第六章投资决策的其他方法和科学决策与信息分析

ChapterOutline6.1WhyUseNetPresentValue?6.2ThePaybackPeriodRule6.3TheDiscountedPaybackPeriodRule6.4TheAverageAccountingReturn6.5TheInternalRateofReturn6.6ProblemswiththeIRRApproach6.7TheProfitabilityIndex6.8ThePracticeofCapitalBudgeting6.9SummaryandConclusions6.1WhyUseNetPresentValue?AcceptingpositiveNPVprojectsbenefitsshareholders.NPVusescashflowsNPVusesallthecashflowsoftheprojectNPVdiscountsthecashflowsproperlyTheNetPresentValue(NPV)RuleNetPresentValue(NPV)=TotalPVoffutureCF’s+InitialInvestmentEstimatingNPV:1.Estimatefuturecashflows:howmuch?andwhen?2.Estimatediscountrate3.EstimateinitialcostsMinimumAcceptanceCriteria:AcceptifNPV>0RankingCriteria:ChoosethehighestNPVGoodAttributesoftheNPVRule1.Usescashflows2.UsesALLcashflowsoftheproject3.DiscountsALLcashflowsproperlyReinvestmentassumption:theNPVruleassumesthatallcashflowscanbereinvestedatthediscountrate.6.2ThePaybackPeriodRuleHowlongdoesittaketheprojectto“payback”itsinitialinvestment?PaybackPeriod=numberofyearstorecoverinitialcostsMinimumAcceptanceCriteria:setbymanagementRankingCriteria:setbymanagementThePaybackPeriodRule(continued)Disadvantages:IgnoresthetimevalueofmoneyIgnorescashflowsafterthepaybackperiodBiasedagainstlong-termprojectsRequiresanarbitraryacceptancecriteriaAprojectacceptedbasedonthepaybackcriteriamaynothaveapositiveNPVAdvantages:EasytounderstandBiasedtowardliquidity6.3TheDiscountedPaybackPeriodRuleHowlongdoesittaketheprojectto“payback”itsinitialinvestmenttakingthetimevalueofmoneyintoaccount?Bythetimeyouhavediscountedthecashflows,youmightaswellcalculatetheNPV.6.4TheAverageAccountingReturnRuleAnotherattractivebutfatallyflawedapproach.RankingCriteriaandMinimumAcceptanceCriteriasetbymanagementDisadvantages:IgnoresthetimevalueofmoneyUsesanarbitrarybenchmarkcutoffrateBasedonbookvalues,notcashflowsandmarketvaluesAdvantages:TheaccountinginformationisusuallyavailableEasytocalculate6.5TheInternalRateofReturn(IRR)RuleIRR:thediscountthatsetsNPVtozeroMinimumAcceptanceCriteria:AcceptiftheIRRexceedstherequiredreturn.RankingCriteria:SelectalternativewiththehighestIRRReinvestmentassumption:AllfuturecashflowsassumedreinvestedattheIRR.Disadvantages:Doesnotdistinguishbetweeninvestingandborrowing.IRRmaynotexistortheremaybemultipleIRRProblemswithmutuallyexclusiveinvestmentsAdvantages:EasytounderstandandcommunicateTheInternalRateofReturn:ExampleConsiderthefollowingproject:0123$50$100$150-$200Theinternalrateofreturnforthisprojectis19.44%TheNPVPayoffProfileforThisExampleIfwegraphNPVversusdiscountrate,wecanseetheIRRasthex-axisintercept.IRR=19.44%6.6ProblemswiththeIRRApproachMultipleIRRs.AreWeBorrowingorLending?TheScaleProblem.TheTimingProblem.MultipleIRRsTherearetwoIRRsforthisproject:0 1 2 3$200 $800-$200-$800100%=IRR20%=IRR1Whichoneshouldweuse?TheScaleProblemWouldyourathermake100%or50%onyourinvestments?Whatifthe100%returnisona$1investmentwhilethe50%returnisona$1,000investment?TheTimingProblem0 1 2 3$10,000$1,000 $1,000-$10,000ProjectA0 1 2 3$1,000 $1,000 $12,000-$10,000ProjectBThepreferredprojectinthiscasedependsonthediscountrate,nottheIRR.TheTimingProblem10.55%=crossoverrate12.94%=IRRB16.04%=IRRACalculatingtheCrossoverRateComputetheIRRforeitherproject“A-B”or“B-A”10.55%=IRRMutuallyExclusivevs.IndependentProjectMutuallyExclusiveProjects:onlyONEofseveralpotentialprojectscanbechosen,e.g.acquiringanaccountingsystem.RANKallalternativesandselectthebestone.IndependentProjects:acceptingorrejectingoneprojectdoesnotaffectthedecisionoftheotherprojects.MustexceedaMINIMUMacceptancecriteria.6.7TheProfitabilityIndex(PI)RuleMinimumAcceptanceCriteria:AcceptifPI>1RankingCriteria:SelectalternativewithhighestPIDisadvantages:ProblemswithmutuallyexclusiveinvestmentsAdvantages:MaybeusefulwhenavailableinvestmentfundsarelimitedEasytounderstandandcommunicateCorrectdecisionwhenevaluatingindependentprojects6.8ThePracticeofCapitalBudgetingVariesbyindustry:Somefirmsusepayback,othersuseaccountingrateofreturn.ThemostfrequentlyusedtechniqueforlargecorporationsisIRRorNPV.ExampleofInvestmentRulesComputetheIRR,NPV,PI,andpaybackperiodforthefollowingtwoprojects.Assumetherequiredreturnis10%. Year ProjectA ProjectB 0 -$200 -$150 1 $200 $50 2 $800 $100 3 -$800 $150ExampleofInvestmentRules

ProjectA ProjectBCF0 -$200.00 -$150.00PV0ofCF1-3 $241.92 $240.80NPV= $41.92 $90.80IRR= 0%,100% 36.19%PI= 1.2096 1.6053ExampleofInvestmentRulesPaybackPeriod: ProjectA ProjectB Time CF Cum.CF CF Cum.CF 0 -200 -200 -150 -150 1 200 0 50 -100 2 800 800 100 0 3 -800 0 150 150PaybackperiodforprojectB=2years.PaybackperiodforprojectA= 1or3years?RelationshipBetweenNPVandIRR

Discountrate NPVforA NPVforB -10% -87.52 234.77 0% 0.00 150.00 20% 59.26 47.92 40% 59.48 -8.60 60% 42.19 -43.07 80% 20.85 -65.64 100% 0.00 -81.25 120% -18.93 -92.52 ProjectAProjectB($200)($100)$0$100$200$300$400-15%0%15%30%45%70%100%130%160%190%DiscountratesNPVIRR1(A)IRR(B)NPVProfilesIRR2(A)Cross-overRate6.9SummaryandConclusionsThischapterevaluatesthemostpopularalternativestoNPV:PaybackperiodAccountingrateofreturnInternalrateofreturnProfitabilityindexWhenitisallsaidanddone,theyarenottheNPVrule;forthoseofusinfinance,itmakesthemdecidedlysecond-rate.第3章科学决策与信息分析主要内容：信息分析在决策中的作用；各类型决策中的信息保障；信息分析的工作流程。基本要求：了解各类决策中信息利用的重要性；了解不同决策阶段信息服务的特点；理解决策对信息的基本要求；掌握信息分析工作的基本流程。3.1信息分析在决策中的作用3.1.1决策活动中的信息利用信息分析:是对情报进行定向浓集和科学抽象的一种科学劳动.信息在军事战略制定中的作用；信息在制定地区经济发展规划中的作用；信息在科学管理中的作用；信息在对外贸易中的作用；信息在制定生产计划中的作用；信息在提高产品质量、发展花色品种中的作用。3.1信息分析在决策中的作用决策阶段信息服务的内容与特点决策前（超前服务）促成决策及早完成（快）；有助于决策者掌握预测性信息（准）；有助于决策者更新知识、增强判断力（增）决策中（跟踪服务）确立目标阶段；决策方案准备阶段；选定决策方案阶段。决策后（反馈服务）跟踪反馈；循环反馈；同步追踪反馈。3.1.2不同决策阶段的信息服务3.1信息分析在决策中的作用3.1.3决策对信息的基本要求可靠性（可信度）——信息的真实性和准确性。信息源；信息获取手段；信息获取的条件。完整性（完全度）——包括决策对象全部的信息全面收集历史的、现实的和未来的信息；兼顾反映正面的和反面问题的信息。精确性（精确度）——反映事物特征的细微化程度。不同决策对信息的精确度要求不同；划定范围，确定上限和下限。3.2各类型决策中的信息保障3.2.1新产品研制的信息保障创意产生与筛选阶段的信息保障创意产生于对信息的收集、吸收和理解；创意孕育着新产品，要尽可能多的收集；筛选是从多个创意中选择出具有开发价值项目的过程，其要求是：新意；可行；实用；有效。3.2各类型决策中的信息保障3.2.1新产品研制的信息保障开发决策阶段的信息保障主要任务是针对经过初步筛选出的几个创意中的每一个新产品开发构想收集信息；主要目的是从若干初步入选的新产品开发设想中挑选一个，作为本企业的新产品研制项目。新产品设计阶段的信息保障方案设计：正确选型，确定新产品的基本结构和基本参数。技术设计：确定产品的具体结构和形式，进行各部分、各部件的设计和组装设计。