物理专业英语

第一章词汇:注释：dividedby除以multipliedby乘以meterpersquaresecondVector:[‘vekt?]矢量Aquantityhasmagnitudeaswellasdirection.Scalar:[‘skeil?]标量Aquantitycompletelydefinedbyitsmagnitude.averagespeed/velocity/acceleration平均速率/速度/加速度steadyvelocity匀速balanced平衡的stationary静止的combinedeffect合成效应resultantforce合力momentsandbalance力矩和平衡gravity/gravitationalforce重力centreofgravity重心gradient［’ɡreidj?nt］梯度arrow[‘?r?u]箭头horizontal[,h?ri’z?nt?l]水平的vertical[‘v?:tik?l]垂直的itismoreconvenienttodosomething......更方便+plus[pl?s]正号-minus[‘main?s]负号increase/decrease+by增加/减少了increase/decrease+to增加/减少到Thenewtonisdefinedinthisway:A1Nresultantforcegivesa1kgmassanaccelerationof1ms-2perpendicular[,p?:p?n’dikjul?]垂直的符号:+plus加号；正号-minus减号；负号±plusorminus正负号×ismultipliedby乘号÷isdividedby除号＝isequalto等于号≡isequivalentto全等于号≠isnotequalto不等于号≈isapproximatelyequalto约等于号≌isequaltoorapproximatelyequalto等于或约等于号＜islessthan小于号＞ismorethan大于号≮isnotlessthan不小于号≯isnotmorethan不大于号≤islessthanorequalto小于或等于号≥ismorethanorequalto大于或等于号%percent百分之…‰permill千分之…∞infinity无限大号∝variesas与…成比例√(square)root平方根∵since;because因为∴hence所以∷equals,as(proportion)等于，成比例∠angle角⊙circle圆⌒semicircle半圆○circumference圆周πpi圆周率△triangle三角形⊥perpendicularto垂直于∥horizontalto平行于∪unionof并，合集∩intersectionof交，通集∫theintegralof…的积分∑(sigma)summationof总和°degree度℃Celsiussystem摄氏度′minute分″second秒Iseemtohavebeenonlylikeaboyplayingontheseashore,anddivertingmyselfinnowandthenfindingasmootherpebbleoraprettiershellthanordinary,whilstthegreatoceanoftruthlayallundiscoveredbeforeme.我不过就象是一个在海滨玩耍的小孩，为不时发现比寻常更为光滑的一块卵石或比寻常更为美丽的一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，而对于展现在我面前的浩瀚的真理的海洋，却全然没有发现。☆IfIcanseeabitfartherthansomeothers,itisbecauseIamstandingontheshouldersofgiants.如果说我比别人看得更远些,那是因为我站在了巨人的肩膀上.resultantforce合力componentforce分力uniformforce恒力resistance阻力inertia惯性[i’n?:??]impulse冲量action作用reaction反作用momentum动量conservationofmomentum动量守恒stationary/movingobject静止/运动的物体constantvelocity恒定速度linkedequation相关方程initialvelocity初始速度finalvelocity末速度Newton’sfirst/second/thirdlaw牛顿第一/二/三定律阻力推力摩擦力resistancethrustfriction弹力重力elasticforcegravity/weight斥力拉力repulsiveforcepulling/tractionforce∝与…成比variesas/beproportionalto与…成反比beinverselyproportionaltoNewton’ssecondlawofmotioncanbesummarizedinasimplevectorequation： 物体的加速度跟物体所受的合外力成正比，跟物体的质量成反比，加速度的方向跟合外力的方向相同。Aexternalforceactingonanobjectproducesanaccelerationwhichisinthedirectionoftheforceandhasamagnitudeinverselyproportionaltothemassoftheobject.Jetengine:喷气发动机Airisdrawninatthefrontbyalargefan,andpushedouttheback.Exhaustgasesarealsoejected,atahigherspeed.一个大的鼓风机把空气从前面拉入，从后面推出。尾气高速喷出。Propeller:螺旋桨Thisisdrivenbytheshaftofajetengineorpistonengine.Itsbladesareangledsothatairispushedbackwardsasitrotates.shaft:轴Thisistheshaftofasteamengine.这是一个蒸汽机主轴。这是由喷气发动机或活塞式发动机的轴驱动的。当螺旋桨旋转时，它的叶片扭转，从而使空气从后面排出。以弹簧为例，一个与弹簧相连、放在光滑轨道上的Blackbody:Aperfectabsorberwhichreflectsnoradiation,andalsothebestpossibleemitterofthermalradiation.Vibratingandspinningmoleculesinoneobjectgiveoffelectromagneticradiationwhoseenergycanbeabsorbedbymoleculesinanotherobjectsothattheyspeedup.Thisradiationiscalledthermalradiation.Averyusefulconceptusedinheattransferapplicationsistherepresentationofthermaltransferbywhatisknownasthermalcircuits.1.Thermalinsulators热绝缘体2.Radiantbarriers辐射屏障3.Heatexchanger（热交换器）Staticelectricity静电Polythene聚乙烯Inducedcharge感应电荷Current电荷ammeter电流计ampere安培Semiconductor半导体Permittivityoffreespace真空中的介电常数Medium介质dielectric电介质Relativepermittivity相对介电常数Equipotentialline等势线Capacitance电容capacitor电容器Magnetandfield磁和场Magneticpole磁极magneticfield磁场Maxwell’sscrewrule麦克斯韦螺旋法则Right-handgriprule右手螺旋法则electricmotor发电机generatorcommutator整流子transformer变压器step-up/downtransformer增压/减压变压electromagneticinduction电磁感应directcurrent直流电alternatingcurrent交流电Phasor相量（相位变矢量）impedance阻抗[im?pi:d?ns]resistanceandreactancevectors电阻和电抗矢量fuel-burningstation热电站distributionnetwork配电网络overheadline高架线Grid高压输电网pulse脉冲[p?ls]smoothing滤波rectification整流half-waverectification半波整流full-waverectification全波整流Ifaninducedcurrentflows,itsdirectionisalwayssuchthatitwillopposethechangeinfluxwhichproducedit.感应电流的方向趋于阻止产生此感应电流的磁通量的变化。progressivewave前进波transversewave横波longitudinalwave纵波wavefeature波的特征ripple脉动amplitude振幅wavelength波长reflectionrefraction折射diffraction衍射interference干涉totalinternalreflection全内反射dispersion散射refractiveindex折射率inphase同相outofphase反相overlap重叠polarization偏振unpolarized非偏振的opticalfiber光纤step-indexmultimodefiber突变折射率多模光纤graded-indexmonomodefiber渐变折射率单模光纤constructive/destructiveinterference相长/相消干涉coherent相干的decoherent退相干的stationarywave驻波node节点antinode腹点fringe条纹fringespacing条纹间距double-slitexperiment双缝实验spectrum光谱Transversewave:Eachpieceofthemediummovesperpendiculartothewavepropagationdirection.Longitudinalwave:Theelementsofthemediumundergodisplacementsparalleltothemotionofthewave.Alongitudinalwaveisalsocalledacompressionwave.(1).Diffraction:thebendingofawaveasitpassesaroundtheedgeofabarrier.Diffractioncausesawavepassingthroughagaporaslittospreadoutintotheshadowregions.(2).Interference:istheconsequenceoftwowavesarrivingatthesameplaceandcombining.Constructiveinterference:occurswhereverthetwowavesmeetinphase(peakmatchespeak);thewavesaddtogether.Destructiveinterference:occurswhereverthetwowavesmeetoutofphase(peakmatchesvalley);thewavescanceleachother.Waves-ParticleDualityCorpuscularTheory:Newtonsuggestedthatlightmightbemadeupofhigh-speedcorpuscles.WaveTheory:Huyghen(in1680)proposedanalternativewavetheorywhichsatisfactorilyaccountedforreflectionandrefraction.Evidenceforwave-natureDiffractionInterferenceEvidenceforparticle-naturePhotoelectriceffectComptoneffectPlanemirror平面反光镜reflectingprism反射棱镜Virtualimage虚像realimage实像convexandconcavelens凸透镜和凹透镜converge会聚diverge发散principalfocus主焦点opticalcentre光学中心objectdistance物距imagedistance像距focaldistance焦距refractingtelescope折射望远镜objectivelens物镜eyepiece目镜Rayleighcriterion瑞利判据deformation形变elasticdeformation弹性形变plasticdeformation塑性形变crystallinestructure晶体结构semi-crystalline半晶体amorphous非晶体polycrystallinemetal多晶体金属dislocation位错grain晶粒pattern晶体点阵imperfection缺陷polymer聚合物stress应力strain应变tensilestress拉应力tensilestrain拉应变yieldpoint屈服点elasticlimit弹性极限breakingpoint破坏点crack裂纹brittle脆性的brittlefracture脆性断裂ductile韧性的ductilefracture韧性断裂fatigue[f??ti:ɡ]疲劳creep蠕变modulus[?m?djul?s]模量elastichysteresis[?hist??ri:sis]弹性迟滞Therearetwotypesofdeformation:(1)Elasticdeformation:弹性形变Ifthedeformationiselastic,thenthematerialreturnstoitsoriginalshapewhentheforcesonitareremoved.(2)Plasticdeformation:塑性形变Ifthedeformationisplastic,thenthematerialdoesnotreturntoitsoriginalshapewhentheforcesonitareremoved.Forexample,Plasticine([?pl?stisi:n]蜡泥塑料)takesonanewshapewhenstretched.(1)Stress:应力isaquantitythatisproportionaltotheforcecausingadeformation.Stressistheexternalforceactingonanobjectperunitcrosssectionalarea.2)Strain:应变isameasureofthedegreeofdeformation.Itisfoundthatforsufficientlysmallstressesstrainisproportionaltostress.(1)Crystallinesolids:晶体固体(2)Amorphous（glassy）solids:非晶体固体[??m?:f?s](3)Polymers:聚合物.[?p?l?m?]Fatigue:[f??ti:ɡ]疲劳ifametalistakenthroughmanycyclesofchangingstress,afatiguefracturemayoccurbeforetheultimatetensilestress（极限拉应力）isreached.Fatiguefracturesarecausedbytheslowspreadofsmallcracks.Creep:蠕变Thisisthedeformationwhichgoesonhappeninginsomematerialsifstressismaintained.Forexample,unsupportedlead([led]非支承的铅)slowlysags(垂弛)underitsownweight.bond键ionicbond离子键metallicbond金属键covalentbond共价键hydrogenbond氢VanderWaalsbond范德瓦耳斯键lattice点阵crystalstructure晶体结构crystalline结晶体bondingenergy结合能sodiumchloride[?kl?:raid]氯化钠separation间距equilibriumseparation平衡间距bulkstrain容积应变shearstrain剪应变face-centredcubic面心立方body-centredcubic体心立方tetranhedralstructure[?tetr??hedr?l]四面体结构defect缺陷pointdefect点缺陷linedefect线缺陷dislocation位错cubicstackingfault堆积层错vancany空穴stiffness刚性toughness韧性ductility延展性malleability延压性ultimatetensilestress极限拉应力GraphAshowshowtheforcebetweentwoatomsvarieswithseparation(anattractiveforceisnegative).Whenveryclose,theouterelectronscauserepulsion.Atgreaterseparations,thebondingforceisdominant,butdecreaseswithdistance.r0istheequilibriumseparation.翻译：图A显示了两个原子之间的力随间距的变化（吸引力是负的）。当两个原子非常接近时，外层电子引起斥力。当两者间距很大时，结合力占据主导地位，但是其随着距离的增大而减小。r0是平衡间距。GraphBshowshowthepotentialenergyoftheatomsvarieswithseparation.MinimumPEcorrespondswiththepositionforzeroforceingraphA.E0isthebondingenergy.Itistheenergyneededforcompleteseparation.Thespecificlatentheatofvaporizationdependsonit.