英语语法答疑同位语

由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句能也相同，后项是前项的同Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindto我们的新老师先生对我们很好Mr.SmithournewteacherYesterdayImetTom,afriendofmy昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友afriendofmybrothers'TomHetoldmethathisbrotherJohnwasaworld-famous他本人对我讲，他的兄长是一位世界闻名的医生（brotherJohn昨天我与我的英语老师先生谈过了（MrJamesmyEnglishteacherWepeoplearebraveand我们是勤劳的peopleweHeisinterestedinsports,especiallyballballgamessportsideathought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。①Theboy[whoisyingfootball]ismy②Those[whoworkhard]will③Thefact[thathehadnotsaidanything]surprised④Thefact[thatyouaretalkingabout]isboywhen，where，why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，而三者引导的同位语从句①Istillremembertheday[whenIfirstcameto②Ihavenoidea[whenshewillbewhendaywhenidea引导词（关系词that叫做关系代词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语从句中充当一定成分，并且在意义上代表先行词；that叫做从属连词，它只起连接作用。不能省略。①Thenews[thatyoutoldmeyesterday]wasreally②Weheardthenews[thatourteamhad在①句中，括号部分是定语从句，thatnews。在②句中，括号部分是同位语从句，that没有任何意义，只起连接作用。引导定语从句时，它们叫做关系副词，在从句中充当状语，可以转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式；引导同位语从句时，①Iwillneverforgettheday[whenIjoinedthe②Wehavenoidea[whenshewas在①句中，括号部分是定语从句，whenonwhichwhen在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"③Thisisthehouse[whereIlivedtwoyears④Heputforwardtothequestion[wherethemeetingwouldbe在③句中，括号部分是定语从句，whereinwhichwhere在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"⑤Thisisthereason[whyshewillnotattendthe⑥Theteacherhadnoidea[whyJackwas语从句，why在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他词替代；2.thatthatthedaywhenwefirstmet.（定语从句，when为关系副词）Thatisthespecialday(which/that)Iwillneverforget.（定语从句，which/thatforget的宾语）Thisisthehousewherewelivedfifteenyearsago.（定语从句，where为关系副词）Thisisthehousewhichwesoldfifteenyearsago.（定语从句，whichsold的宾语）.[1]⒈由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句能也相同，后项是前项的同Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindto我们的新老师先生对我们很好ournewteacherMrSmithYesterdayImetTom,afriendofmy昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友afriendofmybrother'sTomHehimselftoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famous他本人对我讲，他的兄长是一位世界闻名的医生himselfJohn昨天我与我的英语老师先生谈过了MrJamesmyEnglishteacherWepeoplearebraveand我们是勤劳的Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballfact(beliefnew（ide（，iormtio（onclusio（orde（proble（thought（想法等后面例如：Healwaysworkshardevenifheknowsthefactthatheisnotingoodhealth.Hisfailurewasduetothefactthathehadnotpractisedforalongtime.Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.Shetoldusherhopethatshewould eapianist.Hemadeapromisethathewouldnevercomelate.注意：that既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句，其区别在其他词替代；定语从句由关系代词that引导，关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分，作宾语时可省略，由daywhenwefirstmet.（定语从句，when关系副词）Thatisthespecialday(which/that)Iwillneverforget.（定语从句，which/that为关系代词）Thisisthehousewherewelivedfifteenyearsago.（定语从句，where为关系副词）Thisisthehousewhichwesoldfifteenyearsago.（定语从句，which为关系代词）同位语是必学的内容。但及练习所涉及的范围有限，多半集中在同位语从句上，或者侧重于如何区别于定语从句ThisismyfriendWebothcomefromWearebraveandhardworking.Youthreetaketheseseats.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmake WangLi,justbackfromthetrainingclass,wasmadedirectoroftheMaternityPeople,oldandyoung,tooktothestreetstowatchthethat或连接代词（副词），IhavenoideathatyouwereThenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchisTheordersooncamethatallthesoldiersshouldgototheThenewsthathewasmarriedisnottrue.（同位语从句。that在从句中不作任何成分，和从句没有逻辑关系Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayistrue.（定语从句。that在句中作宾语，可以省略【考例1】Someresearchersbelievethatthereisno acureforAIDSwillbefound.(2005A.whichB.C.whatD.解析：答案B。在“thereisnodoubt”后常跟that引导的同位语从句，表示“”之意2Awarmthoughtsuddenlycameto Imightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymother'sbirthday．(2006A．ifB．C．thatC。thatthought【考例3】Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentfromtheclass hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.(2006重庆）A.whyB.C.whereD.B。thatreason

canIcanclimbthispole.Heisonlyfourbuthecanread.4Firecan'tdestroygold.canwillbeabletoYouwillbeabletoskateafteryouhavepracticedittwoorthreetimes.Canthenewsbetrue?Itcan'tbetrue.Whatcanhepossiblymean?can用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能AhorseinthecenterofLondoncancostalotofmoney.Attendingtheballcanbeveryexciting.Theroadcanbeblocked.mayTheroadmaybeblocked.表示允许（may意思相近）CanMay)Icomein?CanIsmokehere?could表过去的可能和多用于间接引语中）Atthattimewethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.FathersaidIcouldswimintheIcouldswimwhenIwasonlyCouldHecouldbeverynaughtywhenhewasaCouldIuseyourbike?Yes,you他会记得那时吗I'mafraidIcouldn'tgiveyouananswerTheteachersaidyoucouldgotothestorefor3)Could/can+havedone结构表示对过去发生的事情的"怀疑"或"不肯定"could加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去Cantheyhavewonthebasketballmatch？WhatyoureferredtojustnowcanhavemadeherveryYoucouldhavecompletedthetaskalittleIcouldhavepassedmyexaminationeasilybutImadetoomanystupid如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用beableto.HewasabletotranslatethearticlewithoutaCanbeabletoIcan'tswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepracticing.Thefirespreadthroughtheho,buteveryonewasabletogetoutWhentheboatsankhewasabletoswimtothebankmayYoumaydrivethetractor.当回答由may引起的问题时，否定答语要用mustnot,表示"不"、"不应该"、"不行"。MayIcomein?No,youcan'tNo,youmaynot.No,youmustn'tNo,you'dbettermay/mightHemaybeHemaynotcometoday Hemay/mightcometomorrow.,注意:1只用于肯定和否定句中,2mightmayHemightgetaHemaygeta3mayno可能不cannotHemaynotcomeHecan'tcome表建议（aswell连用Youmay（might）aswellstaywhereyou你还是原地待着好（mayaswell有"还 的好"的含义Mayyoubehappy!Shesaidthathemighttakeherdictionary.她说他可以拿词典去用mightcouldallowedto。表现在的"可能"mayElectricironscouldbedangerous;theymightgiveyouasevere电熨斗会有，它可能电着人may(might)have+done表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有"想必"、"也许是"Itmayhavebeentrue.Hemightnothavesettledthequestion.mustWemustdoeverythingstepbystep.须按部就班地做一切事情Whymustyoualwaysbotherme?mustbe+表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有"一定"（只用在肯定句中Hemustbeanhonestboy.Thismustbeyourroom.mustmustneedn'tdon'thaveto表示"不必"、"无须"、"用不着"、"不一定"的意义。当表示"不应该"、"不"、""时，就用mustnot。MustIgotomorrow?明天我必须去吗？Yes,please.是的，请吧！Noyouneedn't.4)must+have+过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有"一定"、"准是"的意思。否定和can。ShemusthavestudiedEnglishbefore.haveto的含义与must是很接近的,只是haveto比较强调客观需要，must着重说明看法Imustcleantheroom.（想法Ihavetocleantheroom.（客观需要）另外，haveto能用于时态：Wehadtobethereatten我们得在十点钟到那里。Wewillhavetoreconsiderthewholething.这一切不得不重新加以考虑haveto的否定式：don'thavetodo表示"不必 "之意oughttoOughtto后接动词，表义务，但不及must那样具有信心，如Youdon'tlookwell.YououghttogotoseetheOughttooughtn'tYououghtn'ttosmokesomuch.你不应该抽这么多烟。Oughtyoutosmokesomuch?你应该抽这样多烟吗？Oughtto在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：Hesaidyououghttolthe.他说你应该去报告shallWhatshallIwearonthejourney?我穿什么好呢Shallwedance?shall用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，（现已少见如Sheshallgethershare.她可以得到一份Youshallhaveitbacktomorrow.shouldshallWhatshouldwedonow?我们现在该怎么办？must换用。例如：Weshould(must)masteraforeignlanguageatleast.Theyshouldbebackbynow.他们现在应该回来了吧。Iamsorrythatsheshouldbesocareless.为。其同义结构"oughttohave+过去分词",表示过去"早应该"、"本当"之意，语气较强。例如：Ishouldhavethoughtofthat.（但没想到Theyshouldnothaveleftsosoon.（但已走了在"Itisnatural(strange,natural,necessary,surprised,impossible,important) "句型中主语从句中的谓语动词（以备万一）等之后也要用should+动词;在advise,sugest,order,demand,request等的从句中should+do"例如：Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce.Itisstrangethatheshouldsayso.Letusgoatoncelestweshouldbelateforthe.willwouldSurelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstrugglefor要支持全世界人民争取和平Hewouldnotletmetryit will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，wouldHewillsittherehourafterhourlookingatthetrafficgo他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿来往的车辆Hewouldcometoseemewhenhewasin他在时，常来看望我。3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗Would/willyoukindly lmethewaytothestation?请问到火车站怎么走？ThiswillbethebookyouarelookingSheeouldbeabout60whenshe60needdare情态动词 实义动词 Youneed(not) You(don't)needto在 Heneed(not) Heneeds(doesn'tneed)to Youneeded(didn'tneed)to去 Heneeded(didn'tneed)to将Youneed(not)Youwill(not)needto来时Heneed(not)Hewill(not)needto句 动 实义动词daretodare/darestodaretodaredtodaren't/darenotdo/doesnotdare(to)darednotdidnotdare(to)DareheDoyou/Doeshedear(to)DaredheDidhedare(to)needn'thavev-ed"本没必要..."Youneedn'thavewakenmeup;Idon'thavetogotoworkHemust/maybeintheroom,isn'the?Hecan'tbeintheroom,isHemusthavefinishedthework,hasn'tHemayhavedonetheworklastnight,didn't情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词bev-ing形式1）Hemustbeyingbasketballintheroom.2）Shemaybestayingathome.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词havebeenv-ing形式TheyshouldhavebeenmeetingtodiscusstheHemay/mighthavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawusedtovbeusedtov-ingbeusedtousedto+v意为"过去常常"，"过去一直"；beusedtov-ingn（名词）意为"习惯于"；beusedto+v意为"被用usedtobeusedtov-ingnHeusedtosmoke.NowheHe'squiteusedtohardwork/workinghard.3）Theknifeisusedtocutbread.wouldratherwouldsoonerwouldjust)assoonhadratherhadbetterhadsoonercannotbutmayjust)aswell等可ThesoldierwouldsoonerdiethanThebravesoldierwouldassoondieasyieldtosuchanenemy.3）I'dratherwalkthantakeabus.4）Ifyoudon'tliketoswim,youmayjustaswellstayat注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词.would(had)rather,would(had)sooner,would(just)assoon后可跟that引导的从句，that常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：1）Iwouldratheryoucameon2）Iwouldsooneryouhadn'taskedmetospeak三.巩固练习 you(A)Are(B) (C) (D) here(A)Will (B)Was Didhe (D)WereI happyaboutthepriceof(A) (B)am (