财政学外部性

财政学外部性第一页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第1页，共23页。ExternalitiesExternality–AnactivityononeentitythataffectsthewelfareofanotherentityinawaythatisoutsidethemarketmechanismNotanExternality–suburban-urbanmigrationexample第二页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第2页，共23页。TheNatureofExternalitiesPrivately-ownedversuscommonly-ownedresourcesExternalitiescanbeproducedbyconsumersaswellasfirmsExternalitiesarereciprocalinnatureExternalitiescanbepositivePublicgoodscanbeviewedasaspecialkindofexternality第三页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第3页，共23页。TheNatureofExternalities-GraphicalAnalysisQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*ActualoutputSociallyefficientoutputabcdfegh第四页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第4页，共23页。WhatPollutantsDoHarm?EmpiricalEvidence:WhatistheEffectofPollutiononHealth?WhatActivitiesProducePollutants?WhatistheValueoftheDamageDone?EmpiricalEvidence:TheEffectofAirPollutiononHousingValues第五页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第5页，共23页。BargainingandtheCoaseTheoremQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*cdgh第六页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第6页，共23页。TheCoaseTheoremCoaseTheorem–Providedthattransactioncastsarenegligible,anefficientsolutiontoanexternalityproblemisachievedaslongassomeoneisassignedpropertyrights,independentofwhoisassignedthoserightsAssumptionsnecessaryforCoaseTheoremtoworkThecoststothepartiesofbargainingarelowTheownersofresourcescanidentifythesourceofdamagestotheirpropertyandlegallypreventdamages第七页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第7页，共23页。OtherPrivateSolutionsMergersSocialconventions第八页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第8页，共23页。PublicResponsestoExternalities-TaxesQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*cd(MPC+cd)Pigouvian

taxrevenuesij第九页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第9页，共23页。PublicResponsestoExternalities-SubsidiesQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*cd(MPC+cd)ijgkhfePigouvian

subsidy第十页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第10页，共23页。PublicResponsestoExternalities-EmissionsFee0PollutionreductionMSBMCe*f*$第十一页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第11页，共23页。EmissionsFeesContinued-

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pollution

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$5010ab第十三页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第13页，共23页。Cap-and-Tradevs.EmissionsFee0PollutionreductionMSBMC*e*f*$MC’efe’ToomuchpollutionreductionToolittlepollutionreduction第十四页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第14页，共23页。Cap-and-TradevEmissionsFee0PollutionreductionMC*e*f*$MC’efe’MSBToomuchpollutionreductionToolittlepollutionreduction第十五页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第15页，共23页。EmissionsFeevCap-and-TradeResponsivenesstoInflationResponsivenesstoCostChangesResponsivenesstoUncertaintyDistributionalEffectsEmissionsfeeCap-and-TradePolicyPerspective:AddressingClimateChange第十六页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第16页，共23页。Command-and-ControlRegulationIncentive-basedregulationsCommand-and-controlregulationsTechnologystandardPerformancestandardIscommand-and-controleverbetter?Hotspots第十七页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第17页，共23页。TheU.S.ResponseCleanAirAct1970amendmentsCommand-and-controlinthe70sHowwelldiditwork?第十八页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第18页，共23页。ProgresswithIncentive-BasedApproachesPolicyPerspective:Cap-and-TradeforSulfurDioxide第十九页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第19页，共23页。ImplicationsforIncomeDistributionWhoBenefits?WhoBearstheCost?第二十页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第20页，共23页。PositiveExternalitiesResearch

peryear$MPBMCMEBMSB=MPB+MEBR*R1第二十一页，编辑于星期日：三点五十五分。第21页，共23页。ACautionaryNo