【高分复习笔记】学位王考研笔记英语一

目录

简介

目录

第一部分真题篇

2015年全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

2015年全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题全解精析

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题全解精析

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题全解精析

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题全解精析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

2011年全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题全解精析

2010年全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题全解精析

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题全解精析

第二部分模拟预测篇

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）预测试卷一

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）预测试卷一全解精析

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）预测试卷二

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）预测试卷二全解精析

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）预测试卷三

第一部分真题篇

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,

B;CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points]

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related"asfourthcousins,sharing

about1%ofgenes.Thatis_l_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale

UniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has_2_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_3_1,932uniquesubjectswhich

_4_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedin

both_5_.

While1%mayseem_6_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorof

medicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,"Mostpeopledonoteven_7_theirfourthcousins

butsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_8_ourkin.”

Thestudy_9_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnot

genesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,for

now,_10-astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore-lljt.

Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_12_usinchoosinggenetically

similarfriends_13_HfunctionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith_14_!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobe

evolution_15_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_16_whyhumanevolutionpicked

paceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_17_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's_18_tobefriendthoseof

similar_19_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_20_thatallsubjects,friendsand

strangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected

5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know

8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits

15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”

ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro­

electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisis

suggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallfor

allEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublic

opinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,

monarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs,continuing

popularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch­

infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra].

ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshave

survivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbut

respectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityas

theyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodies

outdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyand

othereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinherited

wealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartof

moderndemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.

Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters].Evenso,

thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusiveness

makesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimeto

come,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothan

expensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedto

understandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-

controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistory

shows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.

21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals"havemosttofear"becauseCharles

[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwill

nowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrant

ifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethat

upsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspects

atthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsof

newandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughofthe

implicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovide

updatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontents

ofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,rifling

throughasuspectspurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourth

Amendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithouta

warrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmart

phonemaycontainanarrestee'sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryand

comprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing/

meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitive

informationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhave

arighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution's

prohibitiononunreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.

Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearch

throughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhen

facingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensure

thatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,

maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomore

freedom.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptive

technologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.Orin

Kerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe

21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe

20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassenger

carthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

[A]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[B]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[C]checksuspects*phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

[A]disapproval.

[B]indifference.

[C]tolerance.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.

[B]handlingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone'swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]citizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.

[D]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

[B]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

[C]California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-review

process,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilarefforts

fromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisare

contributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,“writes

McNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhas

appointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwill

beflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal'sinternaleditors,orbyitsexisting

BoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfind

externalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"The

creationofthe"statisticsboard'wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationof

statisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldriveto

increasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish//

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,a

memberoftheSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisory

role."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentofthe

SBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybe

throughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupof

publishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience/1

Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis

“amostwelcomestepforward"and"longoverdue//"Mostjournalsareweakinstatistical

review,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityof

scientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview/1hesays.

ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournalof

theAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrors

arealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.

Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalso

takeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocan

verifytheprocess11.VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians”has

somemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify

"thepapersthatneedscrutiny*inthefirstplace11.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewprocess.

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32.Thephrase“flaggedupn(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.

[B]marked.

[C]revised.

[D]stored.

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers.

[B]meetwithstrongopposition.

[C]increaseScience'scirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals.

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

[A]addstoresearchers'workload.

[B]diminishestheroleofreviewers.

[C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.

[B]ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors,Desks

[D]StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe''unsettlingdearth

ofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions"Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,because

ofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism“insocietyshouldbeprofitand

themarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,not

profit

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceof

purpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneof

themostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom/1Thissameabsenceofmoralpurpose

waswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikely

thatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,

AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,

innocentofthesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,

Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingon

anindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsof

theWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislong

storystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuch

widespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneofthe

astonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninher

newsroom,wowlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthe

storiesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbe

sosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanism

ofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,

shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,

circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,

proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereader

understandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwasto

ruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehad

suspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gaveno

instructions—norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies,financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdeference

[A]revealedacunningpersonality

[B]centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing

[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

[A]generallydistortedvalues

[B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle

[D]arigidmoralcote

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[B]Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.

[C]Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.

[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseof

identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,

drawingonyourexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)youbegintoinfera

contextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventis

involved:whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.But

theyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagement

inferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyouto

graspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeach

reader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthat

canbereadoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.

(43)_______

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)Thisdoesn't,

however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereaders

fromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbut

overlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewith

fundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocial

discussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestin

readingit.(45)suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthe

bookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactof

reading.Itdoesn'tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvanced

ormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,and

actasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymake

upthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracyorrelationshiptoyoursurrounding

textualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilsthe

requirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?

Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadingina

seminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,

ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametime

obscureorevencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingclues

presentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmake

amentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygiven

sentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybesignificantto

you,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhich

theauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedby

theauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwe

mightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningwe

perceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvarious

kindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,

atideofemigration—oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropeto

America.46]Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanation

outofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanuncharted

continent.

47]TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces・theimmigrationof

Europeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandthe

impactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasa

projectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,

Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattempted

totransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.

48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthe

variednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-world

waysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualand

atfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughit

resembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.

49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnited

StatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and16th-century

explorationsofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeen

establishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorth

Americacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-week

voyage,theysubsistedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipwerelost

instorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.

Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoften