2023年考研考博考博英语中国地质大学考试高频考点参考题库答案

2023年考研考博考博英语中国地质大学考试高频考点参考题库带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.填空题Howareyourweddingplansgoing?I’d（1）nottalkaboutthem,ifyoudon't（2）.Oh,Pmsorry,Ididn’tmeantopry句意:你的婚礼筹备的怎么样了？如果你不介意的话，我宁愿不讨论这个。哦，不好意思啊，我不是想要打听的。2.填空题Thismanclaimsthathe’sfromBeijing,buthespeakswithastrongsouthern（1）It’sobviousthatheisjust（2）tobefromBeijing.I（3

）wherehe’sreallyfrom.句意:这个人声称自己来自北京，但他说话时却带浓重的南方口音。很明显，他说自己来自北京是在撒谎。我想知道他真正来自何处。3.填空题A:Thiswineisdelicious.Wouldyoulike（1）?B:Nottoday,thanks.It’sratherchillyout.DoyouhaveanythinghotthatIcoulddrink?A:Sure.Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?B:.（2）Ienjoythemequally,sogivemewhicheverismoreconvenient.4.填空题13.Wearehavingsome（1）withthemachinethatweimported（2）Japanlastyear.Ithas（3）downtwicealready.Eachtimewehave（4）toaskatechniciantocometoBeijingto（5）it.Thegoodnewsisthatourtechnicianshave（6）completedtheirtraininginTokyo.Thenexttimewehavea（7）,wewon’tneedtosendforaJapanesespecialist.句意:我们去年从日本进口的这台机器正有些故障。它已经发生过两次故障了。每次故障发生时，我们都不得不让日方派技术员来北京修理它。好消息是我们自己的技术员己经结束了他们在东京的培训。下次该机器再有故障时，我们就不需要邀请日本专家了。5.填空题WhileIwasastudent,I（1）manystoriesaboutthevalueofEnglishforone’scareer,butIthoughttheywereirrelevant（2）thelifethatIhadplannedformyself.Inthat（3）Iwassimilartomanyoftoday'sstudents.Aftergraduating,I（4）howaccuratethosestorieswere.I（5）manyopportunitiesbecausemyEnglishwassopoor,（6）Ifinallydecidedto"correct*'myearliermistake.OnedayI（7）atutorandbegantostudyEnglishseriously-asatoolofrealcommunication,notameretestsubject―forthefirst（8）inmylife.Thisturned（9）tobeoneofthebestdecisionsthatI’ve

（10）made.AfterI（11）myattitudetowardthelanguage,Ireallystartedtoenjoyusingit,andasa（12）Imaderapid（13）init.Sincethenmycareerhasbenefitedgreatly（14）mynewabilitytouseEnglishactively.6.单选题ComparingwithotherAsiancountries,Chinasuffersfromthegreatestgapbetweenitsdevelopmentneedsanditsactualwaterresources.问题1选项A.ComparingwithotherB.fromC.gapbetweenitsD.itsactualwaterresourcesE.没有问题7.填空题Lastyearthedirectorofourcompanywasaccused（1）corruptionandarrested.Athis（2）threeseniorgovernment（3）testifiedthathehadattemptedtobribethem.Intheendhewasfoundguiltyandsentencedtofifteenyearsin（4）.8.单选题Sincethedatafromtheexperimentsarenoteasytobeanalysed,itwillbeseveralweeksbeforeweknowwhetherwearefreetoproceedwiththesecondpartofourresearchprogram.问题1选项A.fromB.arenoteasyC.tobeanalysedD.freetoproceedwith9.填空题（1）totheweatherreportontheradio,it’sraininginShanghai,butthat（2）betrue.IwasjustonthephonetoShanghaiandthe（3）Ispokewithsaiditwassunnythere.句意:听收音机上的天气预报说伤害正在下雨，但那不可能是真的。我刚和上海的一个人通了电话，其说上海正出太阳。10.填空题Mikeleft（

）sayinggoodbye.Doyouthinkhewasupset?11.填空题AnnWithingtongota（1）withamajorinsurancefirmafewmonthsaftershe（2）fromuniversity.（3）shereceivedlittleencouragement（4）hernewboss,sheworkedhardandsoonbecameverygoodathertasksandduties.Thankstohersunnytemperamentandwillingnesstohelphercolleagues,shesoonbecamequite（5）aswell.Inherfirstfiveyearswiththecompanyshewas（6）

twice,and（7）timehersalarywentupsubstantially.Butthenhercareertookaturnfortheworse.Herfirstdirector,amanin（8）fifties,was（9）withayoungerwomanwhoseemedtoregardAnnasarival.Sheconstantly（10）herworkbutneverofferedany（11）abouthowitcouldbeimproved.WeekspassedandAnntriedher（12）topleasethenewdirector,buttherewasnochangeinthelatter’s（13）towardsher.EventuallyAnn'smooddarkened,andshebegantolookintootherpossibilities.Whenherrequestfora（14）tothecompany’sSeattleofficewasblockedbyherboss,shedecideditwastimeforaction.Shebegananambitiousjobhuntthatledtoatentativeofferfromoneofheremployer’scompetitors.Justasshewasgetting（15）toannouncethatshewasquittingherjobinamonth,shewascalledintoherboss’sofficeandabruptly（16）.Thiswasagreat（17）.Admittedly,herrelationswithherbosswerepoor,butshehadalways（18）outherdutiesconscientiously.Afterthinkingoverhersituation,shedecidednotto（19）abouttheunfairnessofherdirector'sdecision.Thetentativejobofferfromtheothercompanywassoon（20）

;Annaccepteditandneverlookedback.句意:安•威辛顿在大学毕业后几个月就在一家较大保险公司找到了工作。虽然她的新老板并没有给予她多少鼓励，但是她工作勤勤恳恳，很快就适应了工作。由于她的脾气好且乐意帮助人，不久后她就变得很受大家欢迎。在她进入这家公司的头五年里，她被提拔了两次，每次工资都涨了很多。但是这之后她的事业就开始走下坡路。她的第一任主管，一位50多岁的男性，很满意将安视为竞争对手的一个更年轻的女员工。她不断批评她（即Ann）的工作，但却未就如何改进工作给出任何建议。数周过去了，安尽最大的努力去让这位新主管满意，但是后者对她的态度没有任何改变。最终，安的心情也变得一片灰暗，于是她开始寻求新的出路。她申请到公司在西雅图的分支机构工作，这一请求被老板拦下。她认为是时候采取行动了。她满腔热情地开始寻找工作，最后从公司的竞争对手那里获取得到了一份工作机会。正当她准备宣布在一个月后辞职时，她被老板叫到了办公室，然后被突然告知自己被解雇了。这是个极大的侮辱。诚然，她与老板的关系很差，但是她依然认真地履行她的职责。再三思考之后，她决定不去抱怨她的主管决定的不公。不久，新单位的入职通知书到了，安头也不回地离开了。12.填空题A:Howlonghaveyouandyourteambeen（1）onthatfinalreport?B:（2）aweekandahalfnow.Thedeadlineforsubmissionistomorrowat5o’clock.Ifwedon’tgetitdone（3）then,we’llreallybeinhotwater!Ihaven’tsleptawink（4）thedaybeforeyesterday.A:No（5）youlooksotiredthen!IstherethatIcandotohelp?B:Idon’tthinkso,butthanksforoffering.A:Well,I（6）youluck!13.单选题Iremindedhimthatwehadaskedforanordinaryroom,notaspecialroom,andwhenIinquiredwhatisunusualaboutourroom,heseemednottowanttoanswer.问题1选项A.hadaskedforanordinaryroom，notB.inquiredwhatC.unusualaboutD.seemednottowantE.没有错误14.填空题Johnusedtodrinkheavilyatbusinessgatherings.Hisfriendsand（1）warnedhimnottodrivewhenhehadbeendrinking,buthealways（2）theirwarningsanddroveanyway.The（3）neverstoppedhimwhilehewasontheroad,soheconcludedthathewasanexcellentdriver（4）whenhewasdrunk.This,（5）,wasfalse,asheprovedoneeveningonhis（6）backfromadinnerwithclients.Verydrunk,hedrovethrougharedlightandcrashedintoanoncomingcarwithfivepassengers.Twowere

（7）instantly,twowereinjuredandone,thedriver,escapedunharmed.Johnsurvived,buthespenttwoandahalfmonthsinthehospital（8）fromhismanyinjuries.Afterhistrialhewassentto（9）forthreeyears.Hewasreleasedlastmonth.Nowheis（10）torebuildhislife.15.填空题Trynottousetheairconditioningtoomuch.Themorepoweryouuse,the（

）yourelectricalbillwillbe.16.填空题Lizdidn’ttellherfriendsthatshewasill,soasaresult（1）ofthemcametoseeher（2）shewasinthehospital.17.填空题A:Areyougoingtotellyourbosstodaythatyou'requittingyour（1）?B:Ican’tmakeupmymind（2）totellhimtodayornot.A:I’dtellhimtodayifI（3）you.Whydelay?B:ButwhatifI（4）mymind?A:I（5）thatyou’dmadeafirmdecision.B:Well,yesterdayIhadaconversationwithsomeonewho（6）

toworkforthecompanythatwantstohireme.（7）

tohim,there’salotofdissatisfactionamongtheemployees.A:Didhesaywhatthe（8）ofthedissatisfactionwas?B:Hementionedanumberofthings.I’llstaywithmycurrentfirmifthealternativeisacompanywithmajormanagementproblems.They’reofferingmeahigher，butistheadditionalpayenoughtomakeupforabunchofnew（9）headaches?A:Itsoundstomeasifyou'd（10）talktosome（11）currentorpastemployeesbeforeyouacceptthenewfirm’soffer.大意:A.你会今天告诉老板，你要离职的事吗？B.我不确定是否今天告诉他。A.如果我是你，我会今天告诉他。为什么推迟呢？B.但是，要是我改变主意了呢？A.我觉得你己经决定了。B.昨天，我和一个之前在想雇我的那个公司中工作过的人谈话。据他所说，员工间有很多不满。A.他有说不满的原因是什么吗？B.他说了很多事。如果这个公司主要是管理问题的话，我会呆在现在的公司。他们会给我提供更高的薪水，但是，这额外的工资足以弥补一连串新的麻烦吗？A.这听起来，在接受新工作之前，好像，你最好和现在或者之前的雇员多谈谈。18.单选题

WeareundertakingasurveytoevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeducationalsystemthatexistsinChinatodayanswerstheneedsofsociety.问题1选项A.areundertakingB.theextenttowhichC.answersD.ofsocietyE.没有问题19.填空题NextmonththereisanimportantscientificconferenceinBerlinthatIhaveagreedto（1）.I’mscheduledtoleaveBeijingonthe12thand（2）onthe18th.I’vebeenaskedtogivea20-（3）presentationexplainingourcurrentresearch.Ilook（4）tothisconference,（5）willgivemean（6）tomeetotherresearchersinmyfield.TheonlythingthatI’m（7）aboutismyspokenEnglish,especiallywhenIgivethepresentation.I’ve（8）acoachwhoisnowhelpingmeto（9）mypronunciationanddelivery.20.填空题YesterdayIgavemymother（1）orangesweaterfor（2）birthday.句意:昨天，我送了一件橘色的羊毛衫给我妈妈做生日礼物。第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】1.rather2.mind【解析】1.固定搭配。I'drathernot我宁可不。2.固定搭配。ifyoudon'tmind如果你不介意的话。2.【答案】1.accent2.lying3.wonder【解析】1.语义题。口音用“accent”。2.固定搭配。Lietosb.对某人撒谎。这里用其现在进行时lying。3.语义题。Iwonder我想知道。3.【答案】

some;Either【解析】1.常用语。wouldyoulikesome?你要点吗?2.语义题。根据后面的givemewhicheverismoreconvenient可知茶或者咖啡都可以，填either。4.【答案】1.trouble2.from3.broken4.had5.repair6.already7.breakdown【解析】1.固定搭配。Havetroublewith…有故障。2.固定搭配。importedfrom从…进口。3.固定搭配。breakdown损坏，分解，发生故障，分词为brokendown。4.固定搭配。Haveto不得不。have后加动词过去分词表完成时态，故这里应填had。5.语义题。修理用repair。6.语义题。Havealready已经。7.语义题。haveabreakdown损坏,出故障。5.【答案】1.gress14.from【解析】1.固定搭配。Hearstoryabout听关于…的故事。而且这里应该用过去式。2.固定搭配。beirrelevanttosth.与某事无关。3.语义题。句意:在这方面，我和今天的许多学生很相似。4.语义题。句意:我意识到这些故事是多么准确。5.固定搭配。Loseopportunities失去机会。这里应该用过去式。6.逻辑分析。空格前后句子为因果关系:英语不好，我失去了很多机会。因此,我决定纠正之前的错误。7.固定搭配。getatutor请家教。这里应用一般过去时态。8.固定搭配。Forthefirsttime第一次。9.固定搭配。turnouttobe结果是,证明是。10.语义题。句意:我曾经做的最好决定之一。11.语义题。句意:在我改变对英语的态度后。12.固定搭配。asaresult结果。13.固定搭配。Makeprogressin在…方面取得巨大进步。14.固定搭配。benefitfromsth.受益于…。6.【答案】A【解析】语法错误。考查非谓语动词。Comparingwithother改为Comparedwithother,当表示被动时，非谓语动词需用过去分词的形式。7.【答案】of;trial;officials;prison【解析】句意:去年，我们公司的董事被控告贪污而被捕。在审判中，三名政府官员举证其试图贿赂他们。最终他被判有罪，判处入狱十五年。1.固定搭配。beaccusedof被控告。2.语义题。根据后面的testified（举证）推测此时场景为审判时,故填trail。3.语义题。根据后面的bribe(贿赂)可以推断出贿赂的对象一般是指“政府官员”，填officials。4.语义题。句意为:判处入狱十五年。8.【答案】B【解析】语法错误。主谓不一致。are改成is。主语thedata为单数，故系动词应该用is。9.【答案】1.According2.can’t3.person【解析】1.固定搭配。Accordingto根据,此处表示“据天气预报报道”。2.语义题。句意:但那不可能是真的。3.语义题。person作spokewith的宾语。句意:我刚和上海的一个人通了电话。10.【答案】Without【解析】语义题。句意:迈克道别就走了。你认为他是不是生气了？迈克可能是因为生气，于是没有道别就离开了，填without。11.【答案】1.job语义题。getajob找到一份工作2.graduated固定搭配。graduatefromuniversity从大学毕业。3.Although逻辑衔接。后面的句意：她仍旧在努力工作，然而老板并没有重视她。4.from固定搭配。Receiveencouragementfrom得到…的鼓励。5.popular逻辑衔接。因为脾气好，且乐意帮助人，自然就会受到爱戴。6.promoted逻辑衔接。工作干得好，就会被提拔重用。7.each语义题。Eachtime每次8.his固定搭配。Inone’s+基数词的复数形式：在…岁的时候。9.pleased固定搭配。bepleasedwithsb.对某人感到满意10.criticized逻辑衔接。由前面的关键词“regardAnnasarival将Ann视为竞争对手”可推测这里“她不断批评她（即Ann）的工作”。11.advice语义题。这里指提出建议。12.best固定搭配。tryone’sbest尽力。13.attitude逻辑衔接。由关键词“but但是”知后者没有改变对她（即Ann）的态度。14.transfer由空格后的关键词“thecompany’sSeattleoffice公司的西雅图办事处”知这里指代“工作调换”。15.ready固定搭配。get/bereadyto为..做准备16.fired由最后一段中的“...theunfairnessofherdirector'sdecision她主管决定的不公平”及“上级并不喜欢她，她又准备跳槽”可推知“被叫到办公室后被突然解雇”。17.insult语义题。句意:被突然解雇当然是一个巨大的侮辱。18.caried固定搭配。。carryout执行，履行。19.complain固定搭配。complainaboutsth抱怨某事。20.coming逻辑衔接。她接受了且再也没有回头，所以新的工作机会很快就来了。【解析】1.语义题。getajob找到一份工作2.固定搭配。graduatefromuniversity从大学毕业。3.逻辑衔接。后面的句意：她仍旧在努力工作，然而老板并没有重视她。4.固定搭配。Receiveencouragementfrom得到…的鼓励。5.逻辑衔接。因为脾气好，且乐意帮助人，自然就会受到爱戴。6.逻辑衔接。工作干得好，就会被提拔重用。7.语义题。Eachtime每次8.固定搭配。Inone’s+基数词的复数形式：在…岁的时候。9.固定搭配。bepleasedwithsb.对某人感到满意10.逻辑衔接。由前面的关键词“regardAnnasarival将Ann视为竞争对手”可推测这里“她不断批评她（即Ann）的工作”。11.语义题。这里指提出建议。12.固定搭配。tryone’sbest尽力。13.逻辑衔接。由关键词“but但是”知后者没有改变对她（即Ann）的态度。14.由空格后的关键词“thecompany’sSeattleoffice公司的西雅图办事处”知这里指代“工作调换”。15.固定搭配。get/bereadyto为..做准备16.由最后一段中的“...theunfairnessofherdirector'sdecision她主管决定的不公平”及“上级并不喜欢她，她又准备跳槽”可推知“被叫到办公室后被突然解雇”

17.语义题。句意:被突然解雇当然是一个巨大的侮辱。18.固定搭配。carryout执行，履行。19.固定搭配。complainaboutsth抱怨某事。20.逻辑衔接。她接受了且再也没有回头，所以新的工作机会很快就来了。12.【答案】working;For;by;since;wonder;anything;wish【解析】句意:——你和你的团队在完成最后那一篇报告上花了多久时间？——到现在有一个半星期了。上交的截止日期是明天五点。如果我们在那时间点还没完成的话，我们就会有麻烦了。从前天开始我就没合过眼了。——难怪你看起来很疲惫。我可以帮你做点什么吗？——我认为不用。但是谢谢你的好意。——好，祝你好运！1.固定搭配。workon致力于，继续工作，因为后面是finalreport，说明之前还做了其它工作，因此这里应该是取“继续工作”之意。2.语义题。此处的aweekandahalf是一个时间段,因此用for。3.语义题。此处表示“截至”那个时间点会有什么样的后果,因此填by。4.固定搭配。nowonder难怪。5.常用语。”IsthereanythingIcandotohelp?(有什么可以帮到你吗)”是常用的交际用语。6.常用语。Iwishyouluck祝你好运。13.【答案】C【解析】形容词误用。将unusual改为special。句意:我提醒他,我们要求入住的是普通间,而不是专用房，并且，当我询问我们的房间有什么特殊时,他似乎不想回答。unusual不寻常的；不平常的。special特别的；专门的。14.【答案】1.colleagues2.ignored3.police4.even5.however6.way7.killed8.recovering9.jail10.trying【解析】1.语义题。由前一句中的“businessgatherings(商业聚会)”及本句的“friends(朋友)”推测此处应填“colleagues(同事)”。2.逻辑分析。由关键词“but但是”及droveanyway不管怎样还是开车”知这里表示“忽视他们的警告”。3.语义题。由关键词“stophim让他停下了”及“ontheroad在路上”可推知第三个空应填“police警察”。4.逻辑分析。这里用even表示让步:即使喝醉了。5.逻辑分析。However表示转折“然而”。6.固定搭配。onone’sway在路上。7.语义题。句意:两人当场死亡，两人受伤，一名司机毫发无伤地逃跑。8.固定搭配。recoverfrom恢复,痊愈。而前面是spendtimein(花费时间做某事),后面应接动词的ing形式。所以这里填recovering。9.语义题。后面句子说:Hewasreleasedlastmonth(他上个月被释放),所以前面说“被判入狱”。10.语义题。句意:现在他正在尝试重建他的生活。15.【答案】bigger【解析】语法题。考查“the+比较级……the+比较级……”的固定句型,，表示“越……就越……”，根据意思“使用的电越多，电费账单就会越大”，故需填入bigger。16.【答案】1.none2.when【解析】1.语义题。None表示“没有一个”。2.语义题。When当…的时候。17.【答案】1.job2.whether3.were4.change5.thought6.used7.According8.cause9.salary10.better11.more【解析】1.词汇题。根据上下文推测此处填job。Quitone’sjob辞职。2.固定搭配。Whetherornot是否。3.语法题。考查虚拟语气。根据If以及主句中动词时态“would/shouldtell”可知,此处是if引导的虚拟语气。而且,根据today判断,这是对现在的虚拟,故填4.词汇题。句意:但是，要是我改变主意了呢？5.词汇题。句意:我觉得你已经做好了决定。再根据后面的you’dmade判断此处为think的过去式thought。6.词汇题。此处为定语从句修饰someone。此处的someone指在这个公司工作或曾经工作过的人,所以此处填used，与后面的to搭配表示“曾经”。7.固定搭配。Accordingto根据…。8.词汇题。句意:他有说不满的原因是什么吗？9.词汇题。根据语境推测此处填salary(工资,薪水)。10.固定搭配。You’dbetter你最好是…。11.词汇题。A希望B能在接受新公司邀请之前和目前或之前的员工谈谈。此句已经完整,因此应填入程度副词，故填more，即多了解情况。18.【答案】E19.【答案】1.attend2.back3.minute4.forward5.which6.opportunity7.worried8.hired9.improve【解析】1.固定搭配。attendaconference参加会议。2.语义题。根据前文中的leaveBeijingonthe12th可知“onthe18th”表示“18日返回”。3.语义题。a20-minutepresentation20分钟的演讲。4.固定搭配。lookforwardto期盼,期待。5.语法题。考查定语从句关系词。此处为一个非限制性定语从句，故填入的引导词为which。6.语义题。Givemeanopportunity给我提供机会。7.固定搭配。beworriedabout为…担心。8.语义题。宾语acoach“教练”可以推断出谓语动词可以用hire(聘请)，由于是现在完成时，故需要用hired。9.语义题。improve表示“提高发音和表达”。20.【答案】1.an2.her【解析】1.语法题。考查不定冠词。这里表示“送了一件橘色的羊毛衫”,此处应填一个不定冠词。orange的发音为元音开始，故应该选不定冠词an。2.语法题。考查人称代词所有格。这里填her表示“她的”。第2卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题EvenasachildIwasnotagreatfanofcartoon,butmydaughterwatchesthemwhenevershecan,withnoapparentilleffectsonherattitudeorherperformanceatschool.问题1选项A.EvenasachildB.fanofcartoonC.themwhenevershecanD.apparentilleffectsonherE.没有问题2.单选题noticedthatmostofrocksamplesshowedsignsofdamagefromthepoortreatmenttheyhadreceivedinthelaboratory.问题1选项A.noticedB.mostofrocksamplesC.signsofdamagefromD.hadreceivedinthe3.填空题IranintoWangTaoandLiSan（1）thetradefairinMunbaiinFebruary.I（2）seenthemsince2007（3）ofthemliketheirnewjobs,but（4）wantstostayinShenzhenmuchlonger.4.填空题ThecompanythatIwork（1）hasjust（2）thatitisopeningnewstoresinthefive（3）citiesinIndia.5.单选题Thestudentslisteningtothepompousofficial’slongspeechweresoonveryboring;nodoubtmanyofthemhadtheirmindsmoreonwhatwasforlunchthanonwhathewassaying.问题1选项A.wereB.veryboringC.hadtheirmindsD.onwhatwasforlunchthanonE.没有问题6.填空题Thisafternoonwe’remeetingwith（1）E.U.environmentalofficialandsomeAustralianspecialiststotalkabouthowto（2）groundwaterpollutionintheTianjinarea.7.单选题EveniffewobserverswouldclassifyChinaasatrulychild-centeredsociety,Chinesecultureundoubtedlyplacesahighvalueontheirchildren.问题1选项A.EveniffewB.wouldclassifyC.asatrulychild-centeredsocietyD.ontheirchildrenE.没有错误8.单选题Isevolutionpredictable,orwasitheavilyshapedbyrandomevents?Biologistshavearguedoverthisquestionfordecades.Somesuggestthatifwereplayedthehistoryoflifeonourplanet,theresultingspecieswouldbedifferent.Opponentscounterthatlifeislargelydeterministic.Recently,researchershavebeguntoaskthesamequestionsaboutrocks.Some5,000mineralshavebeenfoundonEarth.Butmineralsdidn’tsimplyappearallatoncewhentheEarthformed.Theymaterializedovertime,eachcrystalarisinginresponsetotheconditionsoftheparticularepochinwhichitformed.Mineralsevolved—insomecases,inresponsetolife.Soaretoday’smineralsapredictableconsequenceoftheplanet’schemicalmakeup,ortheresultofchanceevents?Whatifweweretospotanotherearth-likeplanetinthecosmos--wouldweexpectitsgemstonestomatchours,orwouldtheyshineinwaysneverseenbefore?RobertHazen,amineralphysicistattheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington,andhiscolleaguesarepublishingaseriesofpapersthisyearthatrevealbroadinsightsintowhethergeologyisamatteroffate.MineralsonEarthmayindeedhavebeenguidedbydeterministicrulesthatcouldapplytootherworldsaswell,theyfound.Butourplanetisrifewithextremelyrareminerals,whichsuggeststhatchanceoccurrencesalsoplayasignificantpart.Inaddition,ifwefoundanearth-liketwinelsewhereintheuniverse,manycommonmineralswouldlikelybethesame~butthatplanetwouldprobablyalsoholdmanymineralsunlikeanyexistinghere.Thefindingsaren’tjustamatterofcuriosity.Somemineralsmayhavehelpedearlyorganismsemerge.Andunderstandingwhichmineralscouldhaveformedonearth-likeplanetsmayhelpscientistsbetterpredictwhichworldsarelikeliesttoharborlife.Conversely,somemineralsariseonlyinthepresenceoforganisms.SofindingpatternsinEarth’smineraldistributioncouldhelpscientistsidentifyamineralogicalsignatureforlife,andthensearchforitonotherplanetsTraditionally,mineralogyhasbeendominatedbyanalysisofthestructuresandformationofindividualminerals.Butina2008studyHazenandhiscolleaguestookamorehistoricalview.Theresearchersassessedearth’sknownmineralsandtriedtoestablishwhentheconditionswererightfortheirformation.Theteamconcludedthatabouttwo-thirdsofearth’smineralswouldnothaveemergeduntillifewaspresent.Forexample,earlymicroorganismsseededtheatmospherewithoxygen,whichinteractedwithexistingmineralstoyieldnewones.Hazenpointsoutthatthisso-calledGreatOxygenationEventhadarevolutionaryimpact,openingthedoortothousandsofnewminerals.Hazenandcollaboratorsthensetouttoinvestigatetherolethatchanceplayedinmineralformation.First,theystudiedtherelationbetweenmineraldiversityandtheabundanceofindividualelementsinearth’scrust.Theyfoundthatthemoreabundanttheelement,themoremineralsitformed.Theythenperformedthesameexercisewithmineralsfromthemoon.Asimilarrelationshipheld,eventhoughthenumberofknownmineralsthereismuchsmaller.Thiscommontrendsuggestedanelementofdeterminism:Givenstartingchemicalconditions,onecouldpredict,toacertainextent,whichmineralswouldform.Theteamdidfindoutliers,however,Hazen’steambelievestherearechemicalreasonsforthediscrepancies.Theirresultsstillsupporttheideaofdeterminism,saidco-authorEdwardGrew,apetrologistattheUniversityofMaine,because“wecanexplainwhythey’renotobeyingtherules.”PeterHeaney,amineralogistatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,saidthatthereasonsgivenfortheoutliersmakesense.“WhatisimportantisthatHazenismakingusthinkaboutmineraldiversificationinanewway,”saidHeaney,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Haran’steamalsofoundevidencefortheroleofchance.Theresearchersusedacrowd-sourceddatabasetoretrievemorethan650,000mineralostentationsatspecificlocationsaroundtheworld:22%ofallmineralswerereportedinonlyoneplace,12%inonlytwoplaces.Thepresenceofsomanyextremeraritiessuggeststhatrandomnessdoesplayarole,saidNASAastrobiologistChrisMcKay,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.“That’sthehallmarkofchanceevents.”Theseraremineralsmightappearonlyunderfortuitouscircumstances,e.g.anunusualassemblyofrocksthatconcentrateselementstogether.Whatwouldhappenifearth’shistorywerereplayed?Thereareabout15,300plausiblewaystocombinenaturallyoccurringelementintouniqueminerals,theresearchersestimate.Inarerunofearth,theysay,atleastone-quarteroftheplanet’sroughly5,000mineralswouldcomeoutdifferently.Inaddition,thelikelihoodthatanotherplanethasexactlythesamesetofmineralsasEarthislessthan1in10.Inotherwords,ourplanet’sprecisemineralcompositionisunlikelytobefoundanywhereelseintheuniverse.1.Scientistsusethephilosophicalterm“deterministic”.（

）2.AccordingtoChrisMcKay,ifsomethingonlyoccursonceortwiceinalargeandcomplexnaturalsystem.（

）3.Basedonthisarticle,wemayconcludethatminerals.（

）4.TheopinionofPeterHeaneyiscitedinthisarticle.（

）问题1选项A.becausetheycommonlybelieveinafateordestinythatdefinesalloutcomes.B.whensomethingcanbedeterminedorestablished,andthereforeknownwithclarity.C.torefertothesmallnumberofthingsinnaturethatarenottheresultofpurechance.D.torefertooutcomesresultingfromhardrulesorlawsactinginnaturalsystems.问题2选项A.thereisaslightpossibilitythatitistheproductofchance.B.thereisvirtuallynopossibilitythatitsexistenceisrandomC.thereisaconsiderablelikelihoodthatitcameaboutrandomly.D.itcanonlybetheproductofpurenecessityoperatinginthatsystem问题3选项A.predatelifeandexistwhollyindependentlyofit.B.aredependentonlifeformostoftheirpresentvarietyonEarth.C.cannotyetbehistoricallycorrelatedwiththeevolutionoflife,atleastonEarthD.willdisplayvarietyasgreataswhatweseeonEarthonplanetseverywhere问题4选项A.becausehehasnoapparentreasonotherthanthepersuasivenessofthescientificevidenceitselftosupportHazen’sviews.B.becauseheisanexpertonminerals,andthusmorequalifiedthanotherscientistscitedinthearticletoevaluateHazen’sconclusions.C.becauseheisaprofessoratauniversitywellknownforthehighqualityofitsresearchstaffintheearthsciences.D.becauseheisanauthorityonstatisticaloutliersingeologicalfielddata.9.单选题OrdinarilyProfessorLingisaperfectlyreasonableman,soIdon'tunderstandwhyheisbeingsostubborninthiscase.问题1选项A.aperfectlyB.Idon'tunderstandwhyC.isbeingD.inthiscaseE.没有问题10.单选题TheclerkIspokewithinsistedoverandoverthatwehadbeenchargedthenormalrateforthehotelroom,soIaskedtospeakwithhismanager.问题1选项A.insistedoverandoverB.hadbeenchargedC.rateforD.soIaskedtospeakwithhismanagerE.没有错误11.单选题Someofbesttestimonyon

statesandsocietiesofmedievalCentralAsiaistobefoundinreportsmadebyTangtravelersanddiplomatsforthebenefitoftheimperialcourtinChang，an.问题1选项A.SomeofbesttestimonyB.statesandsocietiesofmedievalCentralC.istobefoundinD.forthebenefitofE.没有错误12.填空题Shecouldn'tbuythebookanywhere.（1）ofthebookstoresinBeijinghadanycopies（2）.Theyhadallbeensoldassoonastheywereputontheshelves.13.单选题WegotintoataxiwithJohntosendhimtothetrainstation,butwehadonlygoneabouthalfakilometerwhenwewereinvolvedinanaccident.问题1选项A.tosendhimtoB.wehadonlygoneC.whenD.wereinvolvedinE.没有问题14.填空题A:I’mquite（1）thatyou’veacceptedthatnewjobinShanghai.I（2）thatyouhatedShanghai!B:Notatall!Ilovethecity.Iworkedthere（3）threemonthsaboutfiveyears（4）andIreallyenjoyedtheplacebackthen.A:Well,I’llbe（5）toseeyougo.We'llmissyou!B:Thanks.That’svery（6）ofyoutosay.I'llmissthepeopleinthisofficetoo.15.单选题ThreedaysagoIreceivedane-mailfromtheconferenceorganizersapologizingthelast-minutechangesintheschedule;theysoundedgenuinelyembarrassedatthedisorderin

theirplanning.问题1选项A.apologizingtheB.last-minuteC.changesinD.soundedE.没有错误16.填空题Smallchildrenneedtobe（

）tolookbothwaysbeforetheycrosstheroad.17.填空题（1）

totheCanadianmedia,thereiswidespread（2）ofthegovernment'splantoreformhighereducation.Angry（3）againstthemeasurehavebeenorganizedinseveralmajorcities.18.填空题Onourcyclingtourwemanagedtocoveranaverage（1）ofabout25kilometers（2）day.19.填空题Ann（1）bominLondonbutshe（2）upinScotland20.填空题Thankyoufor（1）myquestions.IhopeIhaven’ttakenuptoomuchofyour（2）

第2卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】C【解析】代词误用。them改成it,此处的代词指代前面的cartoon,因为是单数名词，故需要用it。2.【答案】B【解析】冠词误用。rock前加the。由mostof后面跟名词短语时一般需在名词短语前