动词ing形式的构成

Unit2WorkingthelandLearningaboutlanguage_________brown(skin)fromspendingtoomuchtimeinthesun________tomakesomethingorsomebodyfreeof_________tobecomelargerinsize,numberoramountsunburntrid…ofexpandDiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressions

1Findthewordorphrasefromthetextforeachofthesemeanings.4.________tomakeinformationandideasknowntomanypeople5.____________wouldpreferto6.________totryextremelyhardtoachieversomethingcirculatewould

ratherstruggle7.______tosendthingstoforeigncountriesforsale8.___________pleasedbyhavingwhatonewantsorneeds9.______toprovidewiththingsnecessaryforacertainpurpose10._____plantsgrowninlargeamountsbyfarmers11._________becauseofexportsatisfiedwithequipcropthanks

toAnswerkeyforEx2:1.information:statistics;world:globe2.Strong:super;races:nationalities3.Nothavingenoughfood:hunger;

sickness:disease4.AsmallSoutheastAsiancountry:

Vietnam;jobs:occupations5.Openconditions:freedom

soldandsentabroad:exported3Completethepassagewiththewordsbelowintheirproperforms.disturbingexpandoutputstrugglebattlesgraincropsdecadeequipIn

thepast_______,someofthefarmersinthewestofChinahavemetwithsomesuccessinthe________againstthe__________desert._________withnewscientificfarmingmethods,decadestruggleexpandingEquippedtheyhavebeenabletouselessfarmlandthaninthepast.Their______of_____andother______,however,isstillthesame,whichmakesitpossibleforthemtousetheremainingfarmlandforplantingtrees.Theseandotherfarmersarestartingtowinsmall______inthegreatwaragainstthe__________growthofthedesert.outputgraincropsbattlesdisturbingThe–ingformastheSubjectandObjectGrammarHaveyoueverseenthesesigns?parking,spitting,littering,smoking-ingforms1.动词-ing形式的构成:是在动词末尾加-ing形式构成,因此又叫动词的-ing形式。如:do-doing,be-being,ask-asking,etc.否定形式:not+-ing构成2.动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的宾语和状语,还有时态和语态的变化。3.动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成,它同时具有名词和动词的特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语等。一、动词-ing形式作主语表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态,谓语动词通常用单数。如：Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.无论对年轻人和老年人来讲,走路是一种很好的锻炼。Watching

newsonTVhasbecomearoutineforme.在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。Going

to

Hangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.乘火车去杭州要16个小时。Asking

awoman’sageisimpoliteinourcountry.在我们国家问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。

2.-ing形式作主语时常后置,此时须用it作形式主语,用形容词或名词作表语。常见的名词或名词短语有:nouse,nogood,fun,hardwork,ahard/difficultjob,awasteoftime等;形容词有:dangerous,worthwhile,useless等。如:It’snousemakinganexcuseforthis.为这件事找借口是没有用的。It’sawasteoftimetalkingaboutsuchauselessthing.谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。It’sdangerousswimmingintheseaonwindydays.有风的天气在海里游泳是危险的。Itisworthwhilediscussingthequestion.这个问题值得讨论。3.在therebe结构中作主语,这种结构的意思相当于“Itisimpossibletodo…”。如：若要人不知,除非己莫为。Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit．这种事开不得玩笑。Hereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter.无法知道他什么时候离开Therewasnoknowingwhenhewouldleave.动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作,不定式则通常表示具体的动作。如：还是个孩子的时侯,她就觉得探视病人是一种责任,也是一种愉悦。Asachild,shefeltthatvisitingsickpeople

wasadutyandapleasure．到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经历。Being

aguestinanAmericanhomewillbeagoodexperienceforme.一直不做就是作恶。

Doingnothingisdoingill．他说:“继续这样下去是无用的。”Hesaid,“To

go

on

like

thisisnouse.”我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。It’sanhonorformeto

be

invitedtotheparty．归纳:常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：It+be+awasteoftimedoing

做……是浪费时间的Itis/wasnogood/usedoing

做……是没用处的Itis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoing

做……不值得Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing

做……是值得的Thereisnodoing

无法……;不允许……Thereisnosenseindoing做…没有道理Thereis/wasnousedoing干…无意义Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing没有比…更糟的Thereis/wasnopointdoing干…无意义我们不知道要去哪儿。Therewasnoknowingwherewewouldgo.做这件傻事毫无意义。Thereisnopoint

doing

suchasillything.注意:Thereisnoneedtodosth干……没必要,在此句式中todo不可换为doing.没有必要告诉她。Thereisnoneedtotellher.提示:当动名词用作主语时,其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。我姐姐病了,使我很担心。Mysister’sbeingillmademeworried.你正确未必就意味着我错了。Yourbeingrightdoesn’tnecessarilymeanmybeingwrong.二、动名词用作宾语

动名词作宾语有两种情况。1.只能后接动名词作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannothelp,imagine,mind,miss,practise,cannotstand等。如：我不能不去。Ican’tavoidgoing．你是否考虑过找一位挚友?Haveyouconsidered

looking

foronespecialfriend?我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。Wemusttrytoavoidrepeatingthesamemistake．晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?Doyoufeel

like

havingawalkwithmeaftersupper?人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。Peoplecouldn’t

help

laughingfoolishman．

这类动词还有:excuse,fancy,giveup,putoff,risk,insiston,lookforward,feellike等。2.既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget，remember,hate等。在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,动名词表示泛指的动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用动名词和不定式,意义无甚区别,尤其是当主语是人的时候。

C.在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示后于谓语动作,

如：我记得我已把信寄了。Irememberpostingtheletter．我会记着去寄信的。I’llremember

to

posttheletter．我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。Ishallneverforget

seeingthefamouswriter．不要忘了给你母亲写信。Don’tforget

to

writetoyourmother．我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。Iregret

missingthereport．我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。Iregret

to

sayIcan’ttakeyouradvice．D.在try,mean之后,意义各不相同,如trytodo(设法),trydoing(试试),meantodo(打算,有意要做),meandoing(意思是,意味着)。如:我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime．我们用别的方法做这工作试试。Let’stry

doingtheworkinginsomeotherway．我并不想叫你生气。Ididn’tmean

to

makeyouangry．你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。Yourplanwouldmean

spendinghours．E.goondoing和goontodogoondoing继续做一直在做的事;goontodo接着做另一件事。如：请接着做这同一个练习。Pleasegoondoingthesameexercise．请做另外一个练习。Pleasego

on

to

dotheotherexercise．F.stopdoing与stoptodo:Stopdoing停止做，stoptodo停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如:我们停止了交谈。Westopped

talking．我们停了下来去谈话。Westopped

to

talk．goondoing继续做原来做的事goontodo接着做另一件事

meandoing意味着要做某事meantodo想要做某事stopdoing停止做某事stoptodo停下来(别的事)开始做某事trydoing试着做某事trytodo努力做某事beusedtodoing习惯于做某事

beusedtodo被用来做某事can'thelpdoing禁不住做某事can'thelptodo不能帮助做某事3.作介词宾语动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。A.介词+动名词,

如：我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。We’vegottothinkofwaysofchanging

people’shabits.我向你道歉,刚才对你那样生气。Iapologizefor

beingsoangrywithyou.离开几年之后再回到你的家乡,感觉有点怪。After

beingawayforseveralyears,itisastrangeexperiencetoreturntothehometown.B.动词+介词+动名词,如：我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。Iinsistontakingproperfoodforthisexpedition．同学们脸上没有笑容,相反都做了怪脸。Instead

of

smiling,eachofthemmadeaface．她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany．下列短语中的to都是介词,所以后面跟名词或-ing形式:devoteto,objectto,payattentionto,getdownto,leadto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto等。精析:根据句意“itmaynowbetoolateto…”和“already”可知“河流已经被严重污染”,应用完成时。答案A。高考链接____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(2004全国)

A.HavingsufferedB.Suffering

C.ThatD.Suffered2.____thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmay

takehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.

(全国2002)

A.GivenB.Togive

C.GivingD.Havinggiven解析:本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。分析题干,前一部分相当于一个条件状语从句,即Ifheisgiven…,因为主句是it,从句应含被动意义,这恰是过去分词作状语的基本含义即含被动意义。答案A。3.Thepicture____onthewallispaintedbymyniece.(2001上海)A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung解析:分析题目可知,谓语是ispainted,那么选项部分应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式,其一般不作定语,只作时间或原因状语;C项动词“第三人称单数”显然也不能作定语,只作谓语;分析thepicture与动作hang之间的关系,其不含被动意义,D项排除;B项是现在分词的一般式,相当于定语从句whichishanging。答案B。

4.—Let'shavearest．—Notnow．Idon'twanttostop__________yet．(MET1985)A.study

B.tostudyC.forstudying

D.studying解析:stopstudying意为“停止学习”。

D5.—Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists．—Don’tyouremember________methestoryyesterday?(1999上海高考)A.told

B.tellingC.totell

D.tohavetold解析:remembertellingme意为“记得曾经告诉过我”。

B

1.—Whatmadeyousoupset?—_____twoticketstothepopmusicconcert.A.Losing B.BecauseoflosingC.Tolose D.BecauseIhadlost2.Ican'timagine_______thatwiththemA.do

B.todoC.beingdone

D.doingA考考你D

3.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.tolose B.losingC.tobelost D.beinglost4.___isforbiddeninsidethepark.A.Tocycle B.WecycleC.AnyonecyclesD.CyclingBD5.Ican’tstand___withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses___talkingwhilesheworks.A.working;stoppingB.towork;stopping

C.working;tostopD.towork;tostop6.Theoldladyneeds____.A.lookafter B.tolookafterC.lookingafter D.beinglookedafterCC1.Ifyoucankeep________(read)Englishnewspapers,yourEnglishwillbeimproved.2.Hehaspromised__________(come)tomybirthdayparty.3.Ihate_________________(tell)lies!4.Iwillneverforget__________(go)toBeijingwithhimlastsummer.Iforgot________(tell)herthenews;sosheknewnothingaboutit.Completethesesentences:readingto

cometelling/to

tellgoingto

tell1.出国旅行是很激动人心的。2在这儿等是没用的,我们走吧。3我记得在哪里见过他。4我后悔没听你的劝告。5帮助别人就是帮助你自己。Travellingabroadisveryexciting.It’snousewaitinghere.Let’sgo.Irememberseeinghersomewhere.Iregretnotfollowingyouradvice.He