2023年考研考博-考博英语-西安交通大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-西安交通大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Thehelicopterisanincrediblyversatilemachine.Itcanfly,straightupordown,hoverlikeafly,andgoforwards,backwards,orsideways.Itthereforeneedsnolong,preparedrunwaylikeanormalairplanedoes.Itcanoperatefromaflatroofinthecityorfromaclearinginthejunglewithequalease.However,helicoptersarenowherenearasfastasnormalfixed-wingairplanesandhaveatopspeedofonlyabout200milesanhour.Thehelicopterhasoftenbeencalledthe'flyingwindmill'becauseofthelong,rotatingblades,orrotor,ontopofitsbody.Thismainrotorservesasbothpropellerandwingstoprovidethethrusttodrivethehelicopteralongandthelifttoraiseitofftheground.Therotorbladeshavethesameaero-foilshapesasairplanewingsandpropellerstogeneratetherequiredliftandthrust.Whenthemainrotorrotates,thebodyofthehelicopterlendstospinbyreactionintheoppositedirection.Tocounteractthiseffect,asmallrotorismountedsidewaysonthetail.Thethrustproducedbythistailrotorinnormalflightjustbalancestheturningtendencyofthehelicopterbodywhichthereforeremainssteady.Boththemainandthetailrotorsaredrivenbythehelicopterenginethroughthesamegearbox.Anotherwayofmaintainingstabilityintheairistohavetwinmainrotorswhicheachrotateinoppositedirections.Then,the"spinning"tendencyofonecancelsthatoftheother.Movementofthehelicopterinadirection-forwards,backwards,sideways,upordown-isachievedsimplybyvaryingthepitchoftherotorblades.Thepitchistheangleatwhichthebladesslicethroughor'bite'theair.Toflystraightupwardsallthebladesaresetatthesamesharppitch.Inthispositiontheyachievemaximumlift.Todescend,thepitchofthebladesisreducedsothattheliftisinsufficienttosupportthehelicopter'sweight.Thepilotadjuststhepitchforupordownmovementbymovingthecollective-pitchstick.Thisisalsolinkedtotheenginethrottlessothatmorepowerisappliedasthepitchincreases.Thisistoovercomethegreaterairresistancewiththesharperpitch.Conversely,theengineisthrottledbackwhenthepitchisreducedfordescentbecausethereislessairresistance.Toflyforwards,thepitchoftherotorbladesisvariedastheyrotate.Forforwardmotion,thepitchismadeleastatthefrontandgraduallyincreasedastheblademovesbackwards.Thishastheeffectofsweepingtheairbackwards,andthereforepushingthehelicopterforwards.Thesamegoesforanyhorizontalmovement——thepitchismadeleastinthedesireddirectionoftravel.Thecyclic-pitchstickcontrolsthepitchoftherotorforhorizontalflight.1.Fromthefirstparagraphwecaninferthat（）.2.What'sthebasicfunctionofthemainrotorofahelicopter?3.Themovementofthehelicopterinanydirectioniscontrolledby（）.4.Toflyforwards,ahelicopterhasto（）.5.Theword"descend"inline4ofparagraph4canbebestreplacedby（）.6.Thephrase"Thisposition"inline4ofparagraph4refersto（）.7.Whatisthemostappropriatetitleforthispassage?问题1选项A.nothingisperfectB.generallyspeaking,helicoptersarebetterthanotherairplanesC.fixed-wingairplaneshaveatopspeedofabout200milesperhourD.helicoptersarenotatallversatile问题2选项A.Tocounteractthespinningofahelicopter.B.Tomaintainstabilityintheair.C.Torotateinoppositedirection.D.Toproducetheforcetodriveitalongandthelifttoraiseitofftheground.问题3选项A.asmallrotorB.itstailC.varyingthepitchoftherotorbladesD.counteractingmaximumlift问题4选项A.supportthehelicopter'sweightB.sweeptheairbackwardsandpushthehelicopterforwardsC.belinkedtotheenginethrottleD.slicethroughtheair问题5选项A.settleB.comeC.godownD.decrease问题6选项A."Toflystraightupwards"B."thesamesharppitch"C."Thepitch"D.''achievemaximumlift”问题7选项A.TheHelicopterB.ThePitchC.RotatingBladesD.TheflyingHelicopter2.写作题Forthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionofnolessthan200wordslongaccordingtothefollowinggraph.Youneedtointerpretwhatthegraphtriestoinformandusetheinformationfromthegraphandlogicalanalysistosupportyourfindings.PleasenotethatAJ,Ben,Chuck.Dan,Earl,andFredarenamesof6students.YoumustwriteyourcompositionclearlyontheAnswerSheetprovided.3.单选题Thechieffoodseateninacountrydependslargelyon（）bestinitsclimateandsoil.问题1选项A.allwhatitgrowsB.whatgrowsC.whichgrowsD.whatdoesitgrow4.单选题Mostparents,Isuppose,havehadtheexperienceofreadingabedtimestorytotheirchildrenandtheymusthave（1）howdifficultitistowritea（2）children'sbook.Eithertheauthorhasaimedto（3）,sothatthechildrencan'tfollowwhatis:inhis(ormoreoften,her)story,（4）thestoryseemstobetalkingtothereaders.Thebestchildren'sbooksare（5）verydifficultnorverysimple,andsatisfyboththe（6）whohearsthestoryandtheadultwho（7）it.Unfortunately,thereareinfact（8）bookslikethis,（9）theproblemoffindingtherightbedtimestoryisnot（10）tosolve.Thismaybewhymanyofbooksregardedas（11）ofchildren'sliteraturewereinfactwrittenfor（12）.“Alice'sAdventureinWonderland”isperhapsthemost（13）ofthis.Children,leftforthemselves,often（14）theworstpossibleinterestinliterature.Justleaveachildinbookshopor（15）andhewill（16）willinglychoosethebookswritteninanimaginativeway,orhavealookatmostchildren'scomics,fullofthestoriesandjokeswhicharethe（17）ofteachersandright—thinkingparents.Perhapsweparentsshouldstoptryingtobrainwashchildreninto（18）ourtasteinliterature.Afterallchildrenandadultsareso（19）thatweparentsshouldnotexpectthattheywillenjoythe（20）books.SoIsupposewe'lljusthavetocompromiseoverthatbedtimestory.问题1选项A.hopedB.realizedC.toldD.said问题2选项A.shortB.longC.badD.good问题3选项A.easyB.shortC.highD.difficult问题4选项A.andB.butC.orD.so问题5选项A.bothB.neitherC.eitherD.very问题6选项A.childB.fatherC.motherD.teacher问题7选项A.hearsB.buysC.understandsD.reads问题8选项A.fewB.manyC.agreatdealofD.agreatnumberof问题9选项A.butB.howeverC.soD.because问题10选项A.hardB.easyC.enoughD.fast问题11选项A.articlesB.workC.artsD.works问题12选项A.grownupsB.girlsC.boysD.children问题13选项A.difficultB.hiddenC.obviousD.easy问题14选项A.areB.showC.findD.add问题15选项A.schoolB.homeC.officeD.library问题16选项A.moreB.lessC.ableD.be问题17选项A.lovingnessB.interestsC.objectionsD.readings问题18选项A.receivingB.acceptingC.havingD.refusing问题19选项A.sameB.friendlyC.differentD.common问题20选项A.commonB.averageC.differentD.same5.单选题Onceuponatimetherelivedabeautifulyoungwomanandahandsomeyoungman.Theywereverypoor,butastheyweredeeplyinlove,theywantedtogetmarried.Theyoungpeople'sparentsshooktheirheads.”Youcan'tgetmarriedyet,”theysaid.“Waittillyougetagoodjobwithgoodprospects."Sotheyoungpeoplewaiteduntiltheyfoundgoodjobswithgoodprospectsandtheywereabletogetmarried.Theywerestillpoor,ofcourse.Theydidn'thaveahousetoliveinoranyfurniture,butthatdidn'tmatter.Theyoungmanhadagoodjobwithgoodprospects,solargeorganizationslenthimthemoneyheneededtobuyahouse,somefurniture,ailthelatestelectricalappliancesandacar.Thecouplelivedhappilyeverafterpayingoffdebtsfortherestoftheirlives.Andsoendsanothermodemromanticfable.Weliveinamaterialisticsocietyandaretrainedformourearliestyearstobeacquisitive.Ourpossessions,"mine"and"yours"areclearlylabeledfromearlychildhood.Whenwegrowoldenoughtoearnaliving,itdoesnotsurpriseustodiscoverthatsuccessismeasuredintermsofmoneyyouearn.WespendthewholeofourliveskeepingupwiththeJoneses.Ifwebuyanewtelevisionset,aJonesisboundtobuyabiggerandbetterone.Ifwebuyanewcar,wecanbesurethatJoneswillgetonebetterandgettwonewcars:oneforhiswifeandoneforhimself.ThemostamusingthingaboutthisgameisthattheJonesesandalltheneighborswhoarestrugglingfranticallytokeepupwiththemarespendingborrowedmoneykindlyprovided,ataSuitablerateofinterest,ofcourse,byfriendlybanks,insurancecompanies,etc.Itisnotonlyinaffluentsocietiesthatpeopleareobsessedwiththeideaofmakingmoremoney.Consumergoodsaredesirableeverywhereandmodemindustrydeliberatelysets,outtocreatenewmarkets.Gonearethedayswhenindustrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.Thewheelofindustrymustbekeptturning.“Built-inobsolescence”providesthemeans:goodaremadetobediscarded.Carsgettinnierandtinnier.Younosooneracquirethisyear'smodelthanyouarethinkingaboutitsreplacement.Thismaterialisticoutlookhasseriouslyinfluencededucation.Fewerandfeweryoungpeoplethesedaysacquireknowledgeonlyforitsownsake.Everycourseofstudiesmustleadsomewhere:i.e.toabiggerwagepacket.Thedemandforskilledpersonnelfarexceedsthesupplyandbigcompaniescompetewitheachothertorecruitstudentsbeforetheyhavecompletedtheirstudies.Temptingsalariesand"fringebenefits"areofferedtothem.Recruitingtacticsofthiskindhaveledtothe"braindrain",theprocessbywhichhighlyskilledpeopleoffertheirservicestothehighestbidder.Thewealthiernationsdeprivetheirpoorerneighborsoftheirmostablecitizens.WhileMammonisworshippedasneverbefore,therichgetricherandpoor,poorer.1.Fromthefirstparagraph,wecaninferthat（）.2.Theexpression“keepupwiththeJoneses”mightmean（）.3.Accordingtotheauthor（）.4.What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?5.Wecaninferthatmorepeoplepastacquiredknowledge（）.6.“Braindrain”means（）.7.Wecaninferthatbraindrain（）.问题1选项A.goodjobwithgoodprospectscanhaveagoodmarriageB.thosewhoarepoorcan'tmarriedC.poorinloveisbetterthanrichinloveD.evenmarriageiscloselyrelatedwithmoney问题2选项A.maintainahighstandardofachievementB.preventsomethingfrommovingC.trytomaintainthesamesocialandmaterialstandardsasone'sneighborsD.continuetobeincontactwithsomebody问题3选项A.moneyseemsextremelyimportanttodayB.interestinearningmoneyisnotamodemphenomenonC.moneyisonethere,loveisanotherD.lovewithoutmoneyisafieldwithoutwater问题4选项A.KeepUpwiththeJonesesB.TheOnlyThingPeopleAreInterestedinTodayIsEarningMoreMoneyC.LoveMe,LoveMyDogD.MoneyMaketheMareGo问题5选项A.eagerlyB.foritsownsakeC.forpracticalpurposeD.passively问题6选项A.brainbecomesemptyB.brainhasproblemsC.aprocessinwhichthehighlyskilledpeoplechangetoworkfortheorganizationswhopaythemhigherD.aprocessbywhichthecleverpeopleareofferedbetterjobs问题7选项A.attractsnoattentionfromallthecountriesB.bringsaboutbadeffectstopoorcountriesC.makesrichercountriespoorbecausetheyhavetopaymoretothemD.isworshipped6.单选题AreportsubmittedtotheUnitedStatesCongressin1971emphaticallyrecommendeda（）nationalefforttoadoptmetricsystem.问题1选项A.concertedB.representativeC.respectiveD.spontaneous7.单选题Aprilthe3rdwasthedayweattemptedtoreachMountEverest.Themorningsawusailupandrushingaboutthebungalowatdaybreak.Webumpeddowntheninemilesofdustytrack,eachclutchingacameraoroneofthemoredelicateinstrumentstoourchestsinanendeavortomakeourbodiesabsorbasmanyoftheshocksfromthebumptrackaspossible.Thegroundstaffwasalreadybusyonourarrival.Theshedswheretheaircraftwerekepthadbeenopenedandthegreatmachineswerebeingmanhandledoutontothetarmac.Thebottlesofoxygenwerecarefullyplacedintheirclipsandconnectedtothesystem.Theverticalcamerasweretitledandtested,andairframesandengineswereinspectedandtestedineverydetail.Pilotsandobserversfussedaroundtheirequipment,tryingonmanytimesbeforereadjustingstraps,electricleadsandoxygenfeedpipesthathadalreadybeenadjustedtoanicety.Theythenrecheckedthechartswhichhadbeencarefullypreparedtoallowaccuratelyfortheincreasingwindspeedsduringtheclimb—alltryingtokeepthemselvesoccupiedduringthattensehalf-hourwaitforthereturnofthereconnaissancemachine.Therehadbeensomuchpreparationforthisflight,andtherewasstillsomuchoftheunknownaboutit,thatthecrewscouldnothelpbeingslightlyaffectedbythegeneralexcitement.Waitingisalwaysunpleasant,andwewereallrelievedtoseethereconnaissancemachinedivingdownthroughthedusthaze.TheAirCommodorewhocommandeditbroughtwelcomenews.Thoughhehadbeenunabletoclimbabovethedust,hehadbeenabletoseetowardsthemountainsthroughthetopofthehazeandtherewasacloudlesssky.Thiswassplendid:nocloudtomarthephotography.Wehadpromisednottoattempttheflightifthewindexceeded40milesanhour,butthiswasthefirsttimewehadfoundthewindunder100milesanhour.Weworkedouttheimplicationsandreckonedthat,providedwedidnotspendmorethanfifteenminutesatthesummit,wecouldgetbackinsideourpetrolendurance.Wemightwaitfordaysandweeksandnotgetanotheropportunity.TheAirCommodoreweighedthepositioncarefullyandgavetheword"Go".1.Theauthorandhiscolleaguesheldtheirinstrumentsclosetotheirchestsbecause（）.2.Whenthemembersoftheexpeditionarrivedattheaerodrome,thegroundstaffwere（）.3.Thecrewsoftheaircraftkeptcheckingtheirequipment（）.4.ThepurposeofthisexpeditiontoMountEverestwasto（）.5.Thepilotstooktheopportunityto（）.6.Theword"tarmac"inline6ofparagraph1mostprobablymeans（）.7.Theword“They”inline3ofparagraph2refersto（）.问题1选项A.thereweresomanypeopleinthecarB.thedustmighthaveobscuredtheircamerasC.thesurfaceofthetrackwasveryunevenD.theywantedtoprotectthemselvesfrombumps问题2选项A.maneuveringtheaircraftintopositionontherunwayB.attachingtheclipstothebottlesofoxygenC.waitingtoremovethemachinesfromtheshedsD.makingtoremovethemachinesfromthesheds问题3选项A.toensurethatthestrapsoftheiroxygenmaskswereadjustableB.topinpointthepositionofthereconnaissanceplaneC.toverifytheaccuracyofthewindspeedsshownintheirchartsD.tokeepthemselvesbusyuntilitwastimetotakeoff问题4选项A.investigatetheatmosphericconditionsonthemountainB.makeanaerialsurveyofthesummitC.testthebreathingapparatusathighaltitudeD.penetratethedusthazesurroundingthemountain问题5选项A.testtheflyingspeedoverthesummitofthemountainB.reachMountainEverestdespitethehighrateofwindC.fussaroundtheirequipmentD.driveawayunpleasantwaiting问题6选项A.anofficeB.aplaceC.apavedsurfaceforplanestotakeoffD.arunway问题7选项A.strapsB.electricleadsC.oxygenfeedpipesD.pilotsandobservers8.单选题Paperclips,drawingpinsandsafety-pinswere（）alloverthefloor.问题1选项A.sprayedB.separatedC.dispersedD.scattered9.单选题TheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstategovernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws”.Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers'immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofallpersonsbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt'srulinginDredScottVSanfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyPresidentAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswithauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectionthefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson'sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment'sexistence,theSupremeCourt'sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublicaccommodationsandothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment'sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BroadofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.1.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingiscorrect?2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelyindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?I.CivilRightsActof1866II.DredScottV.SanfordIII.FourteenthAmendmentIV.VetobyPresidentJohnson3.Accordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwith（）.4.TheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedif（）.5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheprincipaleffectofthestateactionlimitationwasto（）.问题1选项A.Bypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforabroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.B.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthavenotreachedconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.C.NotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpresses.D.TheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadimplications.问题2选项A.I-II-IV-IIIB.I-IV-III-IIC.III-II-I-IVD.II-I-IV-III问题3选项A.detailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalcitizenshipB.providingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedStates.C.overturningtheCivilRightsActof1866D.assertingthatthecivilrightsprotectedbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscrimination.问题4选项A.Congress'authoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeenchallenged.B.theframershadanticipatedtheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.C.theframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroups.D.Moststategovernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectcitizens'civilrights.问题5选项A.allowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthAmendment.B.influencetheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.C.provideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedactions.D.prohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActof1866.10.单选题Thepreciousmanuscriptswerehopelessly（）bylongexposureinthecold,dampcellar.问题1选项A.damagedB.destroyedC.harmedD.mined11.单选题AccordingtoaUnitedStateslawpassedin1986,statesparticipatingindaylightsavingtime（）advancetheirclocksonehouronthelastSundayinApril.问题1选项A.conceptuallyB.systematicallyC.simultaneouslyD.purposefully12.单选题WhentheU.N.CommissionontheStatusofWomen(CSW)helditsinauguralmeetinginLondonbackin1946,theU.S.delegate,EleanorRoosevelt,readanopenlettertothewomenoftheworldcallingongovernmentstoencouragewomeneverywheretoparticipateinnationalandinternationalaffairs.Theletteralsourgedwomenwhoareconsciousoftheiropportunitiestocomeforwardandshareintheworkofpeaceandreconstructionastheydidinwarandresistance.But66yearslater,theworldwidestruggleforgenderequalityandgenderempowermentcontinuesunabated——evenaswomenfindthemselvesdiscriminatedagainst,andvictimsofviolence,bothathomeandonthebattlefield.AsIndia'sPermanentRepresentativetotheUnitedNationsAmbassadorHardeepSinghPuritoldtheSecurityCouncilonFebruary23,2012,closeto90percentofcurrentcasualtiesinwarsandsituationsofarmedconflictarecivilians,withthemajoritybeingwomenandchildren.Obviously,womenbearadisproportionatelylargeshareoftheburdenofconflict,buthaveamarginalsayinmattersofwarandpeace,hesaid,pointingouttheirony.Thisisperhapsafunctionofthegenderimbalanceinoursocieties,reflectedinpositionsofpowerandinfluence,headded.Despitethis,Puffargued,womenshouldnotbeviewedsolelyasvictimsofwar.Theyalsohavetoassumethekeyroleofensuringfamilylivelihoodsinthemidstofchaosanddestruction,andareparticularlyactiveinthepeacemovementsatthegrassrootslevelandcultivatingpeacewithintheircommunities.Therefore,theabsenceofwomenatthepeacenegotiatingtableisunconscionable,declaredPuri,asheimplicitlycriticizedthefactthatpeacenegotiatorsareoverwhelminglymale.YasmeenHassan,globaldirectorattheNewYorkbasedEqualityNow,saidthateconomicdownturnsbringwiththemrisingfundamentalismsandaclingingtopracticesandbeliefsthatposeachallengetogenderequality.Similarly,shepointedout,Warandlackofsecurityleadtoacurtailmentofwomen'srights.Thedevelopingworldhasseenalotmoreinstability——economic,political,social——thathasoftenbeenexacerbatedbyconflicts,bothinternalandcrossborder,thatposethebiggestbarrierstogenderequality.“Instabilityandconflictsalsomakewomen'srightsactivismdifficultaswomenmaybecomedividedonissuesofnationalorigin,raceandclass,”sheadded.A10-daymeetingofthe45-memberCSW,beginningFebruary28,2012,willfocusonanotherbattlefrom:theempowermentofruralwomenandtheirroleinpovertyandhungereradicationandsustainabledevelopment.Accordingtothenewly-createdU.N.Women,ruralwomenconstituteone-fourthoftheWorld'spopulationofsevenbillionpeople.Still,onlyfivepercentofagriculturalextensionservicesareprovidedforwomenfarmers,andinruralsub-SaharanAfrica,womenholdlessthan10percentofthecreditavailabletosmallholderagriculture.“Ifruralwomenhadequalaccesstoproductiveresources,agriculturalyieldscouldreducethenumberofchronicallyhungrypeoplebybetween100and150million,”saysUNWomen.Askedaboutthekeyachievementsongenderempowermentinthelastfiveto10years,Hassansaid.“Everyoneagreesthatitisanissuethathastobeputontheagenda——women'sempowermenthascometobeseenasessentialfordevelopmentand,moreimportantlyincurrenttimes,forbuildingpeace.”Shesaidtheshacklesofcultureandreligion,thoughstillbindingwomenmuchmoreharshlythanmen,havecometobeseen——atleastinternationally——asnotinevitableandinfactbreakable.GigiFrancisco,thePhilippines——basedgeneralcoordinatorofDevelopmentAlternativeswithwomenforaNewEra(DAWN),saidthatamidstthebackdropofuncertaintimesforeconomiesworldwideandre-commitmentsmadebytheinternationalcommunitytoendingpovertyandachievingsustainabledevelopment,thereisamoredeliberatefocusonordinarywomen'srolesinproductionandconsumptionacrosstheeconomicsouth.Byrelievingwomen'spracticalburdenslinkedtotheirgenderroles,itisassumedthatwomenandtheirfamilieswillbecomemoreefficientinaccessinganddistributingresourcesthatwouldeventuallyredoundtosomedegreeofempowerment,shesaid.Atthesametime,Franciscopointedout,whenwomenbecomemoreefficientinperformingtheirroles,therestofthesocietyandtheentireeconomybenefit.Focusingontheissuesandconcernsofgrassrootswomenistherightthingtodo.“Howeverwhatisfundamentallywrongwiththisapproachisthatwithoutawomen'srightsperspectivethefocusonefficiencyconfersentitlementstopoorwomensolelyonthebasisoftheirlabor,”sheadded.Aswell,theapproachdoesnotleadtoanytransformationoftheexistinggenderdivisionoflaborthatpositionswomeninasubordinatedwaywithinfamiliesandsocieties,sheadded.Andbeinglesspoordoesnotmeanthatthegendergaphadbecomelessunequal.Askedaboutgenderprogress,Franciscosaidthattheriseinthenumberofwomenenteringofficialpositionsofpowerandauthorityatlocal,national,regionalandgloballevelsisamajorachievementinonekeyaspectofgenderequality.ThisisundoubtedlyaclearfollowthroughonobligationssetintheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomen(CEDAW)andthe1995BeijingPlatformforAction(BPFA)adoptedattheFourthWorldConferenceonWomeninChina.Whileinstitutionalarrangementsandmechanismsforgenderequalityhaveprovidedtheframeworkinprogressivelyrealizinggenderbalanceinpoliticalreforms,changescouldnothavetakenplacewithouttheactionsbywomen'srightsadvocatesandmovementsthatpushedgenderequalityissuestotherealmofpublicdeliberationsandresistances.“Incelebratingwomenwhoareinpositionsofpower,wemustrememberthatfirstly,thesituationforwomenleadersacrossandwithincountriesconsiderablyvary,”Franciscosaid.Secondly,thatgains,eventhecelebratedones,maybetransientandseriouslythreatenedbyahostofneo-conservativereactionsthatemergefromsimultaneousupheavalsanduncertainties,andthirdly,powerfulwomenwillneedtobeassessednotintermsofhowlongtheyremainaspostergirlsforgenderequalitybutintermsoftheirconcretecontributionstoensuringthattherightsandwell-beingofordinarywomenaresecuredandpromoted.“Andthattheprocessesofgovernanceatalllevelsremainaccountabletowomen'srightsorganizationsandmovements,”shesaid.Relatedtothis,shesaid,isabigchallengethatUNWomennowhastoface:howitwillworkoutitsmechanismsandprocessesofpartnershipwithandaccountabilitytothewomen'smovementsinatransparentandconsultativeway.Themainmessageofthispassageisthatw