非谓语动词专题讲解

非谓语：（不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。）不定式与动名词做主语动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般习惯的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例句：ReadingEnglishisreallyagreatfun.<这里不强调看一次，看两次……表示的是一般性的行为>Toreadenglishthismorningwilltakemostofmytime.<这里用不定式表示一次具体的行为>2.形式主语it的运用:1).不定式做主语,谓语用单数。往往用it做形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。例句：Tofinishthejobtookustwohours.Ittookustwohourstofinishthejob.（注：在不定式做主语的被动语态句子中，必须用形式主语it.）例句:itwasdecidedtogoforapicnictomorrow.2).Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词构成系表结构时，用of,否则用for.例句：It’sveryniceofyoutohelpus.<此时，不定时的逻辑主语是you，adj.是nice,二者构成系表结构，即可以说youarenice.此时应该用of>It’simpossibleforustodefeattheboss.<此时就不能说weareimpossible.因此应该用for>3).用动名词做主语的句型：Itis/wasnogood(use,useless,fun)+doingsth.It’sworthwhiledoing例句：It’snousecryoverspiltmilk.覆水难收(it用法远不止这几个后面会有补充)3.成分对称：主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，应保持形式上一致。例句：Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实4.Therebeno+ving例句：Thereisnoparkingaroundhere.Nosmoking,please.练习题Itishard_________hismind.(tochange)Itisfun__________withaforeignman.(talking)Thereisno________whatwillhappen.(telling)Ilike_________thisnovelthismorning.(toread)二：做表语1.不定式做表语表具体个别的动作或有将来的含义。例句：Mywishistobecomeafamouswriter.2、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征,表主动（interesting,amusing,disappointing,puzzling,exciting等）；进行时表示正在进行的动作。例句：iamteachingthechildtoswimwhenyoupassedby.Thestoryisamusing.(令人....的)3.过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。例句：Theshopisclosed.<表状态>Thedoorwasclosedbythewind.<表被动>4.注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：其实这些都是使役动词。interest，surprise，frighten，excite，tire，please，puzzle，satisfy，amuse，disappoint，inspire，worry.Thebookisinteresting.Thenewsissurprising.Thestoryisfritenting.Heisfritented.Afterhearingtheexcitingnews,hegaveaspeechinanexcitedvoice.练习题Theproblemis_____（puzzling）Thevillageis_______bymountains.(surrounded)Sheis________atthenews.(surprised)三：做宾语1只能用动名词做宾语的动词<口诀>a考虑建议盼原谅…cosidersuggest/adviselookforwardtodoingexcuse/pardenb承认推辞没得想…admitdelay/putofffancyc避免错过继续练…avoidmisskeep/keeponpracticee否认完成就欣赏…denyfinishenjoy/appreciatef禁止想象才冒险…forbidimagineriskg不禁介意准逃亡…can’thelpmindallow/permitescape此外：beusedto/leadto/devoteto/gobackto/objectto/getdoneto/payattentionto/can’tstand/giveup/feellike/insiston/thankyoufor/apologizefor/bebusy(in)havedifficulty、troublein//haveagood/wonderful/hardtimein//spendtimein等动词词组后面也加doing。2.跟动名词或不定式做宾语，有区别的。1).like,love,prefer后接动名词，表经常性的行为；接不定式，表具体的某次行为。如前有would/should，则后接不定式。但feellike只接动名词做宾语。例句：Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimthisafternoon.2).在allow,advise,forbid,permit后，如后有名词或代词做宾语，则用不定式做宾补。即allow,advise,forbid,permit+doingsth./sb.todosth.例句：Wedon’tallowsmokinginthehall.Weallowyoutosmokehere.3).当need,require,want做“需要”讲时，其后必接tobedone(被动态)或ving（此时ving也表被动意义），表事情需要被做。want/need/require＋动名词主动式=want/need/require＋不定式被动式即need/want/require(需要)+tobedone/doing/sb.todosth例句：Thewindowneeds/want/requirestobecleaned/cleaning.4).worth后必须接动名词主动形式表被动。即beworth+名词/doingAtthatmomentIsawhim______(cross)theroad.Iwasgladtoseethechildrenwell______(take)careof.Acookwillbeimmediaelyfiredifheisfound______(smoke)inthekichen.Hewentawaywithoutsayinganything,______(leave)us______(stand)outside.Mr.Brownwasmuchdisappointedtosethewashingmachineshehad_____(repair)wentwrongagain.Iwonderifthisisthecomputeryouwanttohaveit______(repair).Children’sbeingaddictedtotheInternetgetstheirparents_______(worry)Atthattime,Ifoundhim____(cry)inthestreet。五：做定语1.不定式做定语1).做定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，后要加相应的介词。Eg:TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.注：如不定式修饰的名词是time,place或way时，其后介词省去。Eg:Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in)2.不定式做定语的几种情况。1).不定式表将来Eg:Thecartobeboughtisforhissister.2).用来修饰被序数词，最高级，或no,all,any等限定的中心词。Eg:Hewasthebestmantodothejob.3).用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常有：ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,reason,time等等Eg:DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteinEnglish?Ihavenochancetogoswimming.3.不定式的一般被动式（tobedone），表被动、将来；过去分词（done），表被动、完成或状态；和现在分词的一般被动式（beingdoing），表被动、正在进行。1).Thequestiontobediscussedattomorrow’smeetingisaveryimportantone.2).Listen!Thesongbeingsungisverypopularwiththestudents.3).HaveyoureadthenovelwrittenbyDickens?3.分词做定语：Ving表正在进行，过去分词表已经完成。boilingwater正在沸腾的水fallingleaves正在下落的叶子boiledwater烧开过的水fallenleaves已经落下的叶子练习题：Doyouknowtheboy_____(lie)underthebigtree?Thespeechwhichhemade_____(concern)thefootballmatchboredalotoffanstodeathIfthebuildingproject______(complete)bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.Tofetchwaterbeforebreakfastseemedtohimarulenever_____(break).六：做状语1.不定式做状语Eg:Jimhadtoshouttomakeherselfheardabovethesoundofthemusic.(表目的)Tolookathim,youwouldlikehim.(表条件)表结果时常用，too...to..,enough...to...,onlyto.....等结构。Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.(表另人失望的结果)某些形容词，表喜，怒，哀，乐的做表语后接的不定式表原因。Eg:Iamverygladtoseeyou.在表目的强调时，可用inorderto/soasto+动原，后者不能置于句首。Eg：Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.2.分词做状语原则：此时，分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，且分词必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主动或者是被动关系。否则不能使用分词做状语。Doing表主动/正在进行，havingdone表先于谓语发生的主动；done表被动；beingdone表与谓语同时发生的被动；havingbeendone表先于谓语发生的被动。Eg:Comingintotheroom,hefoundhisfatherangry.（时间状语）Seenfromthetopofthehill,thetownisbeautiful.（条件状语）Beingtired,theywentonworking.（让步状语）Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose,thelittleboybegantocry.（原因状语）注：与not连用时，通常-ing形式。Eg:Notbeinginvited,hehastostayathome.3.独立成分做状语（形式不受上下文的影响的分词或不定式）含义：常见的有:generallyspeaking一般来说，franklyspeaking坦白的说;judgingfrom/by根据...来判断;considering.../oconsideration考虑到.....;totellthetruth说实话；seeing...考虑到；supposing即使，如果；providing如果;saving除了，除非；assuming假使；admitting虽说；given如果；providethat如果；compareto/with与...相比；Judgingfromhisaccent,heisfromthesouth.Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethcamera,thebetteritsquality.练习题：1.______(consider)yourhealth,youhadbetterhavearest.2._______(judge)frompreviousexperience,hewillbelateagain.3._______(judge)bythelocalofficial,thisgrouprankedfirst.4._______(take)hishealthintoconsideration,hehastobesenttoahospitalatonce.5.Sheistootired______(do)thejob.6.Generally_____(speak),when_____(take)acc