初中英语精讲精练-阅读理解指代和猜词题解题策略 学案

一、默写：它;他们;这个;那个;这些 ;那些 二、指示代题解题四部曲1、找出代词所在句2、原句、前一句读一读3、若还糊涂再往前4、答案就在不远处( )1.Stepl.Sittingcomfortablyjmaginethereisaclockinfrontofyouandturnyoureyesupto12o'clock.Pause(停顿)forasecond,andthenloweryoureyesto6o'clock.Pauseagain,andthenrepeatthisstep10times.Completetheexercisebycuppingyourhandsoveryoureyesforafewsecondsjettingthemrestinthedarkness.Whatdoestheunderlinedword'them"referto(指代)？A.Youreyes.B.Yourhands.C.Thedoctors.D.Theexercises.( )2.However,collaborativeskillsareveryimportantforpreparingstudentsfortoday'ssociety,"headded."Luckily,moreChineseparentsandteachersarerealizingtheimportanceofthisandarethinkingofwaystohelpstudentsimproveit."InParagraph5,theunderlinedword"it"refersto.A.today'ssocietyB.parents'realization C.theimportanceD.collaborativeskill( )3.lnsomepartsoftheworld,childrenhavetoworkhardlongdaysandtheycan'tgotoschool.Viviennewantedtochangethis."Iwantallkidstobeabletogotoschoolandplay/*saidVivienne.Theunderlinedword"this"inParagraph2referstothefactthat.A.somechildrenhavetoworkalldayandcan'tgotoschoolB.somechildrendon'thavecleanwatertodrinkC.somechildrendon'thaveenoughfoodtoeat D.somechildrenhavenohome( )4.Theprogramhasbeenagreatsuccess,accordingtoSmartMachinesspokesmanRobertFrostFrostsays,"Whatisinterestingtomeisthechildren'sreactiontoBill.Hereallycapturestheirattention.*'Frostthinkskidsdon'tfindtheexperienceofbeingtaughtbysmartmachinesasstrangeasolderpeoplebecausetheyhavegrownupinatimeofcomputersandsmartphones.Theunderlinedword"theyuinParagraph4refersto.A.kidsB.olderpeopleC.smartmachinesDprogramdevelopers( )5.AccordingtoBBCNews,therearemorethan22,000piecesofspacejunkfloatingaroundtheearth.Andthesearejustthethingsthatwecanseefromthesurfaceoftheearthbytelescopes(望远镜).Therearealsomillionsofsmallerpiecesofjunkthatwecan'tsee.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"these"inParagraph2referto?A.Telescopes.B.Satellites.C.Piecesofspacejunk.D.BBCnewsreports.( )6.Hehadtoworkwithpeopleallovertheworld.Theysharedinformationaboutcomputers.Itwashardtomanagealltheinformation.Heansweredthesamequestionsagainandagain.Ittookalotoftime.ItwasevendifficultforcomputersinthesameofficeinSwitzerlandtoshareinformation.Theunderlinedword"It"inParagraph3referstoA.Workingonearlycomputers B.ConnectingdifferentfactstogetherC.TravellingtotheofficeinSwitzerlandD.Repeatingtheanswerstothesamequestions( )7.EllieWasaskilledgymnast.Shecouldjumphigherthanherheight.Butshelikedshowingoff.Whenshetriedoutforthegymnasticsteam,sheputonaperfectperformance.Z/Seeifyoucandothat!”Shesaidproudly.ThenextFriday,thelistwaspostedannouncingwhohadmadetheteam.Ellie'snamewasn'tonjt."It'sunfair.I'mbetterthanalltheothergirls!wshesaid.Shewenttoseethecoach.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inParagraph2referto?A.theperformances.B.thelist. C.theteam.D.theattitude.三、词义猜测题常见考查形式中文意思 .Peterisverylazyandheneverdoeshishomework.Hecangotoauniversitywhenpigsflv.中文意思.Oneofsymptoms「simpt9mzicausedbythiskindofillnessisahighfever.中文意思.Inthestrongwind,thebeggarshivered[Jivad]withtheterriblecold.中文意思.Whenyouthrowastoneintostillwaterofalake,youwillwatcharipple「npllspreadinringsonthesurfaceofwater.中文意思.Inolddays,whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremarriedtotheirhusbands,theyexpectedtobringwiththemselvesalargequantityofdowry「dauri].中文意思..Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowither「wMa(r)]becauseofthecold.中文意思.Metalexpands[iks'paendz]whenheatedandcontractswhencooled.中文意思.中文意思.中文意思.技巧8同位法：同位语是对所修饰词语的进一步说明和解释，若对所修饰的词语不熟悉,可通过其后同位语的〃说明或解释〃来确定其词义。如：■Hisfatherisanexpertinphonetics[fa'netiksLthestudyofthesoundsoflanguage.中文意思■Jeanwasbornwithspinabifida[spainabifida],abirthillnessthatdamagesthespine[spain](脊骨).中文意思技巧9熟词生义：l.fallTheleavesfallinautumn.中文意思Ihadafallandbrokemyarm.中文意思Ourholidayplansfellthroughbecauseofbadweather.中文意思Mycarisfallingapart.中文意思Wefellabout(laughing)whenweheardthejoke.中文意思Sam,pleasefallbackonoldfriendsintimeofneed.中文意思2.runMybrotherhasnoideahowtorunabusiness.中文意思I'mafraidthecolorwillrunifIwashyournewskirt.中文意思Thediscussionbetweentheteachersandthestudentshasrunfortwohours.中文意思Hehasrunshortofmoney.中文意思.pickOnlythebestplayerswerepickedtoplayinthismatch.中文意思Youshouldnotpickanyoftheflowersinthepark.中文意思Shefeltthatherparentswerepickingonher.中文意思Shepickedoutapinkdressforherdaughter.中文意思Hepickedthewatch皿fromthecarpet.中文意思.dealTeachersshoulddealfairlywiththeirpupils.中文意思Shespentagooddealofmoneyonnewclothes.中文意思Wetriedtomakesureeveryonegotafairdeal.中文意思Mvbankdealsinstocks(股份.股票;库存；树干；家畜;)andsharesnow.中文意思 Theteacherdealtoutthetestpaperstothestudents.中文意思.driveCanyoudriveacar?中文意思Let/sgoforadriveinthecountry.中文意思Theworkerscarriedonadriveforgreaterefficiencylastmonth.中文意思Therearethreebusesparkedonthedrive.中文意思Povertydrovethelittleboytosteal.中文意思l/msurethatl,vedrivenmvopinionhome.中文意思Pleasedrivethedogaway.中文意思词义猜测题的命题方式为：给文中的某个词添加下画线，问所给词的含义，并在选项中给出其英文释义、中文释义或近义词，要求学生从选项中选出最符合其在文中用法的那一项。题干主要有以下几种形式：.Theunderlinedword〃.・・"inParagraphXmeans..Theunderlinedword"…"refersto/standsfor..Theunderlinedword"…"canbereplacedby..What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?.Theunderlinedword"・・：'hasthesamemeaningas..TheunderlinedwordisclosestinmeaningtothewordBysaying...,theauthormeanstosaythat...四、猜题题技巧：构词法+上下文+常识技巧L根据构词法：(一).Synthesismethod合成法：把两个或更多的词合成一个词。Homework,hometown,homemade,homepage,homeland,homesick家庭作业，家乡，自制，首页，家乡，想家 ，superman超人upstair楼上tetbook课本handwriting书写microwave微波chatroom聊天室password密码eastwards向东good-lookingsecond-handwell-dressedIfyoufindthatbelievinginyourselfisachallenge,itistimeyoubuildapositiveself-imageandlearntoloveyourself.中文意思Notallofthesefairiesarethefriendly,peoHe-lovingcharactersthatappearinDisneyfilmsandinsomefolktales,theyarecruel.中文意思Wemustsafeguardtheworldpeace.中文意思A.protectBcareorcustodyCpreventDtokeepsafewithaburglar-alarmOverworkmaycausediseases.中文意思Therewasadissatisfiedlookinthemanager'seyes.中文意思（二）.derivativemethod派生法/词缀法：前缀/后缀dis-不,相反的disl汰e,disappear,dishonest-ese人Japanese,Chineseim-不impossible,impolite-ian人American,musician,historianmis-错误的misuse,misunderstand,mistrust-ship状态friendship,membershipre-重新，再次rewrite,retell-en动词词尾widen,strengthen,darken.super-超级，上层supermarket,superman-fy 动词词尾beautifytele-远telephone,telegram,television-ly 副词词尾slowly,happily,simplyun-不unfair,unusual,unable,unlike-ward(s)副词词尾eastward(s),backward(s)under-下面的underground,undergraduate-able 的agreeable,payable,readableen-使…可能enlarge（扩大）enable（使能够），encourage-an 的 European,American,Canadian（鼓励）-al 的 political,musical-er 人,动作者worker,singer,recorder,teacher-en由 制成woolen,golden-or 人,动作者actor,visitor,editor-ed 的 blue-eyed-ist 人,主义者chemist,dentist,scientist.-ful充满的careful,painful,hopeful-ess女性actress,waitress-ish 的foolish,Swedish-hood身份，状态childhood,boyhood-less没有的careless,homeless,endless-ment行为，动作，结果government, movement,-ly充满，性质friendly,lovely,motherlydevelopment-ous有 的famous,dangerous-ness状态，性质illness,happiness-y 充满，性质rainy,dirty,sunny,cloudy,sleepy-ion动作，状态discussion,decision,organization-teen十几thirteen;fifteen;eighteen-th状态length,wealth,truth-ty几十forty;fifty;ninety-th第fifth;sixth;eighth形容词+名词+-edkind-hearted形容词+现在分词形容词+过去分词副词+现在分词副词+过去分词名词+现在分词名词+过去分词white-haired,warm-hearted.good-looking,easy-goingready-made,new-bornhard-working,well-meaningwell-known,newly-builtEnglish-speaking,south-facingman-made,water-covered名词+形容词snow-white,homesick副词/形容词+名词right-hand,full-time数词+名词数词+名词数词+名词副词+动词100-meter,million-pound+形容词180-foot-high,10-year-old+-edfour-legged,one-eyed形容词+动词名词+动词名词+名词形容词+名词动词+副词名词+动名词副词+名词动名词+名词overcome,understanddry-clean,white-washtypewrite,sleepwalkclassroom,schoolgirl,weekend,bookshophighway,blackboard,hotdog,greenhouseget-together,break-downhandwriting,storytellingoutbreak,overcoatdiningroom,sleepingcar,reading-roommaybe,forever,myself,whole-heartedly,however,everyone,somethinghandbag,handball,handwriting,hand-made重复re-recall；共同,平等co-coproduced；前pre-preview；后post-postgraduate；远程tele-telescope；mini一小minibus;over-itoversleep;Vice-®Jvice-resident;1willnotmakefriendswithadishonestperson.中文意思Whenthelittleboyfinished,hisfatherwasspeechless.中文意思Ifsomeathletesusedrugs,itisunfairtotheothers.中文意思（三）.transformationmethod 转化法：英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词，只要抓住单词的原始意思，结合句子成分，就容易弄清它们的引申义。Iusuallywalktoschool.Let'sgooutforawalk.中文意思中文意思Didyoubookaseatontheplane?Pleasehandmethebook.中文意思中文意思Shenursedherhusbandathospital.中文意思Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.中文意思（5）（2018重庆B卷）Firstly,studyyourself.Understandwhatyoulike,whatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobe.Instudyingyourself,youcheckyourstrengths（长处）andweaknesses.Findoutwhatyouneedtoprepareforyourdreamjob.Theunderlinedword"study"inParagraph3probablymeans.A.学习B.审视C.帮助D.调查⑥Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.中文意思⑦Don'tdirtvyourclothes.中文意思（8）Handmeyourknife,please.中文意思技巧2•根据定义猜词：利用不同的变述对同一概念进行解释，从而猜测词义。常见的信号词有be,means,refersto,beconsideredtobe,beknownas,becalled,standfor,namely,thatis（tosay）,inotherwords,toputitanotherway,define,represent等。常见山标点符号有施折号、括号，有的臬用同位语、定语从句的形式。这种解释说明的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂。【例】（2021•湖南•长沙）Infact,therearealotmorethanjustthebi,shotswhoaresuccessfulinlifewithoutfinishingschool.Theyseize（抓住）everychancetolearnandfinallymakeittothetop.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression“bigshots“inthethirdparagraphmean?A.好学生B.神枪手C.大人物解析：画线的内容是bigshots,根据其后的定语从句“whoaresuccessfulinlifewithoutfinishingschool”可知，它指的是〃没有完成学业就成功的人”，再根据前文（由于文字过多，举例中略过，原文包含）提到的“ThomasEdisonandSteveJobs〃可推断，它的含义是大人物，故选C。.Therearethreekindsofsnow.Onekindisafluffysnowthatissomewhatdryandfeathery[fedari]（adj.生有羽毛的，柔软如羽毛的；软绵绵;）.中文意思.Thepurposeofthecampaign[keempein]（运动；战役;）wastocatch“ringers”,studentswhotaketestsforotherstudents.中文意思.Acalendarisalistofthedays,weeks,monthsofaparticularyear.中文意思.Theword“adolescence[aedalesnsK/meanstheperiodbetweenchildrenandadulthood.A少儿期B幼儿期C青春期D成人期.Theherdsman「h3：dzmanl,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.中文意思.Apersonwhoisskilledatmakingorrepairingwoodenobjectsiscalledacarpenter「ka:pant9（r）l.中文意思.Hisuncleisazoologist[zau'HachistLanexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals.中文意思.Weareonthenightshiftfrommidnightto8a.m.一thisweek.中文意思.Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain,thefarmershavetoirrigate「irqeitl,orwatertheirfields.中文意思.ltwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle[bntl]—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.AeasilybrokenBsoftinsideCveryhardDexpensivell.AIIwhalesconsistoftwogroups,thosewithteethandthosewithout,Dolphinsbelongtoodontoceti[au'dnntasitiLthatistosay,theyaretoothedwhales.中文意思.TheydescribedhimasaloonUu:n],oramadman.中文意思.Butsometimes.norainfallsforalongjongtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordroughtfdrautl.中文意思技巧3.根据同义词、近义词猜词：根据同义词、近义词来猜测词义。同义关系词：and,or,like,similar。【例】（2021•浙江•温州）Thoughitseldomrainsinsummer,itsometimesdrizzlesonearlywintermornings.Thedrizzleandthewetair“water“theground,whichmakesthecropsandtheplantsgrow.Theunderlinedword“drizzle“probablymeans.A.warmairB.seawaterC.snowandiceD.verylightrain解析：在""Thoughitseldomrainsinsummer,itsometimesdrizzlesonearlywintermornings”中，drizzles用作动词，意思与rains相近，而画线词的词性为名词，再结合画线词后的"water，theground,whichmakesthecropsandplantsgrow”可推知，drizzle指的是verylightrain,故选D。LikecleverDavid,Richardmaybeintelligent.中文意思Yourideasaresonebulous「nebi919slthattheyarenotcleartome.中文YourHrossforaus]ortotalweightmustbewithincertainlimits.A.少量的B.四分之一的C.全部的 D.部分的Alltheothermembersareofthesameopinions.Theyareunanimous[iu'naenim9sl.A.一致同意B.不赞成C.弃权技巧4.根据对比和转折关系猜词：根据文中的反义词或表示对比关系的词来猜测词义。常见的信号词有as,like,unlike,while,onthecontrary,otherwise,but,yet,however,nomatterhow,although,though,instead,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,too.・g等。对比法常用来表现事物的差异，我们可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定某个词的含义。。【例】"Theproductsweredamaged（损坏）bysomeoneinourcompany,“thebosssays."Butthisshouldn'taffecttheuseoftheproducts.Ifthecustomersfindit,wewillsayitwascausedbythetruckingcompanythatdeliveredtheproducts//Theunderlinedword“affect“inthesecondparagraphmeans.A.keepB.divideC.influenceD.provide解析：but的前一句老板解释说：〃这些产品被我们公司的一些人损坏。〃通过转折向顾客解释，〃虽然产品被损坏，但是不应该产品的使用。”通过对比前后文进行猜测，确定该词义为“影响”，根据学生已学基础知识，得知influence的中文含义为影响，因此该题选择C。.Althoughtheearlymorninghadbeenverycold,thenoondaysunwastropical「gpikall.中文意思.Tomislazy,buthisbrotherindustrious.fin'dAstriasl中文意思.Mostofusagreed,however,Billdissented[di'sentidl.中文意思.Twelve-year—oldSallywasanactivegirl,buthersisterwasquitesedate[sideitl.A.prettyB.calmC.protectiveD.energeticheisusuallyprompt[prompt]forallherclasses,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass. A.ontimeB.lateC.slowlyD.quicklynmanycountriestherearetwofinancial[fai'naenfl]（财政的，财务的；金融的；）extremes（极端）,frompenury「penjariltogreatwealth. A.便士B.温饱C.非常贫困D.虚弱.Mrs.Smithisloquacious[lakweifaslwhileherhusbandisthesilenttype.A.多嘴多舌的B.寡言的C.沉默的D.可爱的.ThoughTom'sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubbvfgrAbil.中文意思 9Johnusuallywastesalotofmoneyonsuchuselessthings,hiswife,however,isverythrifty「Bnftil.中文意思.Motherwastall,fatandmiddle-aged.Myauntwasanoldwoman,almostasplumpasmother,andmuchshorter.中文意思.MostwomeninGhana-theeducatedandilliterateh'htgratLtheurbanandrural,theyoungandold■“worktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.A.repeatedB.reiterated.CuneducatedD.sick.Hehadbeengettingbetter,butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated[ditiariareitid].中文意思.Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway.However,everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil['t3：m3il]now.中文意思.Heissohomely[haumliLnotatallashandsomeashisbrother.中文意思.OneofthethingsIalwaysbelieveisthatnomatterhowbadsomethingis,youcantakesomethingpositiveoutofit.ThewordHpositiveMinthepassageprobablymeans.A.terribleB.badC.goodD.real.Ifhethinkshecaninvitemeout,heisallwet.Idon'tliketobewithhim.Theunderlinedphrase^allwetwmeans.A.drunkB.sweatingChappyD.wrong17.Lastmonth,CognitiveDailyreportedthatparentsandteachersshouldbespecificratherthangeneralwhentheyofferpraise.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"specific"underlinedinParagraph4?A.ExactB.CarefulC.ScientificD.Professional技巧5.根据举例猜词：根据文中所列举的例子来猜测词义。常用来举例的词或词组有like,suchas,forexample,forinstance等。这些例子都为我们猜测词义提供了帮助。【例】InsomecoastalprovincessuchasGuangdongProvinceandFujianProvince,apotofWuLongteaorPurerteaistheusualtreat.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"costal"inParagraph4mean?A.内陆的B.边境的C.沿海的D.沿河的解析：从文中的suchas后面是以广东省和福建省为例，我们知道这两个省份是沿海的省份，所以通过举例子得知这个单词是〃沿海的〃意思，故选C。Theshopsellsstationery「steiQnaril,suchaspens,pencils,paper;envelopes,andsoon.中文意思Wetooktheprovision[prau'vixanlwithustocamp,forexample,thereweremeat,bread,milk,sugarandfruit.中文意思Onthefarmtheymainlyraisepoultry「poultri],suchaschickens,ducksandgeese,fortheireggsandmeat.Theword"poultry"means.A.猎物 B.家禽 C.饲料 D.牲畜.Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals[pian’Ddikalzl：CrazyEnglish,Reader,TeachinginSchools,TimeMagazine,NewsWeek,theNewWorkerorEnglishLearning.中文意思.Todayyoungcouplesoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances[ep'laiansiz],forinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.中文意思.IhavefoundLucyisquitegenerous,forexample,whenevershemeetsabeggar,shegivessomecoinstohim.中文意思巧6.因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词所在部分与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词义。有时文章借助关联词(如 _because,as,since,for,so,so...that,such...that,thus,therefore,,asaresult等)表示因果关系。例Youshouldn'thaveblamedhimforthat,foritwasn'thisfault.解析通过for引出丽诉表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备.Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.A.verylargeBcrowedCnoisyDgood2.Shedidnothearwhatyousaidbecauseshewascompletelyengrossed[m'qraust]inherreading.A.心不在焉的 B.紧张的C.全神贯注的 D.睡意浓的3.Shewantedthehairdressertotrim[trim]herhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.A.修剪 B.梳理 C.清洗D.装饰4.SinceIcouldnotaffordoriginalpainting,Iboughtareplica「rephkcl.Itlooksreal.Youcouldnottellthedifferenceifyouareprofessional.中文意思5.Theriverissoturbid「t3：bid]thatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow（浅的）.中文意思 技巧7.上下文语境或常识：根据上下文逻辑关系、情境提示或常识来猜测词义。有时语境的提示或者段与段、句与句之间存在的前后联系也是猜词的好线索。在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。【伤】Dr.YuanLongpingworkedmostofhislifegrowingbetterrice.Asaresultofhisresearch,theChinesepeoplearenolongerworriedaboutgettingstarved.Hisgreatworkalsohelpedtheworldproducemoreandmorerice.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“starved“inparagraph2meaninChinese?A.挨饿B.受冻解析:根据画线词后“Hisgreatworkalsohelpedtheworldproducemoreandmorerice"和第四段中（由于文字过多，举例中