2023年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题（

）excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.问题1选项A.TheoreticallyB.PresumablyC.IncrediblyD.Practically2.单选题Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone’smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergytogrowth,reproduction,maintenance,andstorage.Nochoiceisinvolved;thisallocationcomesaspartofthegeneticpackagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbodydesignofanorganismisrelativelyconstant.Storageisimportant,butultimatelythatenergywillbeusedformaintenance,reproduction,orgrowth.Thereforetheprincipaldifferencesinenergyallocationarelikelytobebetweengrowthandreproduction.Almostallofanorganism’senergycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withverylittleallocatedtobuildingthebody.Organismsatthisextremeare“opportunists.”Attheotherextremeare“competitors,”almostallofwhoseresourcesareinvestedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedtoreproduction.Dandelionsaregoodexamplesofopportunists.Theirseedheadsraisedjusthighenoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthantheyneedbe,theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,aminimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebodythatbecomesaplatformforseeddispersal.Theseveryshort-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosaytheyprovideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwillspringupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbigbodies,theycannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace,water,orsunlight.Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds’fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,suchasalonganerodingriverbank,onlandslips,orwhereatreefallsandcreatesagapintheforestcanopy.Opportunistsmustconstantlyinvadenewareastocompensateforbeingdisplacedbymorecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbaresoilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationbyopportunists.Hence,manyofthestronglyopportunisticplantsarethecommonweedsoffieldsandgardens.Becauseeachindividualisshort-lived,thepopulationofanopportunistspeciesislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbydrought,badwinters,orfloods.Iftheirpopulationistrackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularlyunstable―soaringandplummetinginirregularcycles.Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.Theleavesofanoaktreetastefoulbecausetheyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibletomanyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialtolongevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdroughtandevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,anditssurvivalislikelytodependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresofcompetitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.1.Inparagraph1,theauthorexplainstheconceptofenergyexpenditureby（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas“opportunists”or“competitors”isdeterminedby（

）.3.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributingtothelongevityofanoaktreeEXCEPT（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,oaktreesareconsideredcompetitorsbecause（

）.

5.Inparagraph7,theauthorsuggeststhatmostspeciesoforganisms（

）.问题1选项A.identifyingtypesoforganismsthatbecameextinctB.comparingthescientificconcepttoafamiliarhumanexperienceC.arguingthatmostorganismsconserveratherthanexpendenergyD.describingtheprocessesofgrowth,reproduction,andmetabolism问题2选项A.howthegeneticinformationofanorganismisstoredandmaintainedB.thewayinwhichtheorganisminvestsitsenergyresourcesC.whethertheclimateinwhichtheorganismlivesismildorextremeD.thevarietyofnaturalresourcestheorganismconsumesinitsenvironment问题3选项A.thecapacitytocreateshadeB.leavescontainingtanninC.theabilitytowithstandmilddroughtsandfireD.thelargenumberofacornsthetreeproduces问题4选项A.theygrowinareasfreeofopportunistsB.theyspendmoreenergyontheirleaves,trunksandrootsthanontheiracornsC.theirpopulationtendstoincreaseordecreaseinirregularcyclesD.unlikeotherorganisms,theydonotneedmuchwaterorsunlight问题5选项A.areprimarilyopportunistsB.areprimarilycompetitorsC.beginasopportunistsandevolveintocompetitorsD.havesomecharacteristicsofopportunistsandsomeofcompetitors3.单选题Calculusdoesnothavetobemadeeasy—itiseasyalready.ThatbannerusedtogracetheLosAngelesclassroomofsomeoneoncecalledthebestteacherinAmerica.JaimeEscalante,theunconventionalcalculusteacherwhowasdepictedbyEdwardJamesOlmosinthe1988filmStandandDeliver,diedlastyearofcancerattheageof79.Halfayearafterhisdeath,theObamaadministrationweighedinonthestateofscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics（STEM）educationinthiscountry.Thereport,“PrepareandInspire,”reviewedthesoberingstatisticsabouthowourK-12schoolssufferbycomparisontotheircounterpartsinotherdevelopednations.Itcalledforrecruitingandtraining100,000STEMteachers.Butachievingthesegoalsisnotgoingtobeeasy.Thereportnotedthat25,000STEMteachersleavetheworkforceeveryyear,mostlybecauseofdisgruntlementwiththeirjobsandlackofprofessionalsupport.Toattractandretainenoughscienceandmathteachers,itwillrequireanelevationintheirstatusandathoroughrevamping（翻新）ofattitudestowardtheentireprofession.Theonus（责任）toimproveschoolsshouldbeonfederal,stateandlocaleducationalstrategists.Thefirststepshouldbetotapthestrengthsoftheexistingteachingpool.Wemustidentifytoday’sEscalante—thetop5percentofthenation’sSTEMteachers—and,asrecommendedintheadministrationreport,inductthemintoaSTEMmasterteacherscorpsthatwouldreceivesalarysupplementsandfederalfundingtosupporttheiractivities.Second,weneedtogiveallteachersthetoolstheyneed.WeshouldformtheequivalentofanAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencytohelpdevelopeducationaltechnologies,including“deeplydigital”instructionalmaterialsthatencourageactiveparticipation.Finally,weshouldshiftouremphasisfromstandardstoimplementation.Developingnewstandardsdoeshavearole,butitisthedifficultyofputtingthemintopractice,giventheday-to-daypressuresthatteachersareunder.TomeetallthegoalssetbytheWhiteHousereportwouldrequireanextra$1billioneachyear.Againstthenearly$600billionspentannuallyforpubliceducation,itisnotahugesum.Still,withlocaldistrictsfacedwithdecliningtaxrevenuesandunfundedmandates,someofthemoneywillhavetocomefromthefederalgovernment.Thatgoesagainstthegrainduringatimewhenteachers’salariesandbenefitsarebeingcut.Yetthecostsofdoingnothingareamatterofsimplecalculus.IfwedonotimproveSTEMeducation,theU.S.willcontinueadecades-longslidefromthemiddleofthepackinstudentachievementtowardtheverybottom.1.TheexampleofJaimeEscalanteiscitedtoshow（

）.2.TheauthorcomesupwiththefollowingsolutionsEXCEPT（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredthatthebiggestbarriertotheeducationreformliesin（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,“...thecostsofdoingnothingareamatterofsimplecalculus”meansthat（

）.问题1选项A.thelackofSTEMteachersB.theinfluenceofgoodteachersC.thedifficultytobeateacherD.society’srespecttoteachers问题2选项A.attractingtalentedteacherstoSTEMeducationB.grantingspecialallowancestotopteachersC.improvingauxiliarymaterialsforteachersD.elevatingsocialandeconomicpositionsofteachers问题3选项A.thefederalgovernmentB.lacksocialsupportC.economichardshipsD.greatlossofteachers问题4选项A.it’snevertoolatetodosomethingB.calculuscanbesimpleC.costsisnoteasytocalculateD.educationreformisimperative4.单选题Thewordscienceisheardsoofteninmoderntimesthatalmosteverybodyhassomenotionofitsmeaning.Ontheotherhand,itsdefinitionisdifficultformanypeople.Themeaningofthetermisconfused,buteveryoneshouldunderstanditsmeaningandobjectives.Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).Eveninthetruesciencesdistinguishingfactfromfictionisnotalwayseasy.Forthisreasongreatcareshouldbetakentodistinguishbetweenbeliefsandtruths.Thereisnodangeraslongasacleardifferenceismadebetweentemporaryandprovedexplanations.Forexample,hypothesesandtheoriesareattemptstoexplainnaturalphenomena.Fromthesepositionsthescientistcontinuestoexperimentandobserveuntiltheyareprovedordiscredited.Theexactstatusofanyexplanationshouldbeclearlylabeledtoavoidconfusion.Theobjectivesofscienceareprimarilythediscoveryandthesubsequentunderstandingoftheunknown.Mancannotbesatisfiedwithrecognizingthatsecretsexistinnatureorthatquestionsareunanswerable,hemustsolvethem.Towardthatendspecialistsinthefieldofbiologyandrelatedfieldsofinterestaredirectingmuchoftheirtimeandenergy.Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisaimedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes,forinstance,improvinghealth,raisingstandardsofliving,orcreatingnewconsumerproducts.Inthiscaseknowledgeisputtoeconomicuse.Suchanapproachisreferredtoasappliedscience.Sometimespractical-mindedpeoplemissthepointofpurescienceinthinkingonlyofitsimmediateapplicationforeconomicrewards.Chemistsresponsibleformanyofthediscoveriescouldhardlyhaveanticipatedthattheirfindingswouldonedayresultinapplicationsofsuchapracticalnatureasthosedirectlyrelatedtolifeanddeath.Thediscoveryofonebitofinformationopensthedoortothediscoveryofanother.Somediscoveriesseemsosimplethatoneisamazedtheywerenotmadeyearsago,howeveroneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries,theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.1.Todefinesciencewemaysimplycallit（

）.2.Purescience,leadingtotheconstructionofamicroscope,

（

）.

3.Ascientistinterestedinaddingtoourgeneralknowledgeaboutoxygenwouldprobablycallhisapproach（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorimply?5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis（

）.问题1选项A.thestudyofunrelatedsubjectsB.anattempttoexplainnaturalphenomenaC.thestudyofunrelatedfieldsD.classifiedknowledge问题2选项A.Mayleadtoantiscientific,“impure”resultsB.necessarilyprecedesappliedscience,leadingtothediscoveryofacellC.isnotalwaysaspureaswesupposeD.necessarilyresultsfromappliedscienceandthediscoveryofacell问题3选项A.appliedscienceB.agriculturalscienceC.purescienceD.environmentalscience问题4选项A.Scientistsengagedintheoreticalresearchshouldnotbeblamedforignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries.B.Todayfewpeoplehaveanynotionsofthemeaningofscience.C.Inscience,itisnotdifficulttodistinguishfactfromfiction.D.Practical-mindedpeoplecanunderstandthemeaningandobjectivesofpurescience.问题5选项A.TheNatureofScienceandScientistsB.BiologyandtheScientificAgeC.HypothesesandTheoriesD.OnDistinguishingFactfromFiction5.单选题Inspiteofmyrepeatedapologies,sheneverforgavemeformy（

）herprivateaffairs.问题1选项A.potentialforB.expertiseofC.intrusionintoD.injectioninto6.单选题Manyofthelocalresidentslefthomesto（

）thedangerofflooding.问题1选项A.encounterB.encloseC.shakeoffD.wardoff7.单选题Oneofthewrongnotionsaboutscienceisthatmanyscientificdiscoverieshavecomeabout（

）.问题1选项A.accordinglyB.accidentallyC.artificiallyD.additionally8.单选题Onestudentafteranother（

）uptoanswertheteacher’squestions.问题1选项A.standB.standsC.standingD.tostand9.单选题Thenewspaperdidnotmentionthe（

）ofthedamagecausedbythefire.问题1选项A.rangeB.levelC.extentD.quality10.单选题Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?AllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity'ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat—orevenonlysomewhatoverweight—isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,manyhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—thanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.1.Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat（

）.2.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor（

）.

3.Inhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight（

）.

4.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness（

）.

5.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?问题1选项A.theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtueB.lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortuneC.beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityD.religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous问题2选项A.hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifeB.couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackC.hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelativesD.hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes问题3选项A.werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefsB.changedfromtimetotimeC.variedbetweenthepoorandtherichD.ledtodifferentmoralstandards问题4选项A.fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectiveB.fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewC.fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointD.inthelightofmoralprinciples问题5选项A.Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.B.Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.C.Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.D.Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.11.单选题ThelawexistsineverycivilizedsocietysothatGovernments,therichandthepowerfulcannot（

）theirposition.问题1选项A.abuseB.eradicateC.legalizeD.threaten12.单选题Thestructureoftheglobaleconomy（

）thatdevelopingcountriesputalltheireffortsintoraisingcash—usuallybyexportingwhatevervirginresourcestheindustrialworldmightdesire.问题1选项A.dictatesB.regulatesC.allowsD.appeals13.单选题Incourt,theaccusedmanclaimedthathewasinnocent,sayingthathehadbeen（

）.问题1选项A.betrayedB.deceivedC.framedD.defrauded14.单选题Ifwedon’tstopflirtingwiththosedeathlynuclearweapons,thewholeglobewillbe（

）.问题1选项A.contaminatedB.pollutedC.annihilatedD.invaded15.单选题CrowdcontrolcouldsoonbecomeacrucialskillforclimbersonMountEverest,asimportantasphysicalstrengthorwatchingtheweather.Inasingledaylastweek,nearly40peoplereachedthetopoftheworld—arecord.Reportssentbysatellitetelephonefrombasecampspokeofqueuesatdangerousridgesandcrowdedaspeoplepassedeachotherinthefinaldashforthe8,848meters(29,129ft)summit.Moretraditionalmountaineerssneer(嘲笑)atthecircusatmospheresurroundingEverestinrecentyears,andtherearewarningsthatthecrowdsaremakingthemountainmoredangerous.Overcrowdinghasalreadytakenitstoll.In1996,14diedonthemountainwhenthemembersofseveralexpeditionsweretrappedathighaltitudesbysuddensnowstorm.BadweatherinearlyMayledtothisyear’sjamonthesummitridge,butthetoll,luckily,waslight.Justfourclimbersdied,includingaNepaliSherpawhohadmade11previoussuccessfulclimbing.Traditionalistsarealsoworriedaboutthegrowingtendencyofexpeditionstosetrecordsandachieve“firsts”,ratherthansimplyclimbthemountain.Thisyear’scropofsummiteersincludedtheoldestman,64-year-oIdShermanBullfromConnecticut,andtheyoungest:16-year-oldTembaTsheriSherpaofNepal.AnAmericanwithonlyonearmwasonthemountainthisyear;anIndianwithnolegsalsotriedbuttonoavail.Inthemostspectacularfeat,ErikWeihenmeyer,anAmerican,becamethefirstblindpersontoreachthetopoftheworld.Hisfellowclimbersstayedinfrontofhimonthewayup,describingtheterrainandringingbells.NepalviewsMountEverestassomethingofacashcow;thegovernmentchargesexpeditionsaminimumof$70,000.ThatisprobablywhyofficialsinKatmanduareignoringconcernsaboutovercrowdingandtalkingaboutevenmoreclimberscomingnextyear.Butacelebrationofthe48thanniversaryofthefirstconquestofEverest,bySirEdmundHillaryandSherpaTenzingNorgay,wascancelledafterviolentstrikes,calledbytheCommunistopposition.Retuningclimberswhothoughttheirchallengewasoverhadtowalkfromhoteltoairportsotheycouldflyhometotheusualtriumphalwelcome.TumultuousNepalipolitics,itseems,couldbejustthecrowd-controlmeasurethatEverestneeds.1.WhatisimportanttoclimbersonMountEverest?2.Moreaccidentshavehappenedinrecentyearsdueto（

）.3.Severalsummiteersarementionedinthethirdparagraphtoshow（

）.

4.TheattitudeoftheNepaligovernmenttowardthecircusatmosphereis（

）.

5.AnanniversarycelebrationofthefirstconquestofEverestwascancelleddueto（

）.问题1选项A.Watchingtheweather.B.Makingafinaldash.C.Psychologicaladjustment.D.Groupmanagement.问题2选项A.badgeographicalconditionsB.carelessnessoftheclimbersC.overcrowdingD.snowstorms问题3选项A.theircourageB.theirdiversityC.theirgreatachievementsD.theircommonmotivation问题4选项A.indifferentB.welcomingC.worriedD.concerned问题5选项A.overcrowdingB.politicalreasonsC.thereturningoftheclimbersD.thelackofcrowd-controlmeasure16.单选题Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andPlexiglasweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexceptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.2.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?4.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?5.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’smainpoint?问题1选项A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearchB.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustryC.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovationD.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness问题2选项A.wereproducedlargelyasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopmentB.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustriesC.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteamsD.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates问题3选项A.Expendituresforvariousaspectsofresearcharelisted.B.Reasonsforsupportingmonopolisticpoweraregivenandthenquestioned.C.Argumentsarepresentedforminimizingcompetitivebiddingforresearch.D.Resourcesnecessaryforresearcharedefined.问题4选项A.Monopolisticpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.D.Firmswithasmallshareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.问题5选项A.Inthelastdecade,conglomerateshavesignificantlyincreasedtheirresearchbudgetsfordefensetechnology.B.Taxrestructuringpermitssmallerfirmstowriteoffalargerpercentageofprofitsagainstresearch.C.Aten-yearstudyoftheextentofresourcesdevotedtoresearchbysmallerenterprisesrevealsasteadydecline.D.Militaryresearchisbeingdirectedmoreextensivelytospacetechnologythantoshort-rangemissiles.17.单选题Atallagesandatallstagesoflife,fearpresentsaproblemtoalmosteveryone.“Wearelargelytheplaythingsofourfears,