托福考试阅读真题汇总

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托福考试阅读真题汇总

PASSAGE1

Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,thetermiceboxhadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.

Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherighttrack.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillageofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldpassuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhiscompetitorstopayapremiumpriceforhisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,one-poundbricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.

1.WhatdoesthePASSAGEmainlydiscuss?

(A)Theinfluenceoficeonthediet

(B)Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration

(C)Thetransportationofgoodstomarket

(D)Sourcesoficeinthenineteenthcentury

2.AccordingtothePASSAGE,whendidthewordiceboxbecomepartofthelanguageofthe

UnitedStates?

(A)in1803

(B)sometimebefore1850

(C)duringthecivilwar

(D)neartheendofthenineteenthcentury

3.Thephraseforward-lookinginline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)progressive

(B)popular

(C)thrifty

(D)well-established

4.Theauthormentionsfishinline4because

(A)manyfishdealersalsosoldice

(B)fishwasshippedinrefrigeratedfreightcars

(C)fishdealerswereamongtheearlycommercialusersofice

(D)fishwasnotpartoftheordinaryperson'sdietbeforetheinventionoftheicebox

5.Theworditinline5refersto

(A)freshmeat

(B)theCivilWar

(C)ice

(D)arefrigerator

6.AccordingtothePASSAGE,whichofthefollowingwasanobstacletothedevelopmentofthe

icebox?

(A)Competitionamongtheownersofrefrigeratedfreightcars

(B)Thelackofanetworkforthedistributionofice

(C)Theuseofinsufficientinsulation

(D)Inadequateunderstandingofphysics

7.Thewordrudimentaryinline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)growing

(B)undeveloped

(C)necessary

(D)uninteresting

8.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould

(A)completelypreventicefrommelting

(B)stopairfromcirculating

(C)allowicetomeltslowly

(D)useblanketstoconserveice

9.TheauthordescribesThomasMooreashavingbeenontherighttrack(lines18-19)toindicate

that

(A)theroadtothemarketpassedclosetoMoore'sfarm

(B)Moorewasanhonestmerchant

(C)Moorewasaprosperousfarmer

(D)Moore'sdesignwasfairlysuccessful

10.AccordingtothePASSAGE,Moore'siceboxallowedhimto

(A)chargemoreforhisbutter

(B)traveltomarketatnight

(C)manufacturebuttermorequickly

(D)produceiceallyearround

11.Theproducementionedinline25couldinclude

(A)iceboxes

(B)butter

(C)ice

(D)markets

PASSAGE1BBACCDBCDAB

PASSAGE2

ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.Itdissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandisconstantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.

Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransportedbywindoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentofcontinentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoformbrooks,streams,andrivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicnetwork.Thisimmensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthereferencepoint,thatis,sealevel.

Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthoughthecycleisnotrandombutisameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeastheaveragetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughoneofthethreereservoirs—atmosphere,continent,andocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awatermoleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsonacontinentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowstheimportanceoftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwatertransportonthecontinents.

Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthecontinents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesiumaredissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywheretheyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimessoilsaredestroyedandtransportedmechanicallyduringflooding.Theerosionofthecontinentsthusresultsfromtwocloselylinkedandinterdependentprocesses,chemicalerosionandmechanicalerosion.Theirrespectiveinteractionsandefficiencydependondifferentfactors.

1.Thewordmodifyinginline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)changing

(B)traveling

(C)describing

(D)destroying

2.Thewordwhichinline5refersto

(A)clouds

(B)oceans

(C)continents

(D)compounds

3.AccordingtothePASSAGE,cloudsareprimarilyformedbywater

(A)precipitatingontotheground

(B)changingfromasolidtoaliquidstate

(C)evaporatingfromtheoceans

(D)beingcarriedbywind

4.ThePASSAGEsuggeststhatthepurposeofthehydrographicnetwork(line8)isto

(A)determinethesizeofmoleculesofwater

(B)preventsoilerosioncausedbyflooding

(C)movewaterfromtheEarth'ssurfacetotheoceans

(D)regulatetherateofwaterflowfromstreamsandrivers

5.Whatdeterminestherateatwhichamoleculeofwatermovesthroughthecycle,asdiscussed

inthethirdparagraph?

(A)Thepotentialenergycontainedinwater

(B)Theeffectsofatmosphericpressureonchemicalcompounds

(C)Theamountsofrainfallthatfallonthecontinents

(D)Therelativesizeofthewaterstorageareas

6.Thewordrapidityinline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)significance

(B)method

(C)swiftness

(D)reliability

7.Thewordtheyinline24refersto

(A)insolubleions

(B)solubleions

(C)soils

(D)continents

8.AllofthefollowingareexampleofsolubleionsEXCEPT

(A)magnesium

(B)iron

(C)potassium

(D)calcium

9.Thewordefficiencyinline27isclosestinmeaningto

(A)relationship

(B)growth

(C)influence

(D)effectiveness

PASSAGE2AACCDCABD

PASSAGE3

TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,grasses,barks,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes—notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.

Ofalltheseexperts,noneexcelledthePomo—agroupwholivedonornearthecoastduringthe1800's,andwhosedescendantscontinuetoliveinpartsofthesameregiontothisday.Theymadebasketsthreefeetindiameterandothersnobiggerthanathimble.ThePomopeopleweremastersofdecoration.Someoftheirbasketswerecompletelycoveredwithshellpendants;otherswithfeathersthatmadethebaskets'surfacesassoftasthebreastsofbirds.Moreover,thePomopeoplemadeuseofmoreweavingtechniquesthandidtheirneighbors.Mostgroupsmadealltheirbasketworkbytwining—thetwistingofaflexiblehorizontalmaterial,calledaweft,aroundstifferverticalstrandsofmaterial,thewarp.Othersdependedprimarilyoncoiling—aprocessinwhichacontinuouscoilofstiffmaterialisheldinthedesiredshapewithtightwrappingofflexiblestrands.OnlythePomopeopleusedbothprocesseswithequaleaseandfrequency.Inaddition,theymadeuseoffourdistinctvariationsonthebasictwiningprocess,oftenemployingmorethanoneoftheminasinglearticle.

Althoughawidevarietyofmaterialswasavailable,thePomopeopleusedonlyafew.Thewarpwasalwaysmadeofwillow,andthemostcommonlyusedweftwassedgeroot,awoodyfiberthatcouldeasilybeseparatedintostrandsnothickerthanathread.Forcolor,thePomopeopleusedthebarkofredbudfortheirtwinedworkanddyedbullrushrootforblackincoiledwork.Thoughothermaterialsweresometimesused,thesefourwerethestaplesintheirfinestbasketry.

IfthebasketrymaterialsusedbythePomopeoplewerelimited,thedesignswereamazinglyvaried.EveryPomobasketmakerknewhowtoproducefromfifteentotwentydistinctpatternsthatcouldbecombinedinanumberofdifferentways.

1.WhatbestdistinguishedPomobaskets

frombasketsofothergroups?

(A)Therangeofsizes,shapes,anddesigns

(B)Theunusualgeometric

(C)Theabsenceofdecoration

(D)Therarematerialsused

2.Thewordfashioninline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)maintain

(B)organize

(C)trade

(D)create

3.ThePomopeopleusedeachofthefollowingmaterialstodecoratebasketsEXCEPT

(A)shells

(B)feathers

(C)leaves

(D)bark

4.Whatistheauthor'smainpointinthesecondparagraph?

(A)TheneighborsofthePomopeopletriedtoimproveonthePomobasketweavingtechniques.

(B)ThePomopeoplewerethemostskilledbasketweaversintheirregion.

(C)ThePomopeoplelearnedtheirbasketweavingtechniquesfromotherNativeAmericans.

(D)ThePomobasketshavebeenhandeddownforgenerations.

5.Thewordothersinline9refersto

(A)masters

(B)baskets

(C)pendants

(D)surfaces

6.AccordingtothePASSAGE,aweftisa

(A)toolforseparatingsedgeroot

(B)processusedforcoloringbaskets

(C)pliablematernalwovenaroundthewarp

(D)patternusedtodecoratebaskets

7.AccordingtothePASSAGE,whatdidthePomopeopleuseasthewarpintheirbaskets?

(A)bullrush

(B)willow

(C)sedge

(D)redbud

8.Thewordarticleinline17iscloseinmeaningto

(A)decoration

(B)shape

(C)design

(D)object

9.AccordingtothePASSAGE.Therelationshipbetweenredbudandtwiningismostsimilartothe

relationshipbetween

(A)bullrushandcoiling

(B)weftandwarp

(C)willowandfeathers

(D)sedgeandweaving

10.Thewordstaplesinline23isclosestinmeaningto

(A)combinations

(B)limitations

(C)accessories

(D)basicelements

11.Theworddistinctinlime26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)systematic

(B)beautiful

(C)different

(D)compatible

12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPomobasketscanbebestinferredfromthe

PASSAGE?

(A)BasketsproducedbyotherNativeAmericanswerelessvariedindesignthanthoseofthe

Pomopeople.

(B)BasketsproducedbyPomoweaverswereprimarilyforceremonialpurposes.

(C)TherewereaverylimitednumberofbasketmakingmaterialsavailabletothePomopeople.

(D)ThebasketmakingproductionofthePomopeoplehasincreasedovertheyears.

PASSAGE3BDCBBCBDADCA

PASSAGE4

ThetermHudsonRiverschoolwasappliedtotheforemostrepresentativesofnineteenth-centuryNorthAmericanlandscapepainting.ApparentlyunknownduringthegoldendaysoftheAmericanlandscapemovement,whichbeganaround1850andlasteduntilthelate1860's,theHudsonRiverschoolseemstohaveemergedinthe1870'sasadirectresultofthestrugglebetweentheoldandthenewgenerationsofartists,eachtoassertitsownstyleastherepresentativeAmericanart.Theolderpainters,mostofwhomwerebornbefore1835,practicedinamodeoftenself-taughtandmonopolizedbylandscapesubjectmatterandweresecurelyestablishedinandfosteredbythereigningAmericanartorganization,theNationalAcademyofDesign.TheyoungerpaintersreturninghomefromtraininginEuropeworkedmorewithfiguralsubjectmatterandinaboldandimpressionistictechnique;theirprospectsforpatronageintheirowncountrywereuncertain,andtheysoughttoattractitbyattainingacademicrecognitioninNewYork.OneoftheresultsoftheconflictbetweenthetwofactionswasthatwhatinpreviousyearshadbeenreferredtoastheAmerican,native,or,occasionally,NewYorkschool—themostrepresentativeschoolofAmericanartinanygenre—hadby1890becomefirmlyestablishedinthemindsofcriticsandpublicalikeastheHudsonRiverschool.

Thesobriquetwasfirstappliedaround1879.Whileitwasnotintendedasflattering,itwashardlyinappropriate.TheAcademiciansatwhomitwasaimedhadworkedandsocializedinNewYork,theHudson'sportcity,andhadpaintedtheriveranditsshoreswithvaryingfrequency.Mostimportant,perhaps,wasthattheyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelityamanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica'sfirstpopularlandscapeartist,ThomasCole,whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainsceneryborderingtheHudsonRiver.Apossibleimplicationinthetermappliedtothegroupoflandscapistswasthatmanyofthemhad,likeCole,livedonornearthebanksoftheHudson.Further,theriverhadlongservedastheprincipalroutetoothersketchinggroundsfavoredbytheAcademicians,particularlytheAdirondacksandthemountainsofVermontandNewHampshire.

1.WhatdoesthePASSAGEmainlydiscuss?

(A)TheNationalAcademyofDesign

(B)PaintingsthatfeaturedtheHudsonRiver

(C)NorthAmericanlandscapepaintings

(D)ThetrainingofAmericanartistsinEuropeanacademies

(A)Figuralpainting

(B)Landscapepainting

(C)Impressionisticpainting

(D)Historicalpainting

3.Thewordstruggleinline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)connection

(B)distance

(C)communication

(D)competition

4.Thewordmonopolizedinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)alarmed

(B)dominated

(C)repelled

(D)pursued

5.AccordingtothePASSAGE,whatwasthefunctionoftheNationalAcademyofDesignforthe

paintersbornbefore1835?

(A)Itmediatedconflictsbetweenartists.

(B)Itsupervisedtheincorporationofnewartistictechniques.

(C)Itdeterminedwhichsubjectswereappropriate.

(D)Itsupportedtheirgrowthanddevelopment.

6.Theworditinline12refersto

(A)matter

(B)technique

(C)patronage

(D)country

7.Thewordfactionsinline13isclosestinmeaningto

(A)sides

(B)people

(C)cities

(D)images

8.Thewordflatteringinline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)expressive

(B)serious

(C)complimentary

(D)flashy

9.Wheredidtheyoungergenerationofpaintersreceiveitsartistictraining?

(A)InEurope

(B)IntheAdirondacks

(C)InVermont

(D)InNewHampshire

PASSAGE4BBDBDCACA

PASSAGE5

Perhapsthemostobviouswayartisticcreationreflectshowpeopleliveisbymirroringtheenvironment—thematerialsandtechnologiesavailabletoaculture.Stone,wood,treebark,clay,andsandaregenerallyavailablematerials.Inaddition,dependingonthelocality,otherresourcesmaybeaccessible:shells,horns,gold,copper,andsilver.Thedifferentusestowhichsocietiesputthesematerialsareofinteresttoanthropologistswhomayask,forexample,whypeoplechoosetouseclayandnotcopperwhenbothitemsareavailable.Althoughtherearenoconclusiveanswersyet,thewayinwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparentinitschoiceanduseofartisticmaterials.Theuseofcertainmetals,forexample,maybereservedforceremonialobjectsofspecialimportance.Orthebeliefinthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreemaycauseasculptortobesensitivetothatmaterial.

Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologististherealizationthatalthoughthematerialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextentlimitorinfluencewhatitcandoartistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.WhydotheartistsinJapanesesocietyrakesandintopatterns;andtheartistsinRomansocietymeltsandtoformglass?Moreover,evenwhenthesamematerialisusedinthesamewaybymembersofdifferentsocieties,theformorstyleoftheworkvariesenormouslyfromculturetoculture.Asocietymaysimplychoosetorepresentobjectsorphenomenathatareimportanttoitspopulation.AnexaminationoftheartoftheMiddleAgestellsussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeologicaldoctrine.Inadditiontorevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsociety'sartmayalsoreflecttheculture'ssocialstratification.

1.AccordingtothePASSAGE,gold,copper,andsilverare

(A)moredifficulttohandlethanwoodand

(B)oftheirstablesocialconditions

(C)oftheuniquestylisticfeaturesoftheirart

(D)availableonlyinspecificlocations

2.Thewordconclusiveinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)definitive

(B)controversial

(C)concurrent

(D)realistic

3.Thewordapparentinline8isclosestinmeaningto

(A)attractive

(B)logical

(C)evident

(D)distinct

4.Whydoestheauthormentionthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreeinline10?

(A)toshowthatsomesculptorsavoidworkingwithspecificmaterials

(B)toemphasizetheunusualpropertiesofcertainmaterials

(C)asanexampleofhowartcanbeinfluencedbyculturalbeliefs

(D)asanillustrationoftheimpactoftheenvironmentonreligiousbeliefs

5.Theworditinline13refersto

(A)realization

(B)society

(C)extent

(D)influence

6.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthormentionstheJapaneseandRomansocietiesbecause

(A)theyinfluencedeachotherstone

(B)commonlyusedbyartistsinallsocieties

(C)essentialtocreateceremonialobjects

(D)theyusedthesameartisticmaterialinverydifferentways

7.AccordingtothePASSAGE,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutsandaretrueEXCEPT

(A)Itisusedtocreateglass.

(B)Romanartistsmixitintotheirpaints.

(C)Itsusevariesfromculturetoculture.

(D)Japaneseartistsuseittocreateartisticpatterns.

8.ThewordMoreoverinline16isclosestinmeaningto

(A)similarly

(B)inaddition

(C)incontrast

(D)frequently

9.Thewordpreoccupationinline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)involvement

(B)separation

(C)relationship

(D)argument

10.Thewordprimaryinline21isclosestinmeaningto

(A)discrete

(B)preliminary

(C)ideal

(D)fundamental

PASSAGE5DACCBDBBAD

PASSAGE6

Potash(theoldnameforpotassiumcarbonate)isoneofthetwoalkalis(theotherbeingsoda,sodiumcarbonate)thatwereusedfromremoteantiquityinthemakingofglass,andfromtheearlyMiddleAgesinthemakingofsoap:theformerbeingtheproductofheatingamixtureofalkaliandsand,thelatteraproductofalkaliandvegetableoil.TheirimportanceinthecommunitiesofcolonialNorthAmericaneedhardlybestressed.

Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butforglass-orsoap-makingeitherwoulddo.SodawasobtainedlargelyfromtheashesofcertainMediterraneanseaplants,potashfromthoseofinlandvegetation.HencepotashwasmorefamiliartotheearlyEuropeansettlersoftheNorthAmericancontinent.

ThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmoftheeconomyofcolonialNorthAmerica,andpotashwasoneofitsfirstconcerns.Itwasrequiredfortheglassworks,thefirstfactoryintheBritishcolonies,andwasproducedinsufficientquantitytopermittheinclusionofpotashinthefirstcargoshippedoutofJamestown.ThesecondshiptoarriveinthesettlementfromEnglandincludedamongitspassengersexpertsinpotashmaking.

Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswaspiledupandburnedintheopen,andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesinthebottom,andwaterwaspouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrelwasboileddowninironkettles.Theresultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethemassintowhatwascalledpotash.

InNorthAmerica,potashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttotheclearingoflandforagriculture,foritwasestimatedthatasmuchashalfthecostofclearinglandcouldberecoveredbythesaleofpotash.SomepotashwasexportedfromMaineandNewHampshireintheseventeenthcentury,butthemarketturnedouttobemainlydomestic,consistingmostlyofshipmentsfromthenortherntothesoutherncolonies.FordespitethebeginningofthetradeatJamestownandsuchencouragementsasaseriesofactstoencouragethemakingofpotash,beginningin1707inSouthCarolina,thesoftwoodsintheSouthprovedtobepoorsourcesofthesubstance.

1.WhataspectofpotashdoesthePASSAGEmainlydiscuss?

(A)Howitwasmade

(B)Itsvalueasaproductforexport

(C)Howitdiffersfromotheralkalis

(D)ItsimportanceincolonialNorthAmerica

2.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofbothpotashandsodaEXPECT:

(A)Theyarealkalis.

(B)Theyaremadefromseaplants.

(C)Theyareusedinmakingsoap.

(D)Theyareusedinmakingglass.

3.Theyphrasethelatterinline4refersto

(A)alkali

(B)glass

(C)sand

(D)soap

4.Thewordstressedinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)defined

(B)emphasized

(C)adjusted

(D)mentioned

5.Thewordinterchangeableinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)convenient

(B)identifiable

(C)equivalent

(D)advantageous

6.ItcanbeinferredfromthePASSAGEthatpotashwasmorecommonthansodaincolonialNorth

Americabecause

(A)thematerialsneededformakingsodawerenotreadilyavailable

(B)makingpotashrequiredlesstimethanmakingsoda

(C)potashwasbetterthansodaformakingglassandsoap

(D)thecolonialglassworksfoundsodamoredifficulttouse

7.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingwereneededformakingpotashEXCEPT

(A)wood

(B)fire

(C)sand

(D)water

8.Thewordadjunctinline22isclosestinmeaningto

(A)addition

(B)answer

(C)problem

(D)possibility

9.AccordingtothePASSAGE,amajorbenefitofmakingpotashwasthat

(A)itcouldbeexportedtoEuropeinexchangeforothergoods

(B)ithelpedfinancethecreationoffarms

(C)itcouldbemadewithavarietyofmaterials

(D)stimulatedthedevelopmentofnewwaysofglassmaking

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,thesoftwoodsintheSouthposedwhichofthefollowingproblems

forsouthernsettles?

(A)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryplentiful.

(B)Thesoftwoodscouldnotbeusedtobuildhouses.

(C)Thesoftwoodswerenotverymarketable.

(D)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryusefulformakingpotash.

PASSAGE6DBDBCACABD

PASSAGE7

AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,itbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.

Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmorecrowded,asfarmersfromwithinaradiusof24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheep,cows,pigs,vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirectsaletothetownspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughouttheperioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.

Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Thefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,werepopularitems.

Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthecompetition,retailmerchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Althoughgovernmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessful,theordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side,asincreasingbusinessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegantoappearinadditiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.

OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethe

surroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidtheycatertothegovernorandhiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthecourtsofjustice.

1.WhatdoesthePASSAGEmainlydiscuss?

(A)Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance

(B)Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter

(C)ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia

(D)TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthePASSAGEthatnewmarketsopenedinPhiladelphiabecause

(A)theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets

(B)theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose

(C)existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation

(D)farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.

3.Thewordhinterlandinline3isclosestinmeaningto

(A)tradition

(B)association

(C)produce

(D)region

4.Theworditinline6refersto

(A)thecrowdedcity

(B)