专业英语课后习题答案unit1-9完整+10-13非完整版

专业英语课后习题答案unit1-9完整+10-13非完整版Unit1Materialsscience材料科学Stoneage石器时代Nakedeye肉眼Bronzeage铜器时代Opticalproperty光学性能Integratedcircuit集成电路Mechanicalstrength机械强度Thermalconductivity导热“Materialsscience”involvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.Incontrast,”materialsengineering“is,onthebasisoftherestructurepropertycorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialthatproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties。，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories:mechanical,electrical,thermal,magnetic,optical,anddeteriorative。固体材料的属性。如此，可能需要用一个属性和另一个属性交换。交叉科学interdisciplinarystudy介电常数dielectricconstant固体材料solidmaterials热容heatcapacity力学性质mechanicalproperty电磁辐射electromagnetismradiation材料加工materialsprocessing弹性系数（模数）elasticmodulus直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。”Materialsengineering“is,onthebasisoftherestructurepropertycorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialthatproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties材料加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Inadditiontostructureandproperties,twootherimportantcomponentsareinvolvedinthescienceandengineeringofmaterials,namely“processing”and“performance.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Mechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforce.Unit2Compositematerials复合材料nonlocalizedelectrons游离电子Advancedmaterials尖端材料Stiffnesses硬度semiconductors半导体biomaterials生物材料smartmaterials智能材料nanoengineeredmaterials纳米材料工程Metalsareextremelygoodconductorofelectricityandhear,andarenottransparenttovisiblelight：apolishedmetalsurfacehasalustrousappearance.金属是电和热的良导体,并且不能透过可见光:一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。Ceramicaretypicallyinsulativetothepassageofelectricityandheat,andaremoreresistanttohightemperaturesandharshenvironmentsthanmetalsandpolymers.陶瓷是电和热的典型的绝缘体,并且相对金属和聚合物更具有抵抗高温和恶劣的环境。Materialsthatareutilizedinhigh-technology(orhigh-tech)applicationsaresometimestermedadvancedmaterials.用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料Piezoelectricceramicsexpandandcontractinresponsetoanappliedelectricfield(orvoltage);conversely,theyalsogenerateanelectricfieldwhentheirdimensionsarealtered.压电陶瓷的伸张和收缩时对外电场的一个反应，相反的，当其尺寸发生改变时，也能产生电场Withtheadventofscanningprobemicroscopes,whichpermitobservationofindividualatomsandmolecules,ithasbecomepossibletomanipulateandmoveatomsandmoleculestoformnewstructuresand,thus,designnewmaterialsthatarebuiltfromsimpleatomic-levelconstituents(I.e,”materialsbydesign”).伴随着扫描探针显微镜的出现，可以观察到单个原子和分子，使处理和搬迁原子和分子成为一个可能的事情，这样通过建立简单的原子可以设计新材料。先进材料advancedmaterials陶瓷材料ceramicmaterials高性能材料highpropertiesmaterial粘土矿物claymineral合金alloy移植implant玻璃纤维glassfiber碳纳米管carbonnanotube金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallicmaterialshavelargenumbersofnonlocalizedelectrons:thatis,thereelectronsarenotboundtoparticularatoms.许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Manyofthemareorganiccompoundsthatarechemicallybasedoncarbon,hydrogen,andothernonmetallicelements;半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属，金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合材料）之间。Semiconductorshaveelectricalpropertiesthatareintermediatebetweentheelectricalconductors（viz.metalsandmetalalloys）andinsulators(viz.ceramicsandpolymers).生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。Thesematerialsmustnotproducetoxicsubstancesandmustbecompatiblewithbodytissues(i.e.,mustnotcauseadversebiologicalreactions).Unit3naked-eye肉眼，裸视transition-elements过度金属银元素mechanical-property力学性能atomic-number原子数elementary-chemistry元素化学positively-charged-protons正电荷质子Metalsbehavedifferentlythanceramics,andceramicsbehavedifferentlythanpolymers.金属的性质不同于陶瓷，陶瓷的性质也不同于聚合物。Theatomicstructureprimarilyaffectsthechemical,physical,thermal,electrical,magnetic,andopticalproperties.Themicrostructurecanalsoaffectthesepropertiesbuttheygenerallyhavealargereffectonmechanicalpropertiesandontherateofchemicalreaction.原子的结构主要影响化学，物理，热，电磁，光学性质，微观和宏观结构也能影响特性，但是他们通常影响力学性质和化学反应速率比较多。Thestrengthofmetalssuggestthattheseatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbonds.金属的强度表明这些原子强健组合在一起。Anelement’satomicnumberindicatethenumberofpositivelychargedprotonsinthenumcleus.Theatomicweightofanatomindicatehowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus元素的原子量表明原子核正电荷质子数，一个原子量表明原子核里的质子数和中子数.微观结构microstructure电荷平衡balancedelectricalcharged宏观结构macrostructure原子量atomicnumber化学反应chemical-reaction带正电子的原子核positively–chargednucleusThesesame100atomsformthousandsofdifferentsubstancerangingformtheairwebreathetothemetalusedtosupporttallbuildings从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上万种物质均是由100多种原子组成的Factsprovethatmetalatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbond.事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。Theatomicweightofanatomindicateshowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.原子核中质子和中子的量的总和就是原子量。微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观结构是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构Microstructure,whichincludesfeaturesthatcannotbeseenwiththenakedeye,butusingamicrostructure.Macrostructureincludesfeaturesthatcanbeseenwiththeneckedeye.Unit4Phasetransformationtemperatures相转变温度specificgravity比重Thermalconductivity热导率themeltingpoint熔点Theaccelerationofgravity重力加速度magneticpermeability磁导率Anobjectwillfloatinwaterifitsdensityislessthanthedensityofwaterandsinkifitsdensityisgreaterthanthatofwater.Similarly,anobjectwithspecificgravitylessthanonewillfloatandthosewithaspecificgravitygreaterthanonewillsink.假如一个物体的密度低于水，物体能够漂浮在水上；若大于水密度，物体沉在水里。相类似地，比重较低的能够漂浮，比重较大则沉下去。Materialsthatcausethelinesoffluxtomovefartherapart，resultinginadecreaseinmagneticfluxdensitycomparedwithavacuum,arecalleddiamagnetic.Materialsthatconcentratefluxbyafactorofmorethanonebutlessthanorequaltotenarecalledparamagnetic;materialsthatconcentratethefluxbyafactorofmorethantenarecalledferromagnetic.材料引起通量路线进一步分离，导致磁通量密度降低。相对于真空称为抗磁体。能够增强磁通量多余1不少于10倍称之为顺磁体；能够增强磁通量超过10倍的称之为铁磁体。Certainferromagneticmaterials，especiallypoweredorlaminatediron，steel，ornickelalloys,havethatcanrangeuptoabout1000000.Diamagneticmaterialshavelessthanone,butnoknownsubstancehasrelativepermeabilitymuchlessthanone.某一个铁磁性材料，尤其是粉末状或薄片状铁、钢、镍合金具有能够增大到1000000，抗磁性材料具有低于1，但是有未知物质相对磁通率低于1.Whenaparamagneticorferromagneticcoreisinsertedintoacoil,theinductanceismultipliedbycomparedwiththeinductanceofthesamecoilwithanaircore.当顺磁或铁磁物质被掺入线圈里，感应系数是增加相对于同类的感应线圈或空芯。相对密度relativedensity沸点boilingpoint磁感应magneticinduction热导率Thermalconductivity玻璃转变温度glasstransitiontemperature有色金属coloredmetal线性热膨胀系数linearcoefficientofthermalexpansion单位体积质量massperanyunitofvolume化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Propertiesthatdescribehowasubstancechangesintoacompletelydifferentsubstancearecalledchemicalproperties。相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phaseisaphysicalpropertyofmatterandmattercanexistinfourphases:soild,liquid,gasandplasma.当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子仍然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。Atsometemperaturebelowthemeltingpoint，theystarttolosetheircrystallinestructurebutthemoleculesremainlinkedinchains，whichresultsinasoftandpliablematerial.在工程材料中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。Inengineeringapplications,permeabilityisoftenexpressedinrelative,ratherthaninabsoluteterms.Unit5theservicelife使用寿命thelongitudinaldirection纵向thetransversedirection横向dynamicorcyclicloading动力载荷theinitiallengthofthematerial材料的原始长度elasticdeformation弹性变形plasticdeformation塑性变形localizeddeformation局部变形Themechanicalpropertiesofmetalsdeterminetherangeofusefulnessofamaterialandestablishtheservicelifethatcanbeexpected.金属力学性质取决于材料的系列有用性和建立的期望的使用寿命。Therefore,multipletestsarecommonlyconductedtodeterminemechanicalpropertiesandvaluesreportedcanbeanaveragevalueorcalculatedstatisticalminimumvalue.因此，多样的测试被做是为了确定力学性质，极点的数值可能是平均数或统计量最小数。Thewayamaterialisloadedgreatlyaffectsitsmechanicalpropertiesandlargelydetermineshow,orif,acomponentwillfail;andwhetheritwillshowwarningsignbeforefailureactuallyoccurs.材料负载很大程度上影响它的力学性质和极大的确定材料如何舍弃，也可展示一些警告信息，在失望发生之前。However,abarloadedinbendingwillhaveastressdistributionthatchangeswithdistanceperpendiculartothenormalaxis.然而，一个负载木棒，使其变弯曲将有一个压力分布伴随着轴的垂直距离而变化。Elasticdeformationonlyoccursinamaterialwhenstressesarelowerthanacriticalstresscalledtheyieldstrength.当压力低于临界压力称之为屈服强度，材料上可单性变化反应。实验样品testspecimen静负荷staticloading作用力appliedforce垂直轴thenormalaxis工程应变engineeringstrain临界应力thecriticalstress屈服强度theyieldstrength应力面积stressarea应力-应变曲线stressstraincurveNormally,temperaturesbelowroomtemperaturegenerallycauseandecreaseinstrengthpropertiesofmetallicalloys;whileductility,fracturetoughness,andelongationusuallyincrease.通常，温度低于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。Fromtheperspectiveofwhatishappeningwithinamaterial,stressistheinternaldistributionofwhatishappeningwithinamaterial,stressistheinternaldistributionofforceswithinabodythatbalanceandreacttotheloadsappliedtoit.从材料的角度来说，应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力，它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生互相作用。Engineeringstrainisdefindastheamountofdeformationinthedirectionoftheappliedforcedividedbytheinitiallengthofthematerial.工程应变可以定义为：所施加力方向的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。Amaterialwithhighstrengthandhighductilitywillhavemoretoughnessthanamaterialwithlowstrengthandhighductility.高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和低延展性的材料的韧性高。Unit6Siliconsinglecrystals单晶硅computedtomographyscan电子断层扫描Magneticresonanceimaging磁共振现象Themilitaryindustrialcomplex军事工业综合物Grossnationalhappiness国民幸福指数Theaveragepopulationgrowthrateoftheword世界人口平均增长率Withimpendingandburgeoningsocietalissuesaffectingthehumanconditiononourplant，theMSEcommunityhasaresponsibilityandanopportunitytotrulymakeadifferencebyaddressingtheneedsofthewordoftomorrow——needsinenergy，transportation，housing，food，recycling，andhealth随着各种影响人类生存环境的社会问题的快速发展和逼近，材料科学与工程协会有责任，也有机会改变未来世界的需要—包括能源、交通、住房、食物、循环利用及健康Populationisgrowingatmuchhigherratesinthelessdevelopedcountriesincomparisontotheaveragepopulationgrowthrateoftheword，whichis1.4%欠发达国家的人口增加速度高于世界平均水平1.4%。Projectionsarethatglobalenergyusewillgrowby1.7%annuallyuntil2025,whichisafasterratethantheworldpopulationgrowthrate据预测，直到2025年，全球能源消耗年增长率为1.7%，该数值超过世界人口增长率Moreover,averageenergyuseperpersonisstillmorethanninetimesgreaterindevelopedregionsthaninlessdevelopedregions.且发达地区的人均能源消耗是欠发达地区的九倍多国内生产总值grassdomesticproduct材料科学与过程materialscienceandengerning经济指数economicindex卫生保健sanitation国民生产总值grossnationalproduct人口增长率populationgrowthrate然而，随着时间的变化，人类的革命与创造力，工程师满足社会需求的能力很建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的however，somethingsthathavebeenconstantovertimearehumaninnovationandcreativity，engineer，sabilitytoaddresssocietalneeds，andtheentrepreneurialspiritofengineering我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化wehavewitnessedthere-shapingofourlivesthroughrevolutionsthathavetakenplaceinmedicine，telecommunications，andtransportationindustries18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水，几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施eighteenpercentoftheword’spopulationlacksaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandnearly40%hasnoaccesstosanitation材料与社会是相互联系的，并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件的全球社会问题存在密切的关系，这是唯一理性的看法materialsandsocietyareinterlinked，anditisonlyrationalthatweshouldseeacloserelationbetweentheMSEresearchagendaandsocietalissuesthataffectthehumanconditionontheglobeUnit7Conductionbands导带alkalimetals碱金属atomicradius原子半径overlapoforbitalenergies轨道能量重置theionslattice离子晶格solidsolution固溶体Inchemistry,ametalisdefinedasanelementthatreadilyloseselectronstoformpositiveionsandformsmetallicbondsbetweenothermetalatoms.在化学上，金属被定义为容易失去电子形成阳离子,而与其他金属原子形成金属键的元素。Thenondirectionalnatureofmetallicbondingisthoughttobetheprimaryreasonforthemalleabilityofmetal.人们认为，金属键的无方向性是金属延展性的根本原因。Crystalswithcovalentbondcanonlybedeformedbybreakingbetweenatoms,therebyresultinginfragmentationofthecrystal.只有当原子间成键断裂时共价键晶体才能发生形变。但和必然导致晶体结构的破坏。Alloysspeciallydesignedforhighlydemandingapplications,suchasjetengines,maycontainmorethantenelements.合金是针对高使用要求设计的，如飞机引擎，含有的元素可能超过十种。离域电子delocalizedelectrons电子结构electronicstructure碱土金属alkalimetals化学电池chemicalcell核电荷nuclearcharge导电性electronicalconductivity金属被描述为被游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。Metalssometimesdescribedaslatticeofpositiveionssurroundedbyacloudofdelocalizedelectrons.通常的，金属具有良好的导电性和导热性，具有金属光泽，密度较大，并且具有在压力变形下不会断裂的能力。Metalsingeneralhavesuperiorelectricandthermalconductivity,highlusteranddensity,andtheabilitytobedeformedunderstresswithoutcleaving.合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物其中主要组分为金属。Analloyisamixtureoftwoormoreelementsinsolidsolutioninwhichthemajorcomponentisametal.不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质从而产生所需要的性能。Combiningdifferentratiosofmetalsasalloysmodifiesthepropertiesofpuremetalstoproducedesirablecharacteristics.Unit8Unit9Unit10Thepurificationofrawmaterials净化原材料long-chainalkanemolecules长链烷烃分子glassbeaker玻璃烧杯viscousliquid粘性液体sparkpluginsulator火花塞绝缘子glassceramics玻璃陶瓷computer-assistedprocesscontrol计算机辅助工艺控制surfaceanalyticalmethods表面分析方法Wewilllookatsomepropertiesandseehowcloselytheymatchourexpectationsofwhatconstitutesaceramic.我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。2.Athightemperatures(abovetheglasstransitiontemperature),glassnolongerbehavesinabrittlemanner;itbehavesasaviscousliquid.在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而表现为粘稠液体。3.Theyexhibitsuperiormechanicalproperties,corrosion/oxidationresistance,orelectrical,optical,and/ormagneticproperties.它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或电学、光学抑或是磁学性能。4.Whiletraditionalclay-basedceramicshavebeenusedforover25000years,advancedceramicshavegenerallybeendevelopedwithinthelast100years.一般认为，先进是最近100年才发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。5.环境转变温度theglasstransitiontemperature离子共价键ionic-covalentbond应力分布Stressdistribution热膨胀系数coefficientofthermalexpansion玻璃纤维Glassopticalfibre材料科学与工程materialsscienceandengineering固体氧化物燃料电池Solid-oxidefuelcells电子显微镜electronmicroscopy6.作为陶瓷的金刚石是所知的材料中具有最高导热性的材料。Diamond,whichisclassifiedasaceramic,hasthehighestthermalconductivityofanyknownmaterial.7.陶瓷的压缩强度大于拉伸强度，而金属的压缩强度与拉伸强度相当。Ceramicarestrongerincompressionthanintension,whereasmetalshavecomparabletensileandcompressivestrength.8.尽管陶瓷与复合材料结合可以显著地改善陶瓷的韧性，但是在通常情况下陶瓷的韧性比较差。Ceramicsgenerallyhavelowtoughness,althoughcombiningthemincompositescandramaticallyimprovethisproperty.9.陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学组成和微观结构，正式这些化学组成与微观结构决定着它们的性能。Thefunctionsofceramicproductsaredependentontheirchemicalcompositionandmicrostructure,whichdeterminestheirproperties.Unit11theelectronconfiguration电子构型polycrystallineceramics多晶体陶瓷theoxygencontent氧含量theoxidecoating氧化物涂层theelectronbeam电子束electricalinsulators电气绝缘体theindustrialrisks工业风险upperrespiratorytract上呼吸道1.Thefieldofmaterialsscienceandengineeringisoftendefinedbytheinterrelationshipbetweenfourtopics—synthesisandprocessing,structureandcomposition,properties,andperformance.材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。2．Notonlyperfectlatticesandidealstructureshavetobeconsideredbutalsothepresenceofstructuraldefectsthatareunavoidableinallmaterials,eventheamorphousones.我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定形的。3.Reductioninporositymaybeachievedbyhotpressingtoensureahigh-densityproduct.通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。4.Whenshippingthematerial,themanufacturersuppliesinformationonthehazardsassociatedwiththeirproduct.在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。5.结晶陶瓷crystallineceramics晶粒边界grainboundary碱性金属氧化物Alkalineearthoxide氧化物添加剂oxideadditive三相点Triplepoint饱和磁化强度saturationmagnetization电视显像管Televisiontube颜色标度thecolorscale想要了解任一材料的行为与性能，有必要先了解它的结构。Tounderstandthebehaviorandpropertiesofanymaterial,itisessentialtounderstanditsstructure.晶粒尺寸是由初始粉体颗粒的大小和它们的凝结方式所决定的。Thegrainsizeisdeterminedbythesizeoftheinitialpowderparticlesandthewayinwhichtheywereconsolidated.透明与半透明陶瓷需要限制由气孔和二相粒子引起的光的散射。Transparentortranslucentceramicsrequirethatwelimitthescatteringoflightbyporesandsecond-phaseparticles.因为氧化铝陶瓷具有高电阻率和低介电常数，所以它可以用作电的绝缘体。Aluminaceramicsareusedaselectricalinsulatorsbecauseoftheiehighelectricalresistivityandlowdielectricconstant.Unit13Polymersynthesis聚合物合成naturalpolymermaterials天然高分子材料monomeridentity单体身份biologicalsynthesis生物合成chainlength链长度persistencelength持续长度1.While“polymer”inpopularusagesuggests“plastic”,thetermactuallyreferstoalargeclassofnaturalandsyntheticmaterialswithavarietyofpropertiesandpurposes.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料。2.Polymersynthesisistheprocessofcombiningmanysmallmoleculesknownasmonomersintoacovalentlybondedchain.聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。3.Abranchedpolymermoleculeiscomposedofamainchainwithoneormoresubstituentsidechainsorbranches.Specialtypesofbranchedpolymersincludestarpolymers,combpolymers,andbrushpolymer.支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。4.Somebiologicalpolymersarecomposedofavarietyofdifferentbutstructurallyrelatedmonomers,suchaspolynucleotidescomposedofnucleotidesubunits.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。5.余辉长度persistencelength交叉结合cross-link极性单体Polarmonomer核酸nucleicacid聚合反应Polymerization高分子电解质polyelectrolyte现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。Mostcommerciallyimportantpolymerstodayareentirelysyntheticandproducedinhighvolume,onappropriatelyscaledorganicsynthetictechniques.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却相关的单体，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷酸组成的。Somebiologicalpolymersarecomposedofavarietyofdifferentbutstructurallyrelatedmonomers,suchaspolynucleotidescomposedofnucleotidesbunits.具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。Apolymermoleculewithahighdegreeofcrosslinkingisreferredtoasapolymernetwork.聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合程度来表示，本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。Inpolymers,however,themolecularmassmaybeexpressedintermsofdegreeofpolymerization,essentiallythenumberofmonomerunitswhichcomprisethepolymer.Unit19nanostructuredmaterials纳米材料结构fabricationprocess制造工艺thesurfacetovolumeratio比表面积nanoscale纳米量级sphereradius球面半径optoelectronicdevice光电装置theBurgersvector伯格斯矢量pinningpoint钉扎点1Mostbiomoleculesandotherbioentitiesareofnanometersize;thusthenanoscaleprovidesthebestopportunitytostudysuchbio-entitiesandtheir