定语从句;句子成分及练习课件

语法复习----

句子成分及练习一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。二）主语：主语(Subject)

表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.

是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语

谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：

Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.（三）谓语

2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：

Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：

Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.

（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：

Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语

表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone.（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语sb.+直接宾语sth.），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.=Lendyourdictionarytome,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：

HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,make,find,get,order,post,等，例如：

Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theychosehimtheirmonitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语

ask,agree,care,choose,,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,等，如：

Herefusedtolendmehisbike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语

admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：

Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget等。

forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：

Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)

Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)

（六）宾语补足语

宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（七）定语

修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something

等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语我告诉他一些有趣的事情。Itellhimsomethinginteresting.

说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。Theboys

intheroom

areinClassTen.

（八）状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedtheexam.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）

（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobehonest,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.TheAttributiveClause(定语从句)定语从句概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.Sheistheonlyonewho’sstudyingFrench.句子作定语,修饰代词oneHeisateacherwho/thatteachesusChinese.句子作定语,修饰名词ateacher先行词关系词定语从句Maryisagirl

who

haslonghair.关系代词关系副词who,whom,whose,which,thatwhere,when,why被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词后面。2.引导定语从句的词叫关系词,在句中做句子成分。关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分，关系副词在句中作状语。关系词的作用：

1.引导一个定语从句；

2.在从句中代替先行词；

3.在从句中担任某一句子成份。Maryisagirl.

Agirlhaslonghair.Maryisagirl

who

haslonghair.Ilikemusic

that/whichIcandanceto.先行词关系代词定语从句Ilikethesingerwhoisbeautiful.Ilikethemoviethatisfunny.找一找IstillrememberthefirsttimewhenImether.定语从句构成：先行词+关系词+从句关系词关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词:when,where,why关系代词：

指物：thatwhichwhose(所有格）

指人：who(主/宾格)that

whom（宾格）

whose(所有格）Theboys

whoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Theman

whomtheywantedtovisitisascientist.1.who指人,在从句中做主语(不能省)或宾语（常可省略）2.whom指人,在从句中充当宾语(常可省)who,whom,which,that,whose,用法区别.Theboy

whotheyaretalkingaboutisLiLei.

1)Footballisagame

whichislikedbymostboys.3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略主语，不能省2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.宾语，可省4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。Thegirl(who/whom/that)wesawyesterdayisAnna.2)Aplaneisamachine

that/whichcanfly.

1.Hehasafriend

whosefatherisadoctor.2.Ihaveboughtahouse

whosewindowsfacesouth.

5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语3.Pleasepassmethebook

whosecoverisgreen.

定语从句关系代词的用法:1)当先行词是物时,用which/that引导.

Thesearethetrees

which/thatwere

plantedlastyear.2)当先行词是人时,用who/that/whom引导.Maryisagirl

who/that

haslonghair.that既可以指人又可以指物

who/that/which在定语从句中做主语时,谓语动词的单复数应与先行词保持一致。

1)

Iprefershoes

that

arecool.2)Ilikeapizza

that

isreallydelicious.3)Ilovesingers

who

arebeautiful.4)Ihaveafriend

whoplayssports.

Thisistheteacher_________

willgo

tothesouthwithustomorrow.(2)Isthatthestudent______________

the

teacher

istalkingwith?(3)

Ilikethepresent_________

you’vesent

tome.(4)Thenurse

_______________

wetalked

aboutcanspeakEnglishwell.(5)Thisisthejob___________

we’venever

donebefore.who/thatwho/that/whomthat/whichwho/that/whomthat/which(6)

Thisistheman________________Imetyesterday.(7)

Thisisthebag___________mymother

boughtyesterday.(8)

Theman_________

livesnexttousis

myEnglishteacher.(9)

Thegirl______________yousawinthe

streetisMary.who/that/whomthat/whichwho/thatwho/that/whom定语从句关系副词的用法:

1、where指地点，在从句中充当地点状语。

Thisistheplace

where(inwhich)welivedtenyearsago.2、

when指时间，在从句中充当时间状语。

Hetoldmethedate

when(onwhich)hejoinedtheParty.3、why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。

Iknowthereason

why(forwhich)shewassoangry.关系副词when,where和关系代词that,which的区别:同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where,有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：一：先行词在定语从句中所作成分；二：定语从句中的谓语动词是否一个及物动词。1.Thisisthepark(that)wevisitedlast

year.Thisistheparkwhereweheldabirthdayparty.2.Shewon’tforgetthedays(that)shespentontheisland.Shewon’tforgetthedayswhentheystayedtogether.Thisistheplacewhereyouworked.Thisistheplacewhich/thatyouvisited.

1)还原后为:youworkedintheplace,Work为不及物动词，先行词theplace做状语,所以用副词where作状语。

2)还原后为:youvisitedtheplace，visit为及物动词,先行词theplace做visited的宾语，所以用代词which/that做宾语。关系副词可转化为介词+which结构。1)Thisisthehouse______

onceLuXunlived.Thisisthehouse__________onceLuXunlivedin.这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。=inwhichwherewhich/that2)Beijingistheplace________Iwas

born.Beijingistheplace_________Iwasbornin.北京是我出生的地方。=inwhichwherewhich/that

A.whereB.whichC.whomD.whose1)Thisisthefactory____Ivisitedlastyear.2)Thisisthefactory____Iworkedlastyear.3)Thisisthefactory_____producesallkindsofTVsets.BAB3.Canyoulendmethenovel_____theotherday?A.thatyoutalkedB.youtalkedaboutitC.whichyoutalkedwithD.youtalkedabout

D2.Hehasafriend_______fatherisadoctor.whoseSheisthegirl_________talkedwithmeyesterday.who/thatA.whereB.whichC.whomD.whoseTheplace____intereststhechildrenmostistheChildren'sPalace.

A.whatB.thatC.whereD.inwhich2.Themountain____wevisitedlastsummeristhehighestmountaininEurope.

A.whereB.onwhichC.whatD.which3.Thisisthepark____Ivisitedlastweek.

A.whichB.whenC.whatD.whereBDA1)先行词既有人又有物时;只用that不用which2)先行词前面有最高级或序数词修饰时;①Heisthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.②Heisthehardestman(that)Ihaveevermet.

Thefilm

star(人)andher

film

(物)thatyouhavejusttalkedaboutiswell-known.3)当先行词前面有theonly,thesame,thelast,thevery时;Theonlything(that)Iwanttodoistohavearest.5.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing，few,all,none,little,theone

等不定代词，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much

等修饰时;4.在who,which引导的特殊疑问句中,定语从句中避免重复,一般也只用that.1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?

2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?

Imeanthe

one____youtalkedaboutjustnow.Isthereanything

________youdon’tknow?Iwanttoreadallthebooks________werewrittenbyLuXun.thatthatthat注：

当one,ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those,he,they,that,you等作先行词时（

指人）一般用who，不用that.

Those

whowanttogotothecinemawillhavetowaitatthegateoftheschool.

想去看电影的人必须在校门口等。

He

whodoesn'treachtheGreatWallisnotareal/trueman.

小结：that－既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。which－指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。

who－指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom）。whose－既可指人，也可指物，不能省略，作定语。注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。Exercise1:用关系代词填空Theboy____________isplayingping-pongismyclassmate.Thee-mail___________Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Ihatepeople______________talkmuchbutdolittle.Thecar_____________myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.who/thatwhich/thatwho/thatwhich/that5.Theman______hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.6.Isthereastudent_________fatherisabusinessman?7.Thisisthehousein________wehavelivedfor10years.8.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthings________youtalkedaboutjustnow.whosewhosewhichthat9.Theman______legbrokeinamatchusedtobeafootballplayer.10.Isthereanything______Icandoforyou?11.Ihaveafriend________likeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.

12.Thisisthebestnovel_______Ihaveread.13.Whoisthegirl_______isstandingunderthetree?whosethatthatthatthat/who14.Haveyoureadthebook_____isaboutthemoon?A.what

B.it

C./

D.which15.Thepolicemancaughtthethief______hasstolenMr.Li’scomputer.A.which

B.whose

C.whom

D.who16.Tony,tellmetheresultofthediscussion_____youhadwithyourdadyesterday.A.

what

B.which

C.when

D.whoDBD17.Thisisthecamera______myunclegavemeformybirthday.A.

which

B.who

C.whatD.whose18.—Wheredidyougolastweek?—IwenttoZhangAiping’shometownandvisitedthehouse

hewasbornin.

A.that

B.there

C.who

D.whose19.—Wheredidyougolastweek?—IwenttoZhangAiping’shometownandvisitedthehouse

hewasborn。A.that

B.where

C.who

D.whoseABA20.Isthattheman_______helpedusalotaftertheearthquake?which

B.who

C.whomD.there21.Wedon'tlikepeople____talktoomuchbutneverdoanything.A.whose

B.who

C.when

D.whichBB22.–Doyouknowtheboy___isstandingunderthet