpresentation,andeachcompany’sfundedstatus,shouldbeeasiertounderstandafterSFAS158isimplemented.SubsequentApplicationofSFAS158SFAS158doesnotimpacttheamountofperiodicpensioncostreportedontheincomestatement,butitdoesimpactthereportingofcomprehensiveincome.Forexample,assumethatafterimplementingSFAS158LockheedMartinweretoreportthefinancialresultsinExhibit4.Again,theseamountsareforillustrativepurposesonly.Exhibit5showstherequiredjournalentries.Thefirstentryrecordstheservicecost,interestcost,andexpectedreturnonplanassetscomponentsofperiodicpensioncost.Thesecondentryreclassifiestheamortizationitemsfromaccumulatedothercomprehensiveincometoperiodicpensioncost,andthethirdentryadjuststhepensionliabilityandaccumulatedothercomprehensiveincomeforthedifferenceinactualpensionreturnsaboveexpectationsduringtheyear.Author:KennethW.ShawNationality:ColumbiaOriginatefrom:TheCPAJournal译文二设定收益制养老金会计新准则2008年3月SFAS颁布了158号《雇主对既定福利养老金和其他退休后计划的会计处理》对FASB第87、88、106号准则做了修订，显著改变了资产负债表对设定收益制下养老金的列报。在SFAS158颁布之前，一些特定事项的影响，像养老金计划的修改，精算所得和精算损失，是准许在资产负债表中递延确认的，以至于养老金净资产（养老金资产减去养老金负债）很少在资产负债表中列报。SFAS158要求公司在资产负债表中以资产或是负债的形式列报养老金净资产，这将会引起养老金负债的显著上升。尽管SFAS158也应用于其他退休福利计划以及非盈利组织，但是我们这里主要是讲盈利组织的设定收益计划。SFAS158对资产负债表列报的要求SFAS158对于预付或应付的养老金成本，即一个公司养老金净资产、净负债以及未确认的金额是在资产负债表中列报的。SFAS158论证性地提高了财务报告要求，公司需要更加清楚地提供有关设定收益养老金计划的信息。而之前只要在财务报表附中披露就行了。SFAS158要求实行设定收益制养老金计划的公司必须将预计养老金负债总额和养老金资产的公允价值之差确认为一项资产或负债。预计养老金负债总额是根据养老金计划公式对职工已提供的服务精算所得的当前价值。结果复杂、抽象、不确定的“最小养老金负债”准则被删掉了，之前它运用于累积的养老金负债小于养老金资产的公允价值的情况。（累积养老金负债与预期养老金负债类似，但是它没有包含预期未来上涨工资的现值）。除此之外，先前在附注中披露的未确认前期服务成本以及精算所失和所得，现在要求在财务报表中进行披露，作为一个对所有者权益项下综合收益进行抵消的科目。SFAS158对利润表的要求SFAS158并没有改变当期养老金成本的计算，当期的成本依旧取决于原来的服务成本，利息成本，养老金资产的预期收益率，以及未确认项目的分摊。然而SFAS158的确对综合收益产生了影响。具体来说，期间内发生精算所得和精算损失以及前期服务成本都确认为综合收益的组成部分。除此之外，实施SFAS158之前，对精算所得、精算损失、前期服务成本和转换金额的分期确认在计入综合收益前需要重分类调整。SFAS158的实施图表1表示的是LockheedMartin,Glatfelter,andAMRCorp三家公司在财务报表附注中对养老金披露的数据。LockheedMartin的例子很经典，它代表了SFAS158试图改变的现状——实际上养老金资金筹集不足却仍报告一项资产。特别是LockheedMartin的养老金负债($28,421million)超过了它的养老金资产($23,432million)，表明养老金资金短缺4,989million。之前LockheedMartin未确认的净损失和前期服务成本(totaling$7,108million)使它报告了$2,119million的养老金资产($7,108–$4,989)。图标1中有关Glatfelter和AMR的数据预示在SFAS158准则下其他类似的情形。Glatfelter尽管报告了$155.3million的净资产，按照SFAS158的要求需要减少$90million的资产。虽然AMR近期确认了高达$882million的养老金负债，但按照SFAS158的要求，AMR还要将养老金负债提高到$3,225million。如何向SFAS158过渡下面的例子采用图表1中2005年的实际数据来阐述以上三个公司在向新准则过渡时所做的记录的。由于SFAS158大致上是在2006年11月15号的会计年度末生效的，因此这些公司在转变中所记录的实际数字会与例子有所不同。为了简化，在阐述过程中我们将忽略税收的影响。图表1显示了这三个公司分别在资产负债表上报告了额外的最小负债额和相应的无形资产。SFAS15把这些项目都给删除了。除此之外，养老金资产、养老金负债和累计综合收益需要调整使最终的平衡与SFAS158要求的数字相等。这种转变所做主要的分录，我们用2005年的数据在图表2中展示。图表3展示了图表2的分录过继到三个公司的资产负债表的结果，我们可以看到重要的几点。第一，每个公司的养老金状况不是报告为一项资产就是一项负债。第二，计入综合收益后的收入与前期未确认的金额相等。在这个例子中以及其他类似的拥有设定收益制养老金计划的公司按照SFAS158进行调整后，所有者权益金额会有所下降，甚至增加了少数股东权益。向SFAS过渡可能增加杠杆公司的成本，因为增加限制性条约的可能性下降了。最后公司的资产负债表和基金状况在实施SFAS158后会更容易理解。肯尼斯w.肖国籍：哥伦比亚出处：注册会计师原文1Thelogicofpensionaccounting2.Pensionsasanexpense.EarlyapproachestopensionaccountingIntheUSAandUK,private-sectoremployer-sponsoredpensionarrangementsbegantoappearinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,andwereoftenassociatedwithlargeorganizationssuchasrailways,insurancecompaniesandbanks(Hannah,1986:10–12;ChandarandMiranti,2007:206).Accountingforthesearrangementswasoftenverysimple.Thecostrecognizedbytheemployerwaseffectivelythecashpaidinagivenperiod.Someschemesoperatedona‘pay-as-you-go’basis,wheretheemployermadenoadvanceprovisionforretirementbenefits.Inthiscase,thecosteachperiodequaledthebenefitspaid.Inaschemewheretheemployermadecontributionstoanexternalfundinvestedinsecurities,outofwhichbenefitswouldbepaid,ormadenotionalcontributionstoaninternalaccount,thecostwouldbethecontributionsarisingineachperiod,possiblyaugmentedbyinterestonnotionalcontributionsifthesewerenotusedtopurchasesecurities.However,manyemployersgrantedpensionstoenableemployeestoretire,eventhoughnoadvanceprovisionhadbeenmade.The‘expense-as-you-pay’accountingforpensionswasrationalizedthroughthe‘gratuitytheory’ofretirementbenefits(McGilletal.,2004:16).Thistheoryproposedthatretirementbenefitswereawardedtoretireesatthediscretionoftheemployer,‘asakindlyactonthepartofanemployertowardsoldretainerswhohaveservedhimfaithfullyandwell’(PilchandWood,1979:2).Payingapensionwasnotnecessarilyanactofpurebenevolence,becauseitcouldallowanemployertoretireanemployeewhowasnolongerperformingadequately,withoutincurringpubliccriticism.Thegratuitytheoryimpliedthattheemployerreceivedanefficiencygainwhensuperannuatedemployeesretired,andthattheappropriatepointatwhichtorecognizethecostofpensionswasasthepensionswerepaid.Iftheemployerwantedtoearmarksomeearningsinadistinctpensionreservebeforeemployeesretired,thenthiswouldberegardedasanappropriationofprofitratherthanasanexpense.Eveninstructuredpensionschemes,theemployermightincludeclausesdenyingtheexistenceofanenforceablecontract,stressingthatpensionbenefitswerepaidentirelyattheemployer’sdiscretionandcouldbediscontinuedatanytime(Stone,1984:24).However,thegratuitytheoryrapidlycameunderchallengefromtheviewthatpensionsconstitute‘deferredpay’,andthatemployeesineffectsacrificecurrentincomeinexchangefortheexpectationofincomeinthefuture.Onthisbasis,earlyaccountingtheoristssuchasHenryRandHatfieldsuggestedthatemployersshouldincludeinoperatingexpenses‘theamountnecessarytoprovideforfuturepensions’(Hatfield,1916:194).Anumberofcommentatorsobservedthatthecalculationofsuchanexpensewaspotentiallyhighlycomplex,buttheysuggestedthatthecalculationsfellwithinthedomainofactuaries(Stone,1984:26).Membersoftheactuarialprofessionhadalreadybeeninvolvedinadvisingonappropriatecontributionratesforpensionschemesinvolvingeitherexternalorinternal‘notional’funding.Inaccountingterms,theemployerwouldmeasuretheannualcostofpensionprovisioneitherdirectlyintermsofamountscalculatedbyactuaries,iftherouteofinternalfundingwasfollowed,orthroughthecontributions(themselvesdeterminedbyactuaries)toanexternalpensionfund.Inthecaseofexternalfunding,costwouldbeequaltocontributionsduefortheperiod,and,otherthanshort-termaccruals,pensionexpensewouldbebasedoncashpayments(orotherassetstransferred)tothepensionfund.2.2.ThebeginningsofaccountingregulationEarlyauthoritativeaccountingpronouncementsendorsedthisessentiallycash-basedapproachtopensioncostdetermination.TheCommitteeonAccountingProcedureoftheAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(AICPA)issuedAccountingResearchBulletinNo.47AccountingforCostsofPensionPlansin1956,andexpressedtheviewthat‘costsbasedoncurrentandfutureservicesshouldbesystematicallyaccruedduringtheexpectedperiodofactiveserviceofthecoveredemployees’(CAP,1956).Oncloseranalysis,‘systematicaccrual’impliedthatemployerswouldusethemethodrecommendedbytheactuaryforfundingthepensionplantodeterminethepensionexpenseinrespectofcurrentservice.ThisapproachwasendorsedbytheAccountingPrinciplesBoard(APB)intheirOpinionNo.8AccountingfortheCostofPensionPlans,issuedin1966.APB8isentirelycost-based–therearereferencesto‘balance-sheetpensionaccruals’and‘balance-sheetpensionprepaymentsordeferredcharges’butnoexplanationofthesetermsorhowtheyaretobedetermined.MuchoftheOpinionaddressesnottheissueofdetermining‘normalcost’(‘theannualcostassigned,undertheactuarialcostmethodinuse,toyearssubsequenttotheinceptionofapensionplanortoaparticularvaluationdate’)butrather‘pastservicecost’(‘pensioncostassignedundertheactuarialcostmethodinuse,toyearspriortotheinceptionofapensionplan’)and‘priorservicecost’(‘pensioncostassigned,undertheactuarialcostmethodinuse,toyearspriortothedateofaparticularactuarialvaluation’).TheOpiniongoestogreatlengthstoprovideguidanceonhowthesecomponentsofpensioncostshouldberecognized,recommendingspreadingofthecostsoveraperiodupto40years.Anumberoffeaturesoftheaccountingtreatmentofpensioncostsneedtobehighlighted.Firstalthoughitisnotmadeexplicit,thereisanunder-lyingdesiretoarriveatapensionexpenseineachperiodthatisnotmateriallydifferentfromtheemployer’scontributionstothepensionfund.APB8notes‘theamountofthepensioncostdeterminedunderthisOpinionmayvaryfromtheamounfunded’(APB,1966:para.43),butthissituationisnotanalyzedindetail.Forunfundedpensionplans,costsaretobedeterminedusinganactuarialcostmethod.Thecriteriafortheselectionofanappropriateactuarialcostmethodarethatthemethodis‘rationalandsystematicandshouldbeconsistentlyappliedsothatitresultsinareasonablemeasureofpensioncostfromyeartoyear’.Author:ChristopherJ.NapierNationality:EnglishOriginatefrom:TheCPAJournal译文一养老金会计的逻辑2养老金费用在19世纪后期的美国和英国，出现了私人部门雇主赞助的养老金计划，主要集中于铁路公司和保险业、银行业等大型机构(Hannah,1986:10–12;ChandarandMiranti,2007:206)。这时的养老金会计往往非常简单。雇主确认的成本实际上就是一定期间内支付的现金。很多养老金计划是都是在职工退休后进行支付，雇主并没有提供进一步的退休福利。在这种情况下，每段期间内的成本就是该期间的现金支付。在某些计划中，雇主提供资金投资于外部的证券，用取得的收益支付养老金，或是向内部的账户提供资金。如果基金没有被用来购买证券，成本将会是每段时间内的服务成本并计上合理的利率。然而，很多雇主为了能让雇员退休情愿支付养老金，但是并没有提供进一步的福利。现收现付制养老金会计是建立在“酬金理论”(McGilletal.,2004:16)基础上的，这个理论认为养老金是雇主对退休人员的一种奖励，“是雇主对为他忠诚服务的退休老职工的善意施舍”(PilchandWood,1979:2)。其实支付养老金并不是出于纯粹的善意，因为它能让雇主辞退那些工作效率不高的雇员，而不受到社会的指责。“酬金”理论暗示雇主通过辞退落后的职工而使效率得到提高，对养老金成本合适的计量就是支付的养老金金额。如果雇主希望在一个特定的养老金储备预留一些员工退休前的收入，这时他应该确认一部分利润而不是费用。即使在格式化的养老金计划中，雇主也可能会加入这样的条款，否认这是一种强制的合同，而强调养老金福利完全是根据自己意愿老来支付，任何时候他都可以终止这项计划(Stone,1984:24)。然而另一种观点的出现马上让“小费理论”受到了挑战。这种观点认为养老金其实是递延的工资，雇员实际上是牺牲了当前的收入而换取未来的收益。在这个基础上，HenryRandHatfield等人的早些理论认为雇主必须在营业外支出中计入“未来的养老金费用”(Hatfield,1916:194)。很多评论员评论说这种形式的养老金核算将会非常复杂，他们建议由精算师来完成这些计算。一些精算专家已经在建议为养老金计划提供一种利率，无论针对内部或是外部的名义基金。在会计处理上，雇主需要计算每年的养老金成本，如果是内部的计划，将会直接采用精算师的计算结果，如果是外部的基金计划，将采用外部的养老保险基金的贡献（由精算师确定）。外部的基金计划，养老金成本等于某段时间的贡献，养老金费用是根据支付的现金来确定的，而不是应计负债。早期的权威会计采纳现收现付制来确认养老金成本。AICPA在1956年发布会计研究公告第47准则——有关养老金成本的确认，强调“养老金成本必须将当前和未来的服务成本系统化地分摊到每个参加养老金计划的职工的预期工作年限中去”(CAP,1956)。进一步的分析，“系统的分摊”意味着雇主们将要采用精算师们建议的方法来确定当前雇员所提供的服务成本。APB在1966年颁布的养老金计划成本第8号会计准则意见中也同意采取这种方法。APB8完全是以成本为基础的，它建议在资产负债表中设置“养老金负债”和“预付养老金”项目，但是他们并没有对这些项目做出解释，也没有说明这些项目是如何决定的。《意见》的大部分内容并不是说明如何确认正常成本（在使用精算成本下，每年的费用分配至养老金实施后的期间里或是到某一特定的日期），而是介绍过去成本（在使用精算成本发下，将养老金成本分配至养老金计划实施前几年），和前期服务成本（在使用精算成本下，将养老金成本分配至养老金实施后到一个特定的精算估值日期）。《意见》对于做如何确认养老金成本组成项目提供了详细的指导，建议期间应该要长达40年以上，而且一系列的养老金会计处理方法特征需要被强调。虽然它没有言明，但是它的潜在意愿是要使确认的养老金费用不要与雇主提存的养老金数额有显著的差别。APB8提到根据《意见》确认的养老金成本可能会与雇主提存的养老金数额有所差别，但是并没有对这种情形做详细的分析。对于那些没有经费的养老金计划，成本是根据权责发生制来核算的。应计成本的核算方法的选择标准是能“合理、系统并得到一贯的应用，以使养老金每年都能得到合理的计量”。克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