2015考研英语一真题及答案解析

入学统一考试英语试 ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionspanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartRemember,whileyouarengthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestPartAForquestions1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutthegeographyofBelgium.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)GeographyofThreemaincoastalcentral1Highestaltitudeofthecoastal Climatenearthe3Particularlyrainymonthsofthe4AveragetemperaturesinJulyin PartBForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithMr.SaffofromtheInstitutefortheFuture.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)WhatisSaffoaccordingtoTheInstitutefortheFutureprovidesservicestoprivatecompanies.TheInstitutebelievesthattothinksystematicallyaboutthelong-rangefuture 67896789PartCYouwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnamingnewborns.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.WhatdoweoftendowiththethingsweAskfortheirNamebabiesafterPutdowntheirChoosenamesforTheunpleasantmeaningofanoldfamilynameisoftenoverlooked.thefamilytreeisfairlythefamilytieisstrongthenameiscommonlynobodyinthefamilycomSeveralmonthsafterababy’sbirth,itsname showthebeautyofitsdevelopmorelosetheoriginalhelpformthe Questions14-16arebasedonthebiographyofBobbyMoore,anEnglishsocceryer.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.HowmanymatchesdidMooreyduringhisprofessionalIn1964,BobbyMoorewas England’sfootballeroftheasoccercoachinWestamedalistforhisanumberoftheOrderoftheBritishAfterMooreretiredfromying,thefirstthinghedid editingSundayworkingforCapitaldeveloasportsQuestions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkonthecityofBelfast.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.Belfasthaslongbeenfamousfor oillinenfoodWhichofthefollowingdoesBelfastchieflyWhenwasBelfastInInInthe16thInthe17thWhathappenedinBelfastinthelate18thFrenchrefugeesTheharborwasShipbuildingbegantoThecitywastakenbytheYounowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbookletANSWERSHEETSection UseofReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthecontributinginfluence. ontheindividualsuggestthatengageincriminal theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough23withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin24totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,25asarejectionofmiddle-classMosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrendisadvantagedfamilies,26thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes27lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare28tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly29juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat30tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment31makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin32leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso33changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;34,childrenarelikelytolesssupervisionathome35wascommoninthetraditionalfamily36.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other37causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased38ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing39ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeen[A] [B] [C] [D]22[A]before[B] [C] [D]23.[A]inction[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]24.[A][B][C][D]25.[A][B]but[C][D]or26.[A][B][C][D]27.[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A]in[B]on[C]by[D]at[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“ alsearchagent.”It’saninctivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethe inlectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselfora.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo--thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs--thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem--andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,viceofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesaysWorkingwitha alsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.HowdidRedmonfindhisBysearchingopeningsinajobBypostingamatchingpositioninaByusingaspecialserviceofaByE-mailinghisresumetoaWhichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchLackofLimitednumberofLowerTheexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobably. WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejobTofocusonbetterjobToattractmorereturningToreservespaceformoreToincreasetherateofWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothe[A]alsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheir[C]alsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealready[D]SomeagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareOverthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanandvice-havesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectivelyand26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergandi)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheir first;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeoplearelillyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiacAkindofoverlookedAtypeofconspicuousAtype alAkindofbrandWhatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeInbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtoThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëCustomersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’SomeformofdiscriminationistoosubtletoThe4thparagraphsuggests questionsareoftenputtothemore ligentalphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromteachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheirWhatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareli llyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?TheyaregettingTheyarenoisilydozingTheyarefeelingTheyarebusywithwordWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothePeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromThentoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytoPuttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketo,either.Mostofhersspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shopatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifothersaregoingtoabandonme,too.”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Lines1-2,Paragraph1),theauthormeans SperocanhardlymaintainherSperoistoomuchengagedinherSperohasgrownoutofherbadSperoisnotinadesperateHowdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicWhenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3-4,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout goldrealstockventureWhycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicTheywouldbenefitincertainThestockmarketshowssignsofSuchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaThepurchasingpowerwouldbeTowhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoAnewboom,ontheTightenthebelt,thesingleCautionallright,panicThemoreventures,themoreAmericanstodaydon’tceaveryhighvalueoninlect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation--nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-inlectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthaninlectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-inlectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforinlectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewill easecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”“Inlectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-InlectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-inlectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeinligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-inlectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized--goingtoschoolandlearningtoread--sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Inlect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeinligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Inlectisthecritical,creative,andcontemtivesideofthemind.Inligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileinlectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsacewhereinlectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytoinlectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastinlectualpromise.”WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinThehabitofthinkingProfoundknowledgeofthePracticalabilitiesforfutureTheconfidenceininlectualWecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistory favoringinTheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschooling Emerson,accordingtothetext,is apioneerofeducationanopponentofinascholarinfavorofinanadvocateofregularWhatdoestheauthorthinkofinItissecondtoinItevolvesfromcommonItistobeItunderlies Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,thestudyofAmericannlanguages.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.SectionIVStudythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoudescribetheinterpretitsmeaning,supportyourviewwithYoushouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(202004年考研英语答SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points) PartB(5A(technology)ernment(A)meaningfulopentoTrustandPartC(109.40.SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)70.PartB(10希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责BoasSapir编造了材料。Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感,逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。Lookatthispicture.Amanisrunningtowardtheendofarace,sweatingallover.Perhapsthereisnothingspecialaboutthemanandtherace,yettheendlineleavesadeepimpressiononusforitisboth“finishline”and“startingline”ifwelookatitfromadifferentangle.Thepicturelsusalotaboutlife.Anordinaryrunnermaythinkthathisachievementcallsforcelebrationforhehasreachedhisgoal.Butanambitiousrunnerwillwellrealizethathissuccessisthestartingpointforanewrace.Obviously,thewaywelookatthingsdetermineshowfarwewillgo.Ifwefeelsatisfiedwiththeabilitytoreadandwrite,perhapswewillnotstrivetogetacollegeeducation.Again,ifwethinkaBachelor'sdegreeisquiteenough,wewillnottakepainstopasstheexaminationforpostgraduate.Lifeisjustlikeanendlessrace.Ifwedon’tpreparefornewraces,weareeitherdisqualifiedfromtheraceorsurpassedbyothers.That’swhythefinishlineisalsoastartingline.Ilikethispicture.Imayhavebeenrunningthisendlessrace,butIhavebeenpushedforwardbymyparentsorpeoplearoundme.Fromnowon,Iwill moreactiveandtaketheinitiative,forthepicturehasreallyenlightenedme.(233 入学统一考试英语试Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1(10points)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells, wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapable smellsevenwhenthese tofarbelowonepartinoneStrangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnot othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate receptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsand tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetocertainsmell cansuddenly esensitivetoitwhen toitoftenenoughTheexnationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfinds14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16exinwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangerof[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]even [B]if [C]only [D]as[A] [B] [C]determining[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]at [B]at [C]at [D]at[A] [B] [C] [D][A] petent[C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]similar [B]such [C]along [D]aside PartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswerecedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompleymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredIntheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopic posingajustifyinganmakingaexiningaThestatement“itisalltoomon