高考英语二轮复习构词法课件

Word-building构词法构词法综述

Word-building

许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。英语中的构词法主要有:

合成法(Composition)

转换法(Conversion)

派生法(Derivation)合成法——综述一、合成法（Composition）把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性。1.合成名词名词+名词：postman,girlfriend,flowerbed,greenhouse形容词+名词：blackboard,supermarket名词+动词：daybreak,sunrise动词-ing+名词：

readingroom,washingmachine

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.

(2017全国Ⅰ阅读)

名词+动词-ing：handwriting,papermaking

动词+名词：pickpocket,workroom

动词+副词：breakup,get-together

其它形式：passer-by2.合成形容词形容词/数词+名词+ed：warm-hearted,名词+过去分词：home-made,hand-made名词+形容词：world-famous,ice-cool形容词/数词+名词：full-time,second-hand形容词+过去分词：newborn,short-sighted副词+过去分词：well-known,newly-built其它形式：face-to-face,evergreen3.合成代词

代词宾格/物主代词+self/selves：herself,ourselves

某些不定代词some,any,every,no等+body/one/thing：anyone,nothing4.合成介词

介词+介词：throughout,within5.合成副词

副词+名词：indoors,overhead,upstairs

介词+名词：beforehand

名词+形容词：sky-high

副词+介词：nearby

其它形式：meanwhile6.合成动词

副词+动词：overwork,underline，overhear

名词+动词：moonwalk,sunbathe

形容词+动词：safeguardMaybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto‘overhear’thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged.(2017全国Ⅱ阅读)转换法——综述二、转换法（conversion）

在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转换法。例如：

dreamv.

做梦 →n.

梦

lookv.

看 →n.

相貌

backn.

后背 →v.

支持

airn.

空气 →v.

通风

bettera.

较好 →v.

改善

有些双音节的词转换后，重音要发生变化。通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后，有时读音也有不同，应予注意。例如:transportrecordimportconflictsurvey转换法——名词转换成动词1.许多名词可转化成动词，意思也随着有些改变。如：chair（n.椅子→v.主持） hand（n.手→v.上交）land（n.土地→v.着陆） cook（n.厨师→v.烹调）order（n.命令→v.订购） name（n.名字→v.取名）lift（n.电梯→v.举起） picture（n.画→v.描绘）press（n.报刊→v.挤压） nurse（n.护士→v.照料）smoke（n.烟→v.吸烟） stand（n.看台→v.站）

转换法——动词转换成名词2.大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没有太大改变。如：

try（v.尝试→n.尝试）read(v.阅读→n.阅读)swim（v.游泳→n.游泳）sigh(v.叹气→n.叹气）

cry(v.哭→n.哭)shout（v.呼喊→n.呼喊）

kiss(v.吻→n吻)guess(v.猜测→n猜测)

转换法——形容转换成动词3.形容词转化成动词。如：better（a.更好的→v.改善)calm（a.冷静的→v.使冷静）cool（a.凉快的→v.冷却）spare（a.空闲的→v.节省）own（a.自己的→v.拥有）close（a.亲密的→v.关闭）slow（a.慢的→v.减慢）last（a.最后的→v.持续）Iplacedthechick(雏鸟)inthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.(2017全国Ⅰ阅读)转换法——形容词转换成名词和副词4.形容词转化成名词。如：cold（a.冷的→n.感冒） back（a.后面的→n.背部）quiet(a.安静的→n.恬静)calm(a.平静的→n安静)5.形容词转化成副词。如：deep（a.深的→ad.深地）wide（a.宽的→ad.广泛地）hard（a.困难的→ad.努力地)well（a.健康的→ad.很好地）三、派生法(Derivation)

派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性,后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。派生法——综述Prefixesfore-先，前，预out-超出，在外over-过度，越under-在…下，低于ab-脱离，离去com-共同de-出，离，向inter-相互forecastforeheadoutsideoutputoverwork

undergroundabsentcompanydecreaseinterviewin-,im-向内，入，非pre-先，前，超re-后退，再，又trans-跨越，转，传log-言语，推理press-压vis-看见geo-地球includepreviewreactrecalltransformapologypressurevisiblevisitorgeographyauto-自己的，自动co-一起，共同multi-许多sub-在…下次要低于super-在…上，超过tele-远距离的automaticautobiographycooperatemulticulturalsubwaysupermarkettelevisionmis-un-dis-in-,im-anti-non-il-ir-misunderstandmistakemisleadingunemploymentunluckydishonestdisappearinconvenientimpossibleantivirusnonprofitnonstopillegalirresponsibleirregular否定前缀Suffixes-dom地位，身份-hood状态，特征-ness性质-age行为，情况-ance,ancy,ence,ency行为，状态，性质-ice行为，状态freedomhappinessweaknessguidanceimportancechildhoodneighborhoodpracticeservicemarriageusageadvantage名词后缀-ment行为，状态-ship…的状态，身份-tude情况，性质-ty行为，状态-ure情况，能力-ism学说，主义-ist实行者-ology…学paymentemploymentfriendshipownershipgratitudebeautysafetyfailure

mixturesocialismscientistbiologyecology名词后缀-sion-ion-ition-ssion-ation-er,or,ar-ee受…者conclusiontensioncompetitionrelationinvention

discussioninvitationhesitationpainteractorliar

employeeinterviewee名词后缀-en-ify…化-ize-iseshortendeepenstrengthenenlargepurifysimplifyqualifyidentifycriticizerealizepractise

动词后缀adj.woodengolden-able,-ible-al-ant,-ent-ful-ic-ical-ish-ivecapablepossibleresponsiblepersonalglobaldifferentsignificantefficient

cheerfuldoubtfulpoeticromanticmedicalpracticalchildishSpanishselfishcreativeactive形容词后缀-like如…的-less否定-ous-ious-ward(s)-ary-somedreamlikechildlikecarelesshopelessendlesspoisonous

cautiousvariouspreciousconsciouseastwardbackwardelementarysecondarytroublesomehandsome形容词后缀用括号内单词的正确形式填空。1.Havingenoughfatandsaltinyourmealswillreducetheurgetosnack(吃点心)betweenmealsandwillimprovethetasteofyourfood.However,be________(care)nottogotoextremes.

（2017全国卷I）careful2.Steamengineswereusedtopullthecarriagesanditmusthavebeen________(fair)unpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnoise.

（2017全国卷II）3.Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher_________(educate).（2017全国卷III）fairlyeducation4.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop61.________(attract).（2016新课标全国卷I）5.Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof42.____________(achieve).（2016新课标全国卷II）attractionachievement根据提示在空白处填入所缺单词的正确形式。

A1.Itwas________(cloud)thismorning,butitturnedoutfine.2.Themotherisnowfightingher________(addict)toasoapopera.3.Lily,a(n)_______________(二十岁的)singer,isquitepopularamongyoungpeople.cloudyaddictiontwenty-year-old4.Myfatherboughta(n)___________(二手的)carwhichwasstillingoodcondition.5.Thepriceofthecoatisquite________(reason).Wouldyouwrapitupforme,please?6.Nowonderhertestscoreshadimprovedalot.Shewasreally_____________(辛勤工作的)atschool.second-handreasonablehard-working7.Johnhasexpandedhisbusiness.Thenumberof__________(employ)inhiscompanyhasdoubledoverthepastdecade.8.Hehadno_________(certain)ofsuccessbecausehehadn'tpreparedforthecompetition.employeescertaintyBLessthan20milesfromSingapore'sskyscrapersisa(n)1._________(complete)differentsetofhigh-risetowers.Muchsmallerinsizebutwithabigambition—over1002._______________(九米高的)towersatSkyGreensverticalfarmofferanewvisionofurbansustainability(可持续).GreenvegetableslikeChinesecabbagearegrownin3.__________(温室),andsoldatcompletelynine-meter-tallgreenhouseslocalsupermarkets.Thefarmwasbuiltin2009andnowthe4.________(full)operatingfarmhasbeensupplyingthecity'ssupermarketswith5.________(每周的)deliveriesofitsgreens.Thesmallamountofenergyandwaterneededtogrowthevegetables,aswellastheshortdistancetothe6.___________(consume),fullyweeklyconsumersmeansthatcarbondioxideemitted(排放)inproductionand7.___________________(transport)iskepttoaminimum.TheSkyGreensissupportedbytheSingaporean8._____________(政府).transport/transportationgovernmentCThroughouthistorymanhaschangedhis1.________(物理的)environmenttoimprovehiswayoflife.Withthetoolsoftechnologymanhaschangedmanyfeaturesoftheearth.Hehas2.____________________(转变)woodlandintofarmland.Hehasmodified(修改)thefaceoftheearthbycuttingthroughmountainstobuildroadsand3.___________(铁路).physicaltransformed/changedrailways/railroadsHowever,thesechangesintheenvironmenthavenotalwayshad4.__________(benefit)results.Today,5.________(pollute)oftheairandwaterisadangertothehealthoftheplanet.Eachdaythousandsoftonsofgasescomeoutofvehicles.Smokefromfactoriespollutestheairofindustrializedareasandthesurroundingcountryside.beneficialpollutionTheairincitiesisbecomingincreasingly6.__________(health).Thepollutionofwateris7.________(equal)harmf