考研英语阅读-试卷142-真题无答案

考研英语（阅读）-试卷142(总分60,做题时间90分钟)2.ReadingComprehensionSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.JusteastofdowntownIrvine,insouthernCalifornia,apastorallandscapeisunderconstruction.Littlebylittle,aformermilitaryairportisbeingdismantled,tobereplacedbygrass,treesandacanyon70feet(21meters)deep.Whenitisfinished,OrangeCounty"sGreatParkwillcover1,350acres(550hectares),morethanone-and-a-halftimesasmuchasCentralParkinNewYork.Thebiggestlandscapedmunicipalparktobebuiltinmorethanacentury,itrevealsmuchabouthowAmericanattitudestoopenspacehavechanged.Urbanparksarebackinfashion.NewYorkplanstobuildahugeparkontopoftheFreshKillslandfillinStatenIsland.Innumerabletownsquaresandpocketparkshavebeencreatedorbeautified,eveninplaceslikeDetroit.Cityplanners,whoonceviewedparksasfinancialdrainsandnestsofcrime,nowseethemasmagnetsfortouristsandcreativetypes.Thegreatparksthatwerebuiltinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturywereintendedtocounteracttheilleffectsofcityliving,andsoarethenewones.Buttheperceivedillshavechanged.FrederickOlmsted,whodesignedCentralParkandmanyothers,wantedtoprovidepeoplewithabreakfromtheirtough,dirtyjobs.KenSmith,theGreatPark"sarchitect,reckonstheresidentsofOrangeCountyarequiteidleenough.Whattheyneedisexercise:hencethepark"sproposed21footballfieldsand12baseballfields,togetherwithsomeexhausting-lookingwalks.Anotherdifferenceisthatparksarenowexpectedtofunctionlikenaturalecosystemsaswellaslookinglikethem.TheGreatParkwilluserecycledwaterinitslake(olderparksoftenusedmainswater).Therunwayswillbedismantledandturnedintoroadsandamemorial.Inanodtothelocal-foodmovement,theparkwillincludelandforfarming.Eventhecarparkwillbesituatedinanorangeorchard.Moststrikingofallisthenewparks"deferencetohistory.America"sgreat19th-centurylandscapearchitectssawthelandasablankslate.AnentirevillagewaspulleddowntobuildCentralPark.Bycontrast,Denver"sparkpreservesacontroltower,andtheGreatParkwillconvertanair-dockintoamuseumandretaintheoutlineofarunway.Ariverdivertedundergroundbythemarineswillberestoredtoitsformercourse.Thepreservationlobbyisstrongerthesedays.Andbesides,saysYehudiGaffen,apartnerintheGreatParkproject,"SouthernCaliforniahassolittlehistorythatweshouldtrytokeepsomeofit."1.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofOrangeCounty"sGreatPark?A

ItwasformerlyamilitaryairportnearsouthernCalifornia.B

It"sone-and-a-halftimesbiggerthantheCentralParkinNewYork.C

ItshowsAmericanattitudestowardsnaturehavechangedalot.D

Itislikelytobecomethelargestlandscapedmunicipalpark.2.

Accordingtothetext,urbanparksarebackinfashionbecauseA

parksonthesiteofotherdisusedplacesarebeingbuilt.B

cityplannershavechangedtheirattitudestowardsurbanparks.C

morehugeparksareplannedtobecreatedinsomecities.D

oldparksarebeautifiedinordertoattracttourists.3.

AccordingtoParagraph3,GreatParkinOrangeCountywasdesignedtoA

provideexhaustedpeoplewithrelaxationandhappiness.B

offsettheimpactofthetoughanddirtyjobstheykeep.C

giveresidentstheplaceofdoingexercise.D

attractmoretouristsandpromotethelivingstandards.4.

TheorangeorchardismentionedinordertotellthattheGreatParkislikelytoA

beequippedwithlargecarparkingareas.B

maintaintheoriginalstructureoftheoldairport.C

taketheappearanceandfunctionofanaturalecosystem.D

dealwithanyproblemofpollution.5.

Theword"deference"(Line1,Paragraph5)mostprobablymeansA

respect.B

reference.C

connection.D

restoration.Summerwas,forawhile,achild"stime,conferringaninviolaterighttolaziness.Itwasaformofeducationthathadnothingtodowithadultpriorities,providingentireafternoonstowatchexactlyhowmanyantswoulddashoutofonehillandwhattheywouldbringback.Theholinessofthatkindofsummerwasfirstdiminishedbynecessity,whenovercrowdedclassroomsbroughtustheyear-roundschoolcalendar.Next,thebattleagainstsocialpromotionforcedmanyanindifferentstudentintosummerschool—whilethehard-chargingstudentswillinglypackedintosummerschoolaswell,togetalegupon**ingyear.Then,asthoughtheworldofachievementhadsomesortoflegitimateclaimonsummer,evenschoolsthatmaintainedtheold-fashionedschedulebeganreachingtheirtentaclesintosummer.SomeschooldistrictsstartthetraditionalschoolyearinAugust,thebettertosqueezeinacoupleofmoreweeksofinstructionbeforetheall-importantstatestandardizedtestsgiveninspring.Worse,whatusedtoberecommendedsummerreadinglistsarenow**pulsoryassignments.Andwoetotheambitiousstudentwho"ssignedupforAdvancedPlacementclasses,andthusasummer-loadofnotetakingandhomework.It"snotjusttheschools.Asasociety,wegrowitchyatthesightofsomeone—evenakid-accomplishingnothingmorethanfun.Thusparentshavebecomesuckersforanythingthatlendsaconstructiveairtosummer.Summercampsusedtoexistforthepurposeofmarshmallowroastsandputtingfrogsinyourbunkmates"beds.Thosestillexist,but**petemightilywiththenewcamps—theonesforimprovingachild"swritingstyle,buildingmathskills,honingsoccerstardom,learningaforeignlanguage,buildingdancetalentsorfinessingskillsplayingamusicalinstrument.Evenmanycollegesanduniversities,suchasJohnsHopkins,haveclimbedonboard,mailingoutsilkybrochuresabouttheirexpensivesummerprogramsforsupposedlygifted,oratleastfinanciallygifted,students.Noneofthisactivityisrequired,ofcourse.Unluckily,othersocietalchangesalsohavepushedbackatsummer.Childrencan"tgettogetherapickupgameofkickballwhentheirstreetsaretheturfofgangs.Andwithoutashoveoutthedoor,today"syoungstersaremorelikelytospendadayclickingawayatvideogamesthanswinginginahammock.Still,itisadecision,howeverunconsciouslymade,toviewsummertimeasacommoditytobeprudentlyinvested,ratherthanasagifttobelavishlyspent.Thereisonlyonesortofskillweareafraidtonurtureinourkids—theabilitytodonothingmoreconstructivethanmakeabladeofcrabgrass,pressedbetweenourthumbsandblown,blastareedynoteintothesummerair.6.

Fromthefirstparagraph,welearnthatA

summerwasalwaysagreattimeforlazinessandfreedom.B

summertimewasgraduallycrammedwithvariouscourses.C

summereducationwasespeciallyimportantforA-liststudents.D

summerclasswasprovedtobemorehelpfultodisadvantagedstudents.7.

SchoolsconsideredusingsummertimemostprobablybecausetheyA

wantedtohelpstudentstomakefulluseoftheschoolcalendar.B

disbelievedthattheirstudentswouldactivelydosummerhomework.C

wouldliketoencouragemorestudentstotakeAdvancedPlacementtests.D

thoughtachievementshadsomethingtodowitheffortsinsummertime.8.

Theword"itchy"(Line1,Paragraph3)denotesA

comfortless.B

eager.C

critical.D

impulsive.9.

Intheauthor"seye,newcampscanbebestcharacterizedasA

artistic.B

exciting.C

practical.D

comforting.10.

FromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthorconsidersthatsummertimeshouldbeA

asatisfyinginvestment.B

apreciouspresent.C

aremarkableexperience.D

awell-plannedjourney.Athleteswhocheatbyinjectingthemselveswithstoredsuppliesoftheirownbloodmightsoonbecaughtout.Arevealingtrailofdebriscouldgivethegameaway.Most"blooddopers"cheatbyinjectingthemselveswiththeblood-boostinghormoneerythropoietin(EPO),buttherehavebeenteststodetectEPOsince2000.Anotherwaytodopebloodistoperiodicallyextractsomeofyourown,storeitandre-injectit**petitions.SomeprofessionalcyclistsareallegedtohavedonethisaspartofadopingscandalthatemergedinSpainin2006,calledOperacionPuerto.Atleastonecyclistisstillfightingtoclearhisname.Re-injectingstoredbloodbooststheoxygensupplytomuscles.Thepracticehassofareludeddetectionbutnowtheremightbeawaycatchoutthecheats.Duringstorage,redbloodcellsstarttofallapart,generatingdebrissuchasthefragmentsofcellmembranes(acellmembraneistheoutsideenvelopofalivingcell).OlafSchumacheroftheUniversityofFreiburginGermanyandhiscolleagueshaveshownthatwhenstoredbloodisre-injected,therecipient"swhitebloodcellspreparetogetridofthissuddentideofdebris.Theysaythatthesechangesonbloodcell"debris"couldbetraysportsmenandmakecheatsdetectable."It"slikesomeonedumpingrubbishinyourblood,"hesays."Whenallthe**esatonce,there"slotsofactivity."Schumacher"steamtookbloodfromsixnon-athletes,storeditfor35daysthenre-infusedit,takingfurtherbloodsamplesthreeandfourdaysafterwards.Whentheyanalyzedthewhitebloodcellsinthesesamples,genesneededforidentifyinganddisposingofailinganddamagedcellsweremuchmoreactivethanusual.Thegenechangesledtotheappearanceofnewproteinsonthesurfaceofthewhitebloodcellswhichcouldpotentiallybepickedupbyantibodies,Schumachersays.Healsosuggeststhatantibodiescouldbecreatedtodetectthechangestothesurfaceofredbloodcellsaswell.Schumachercouldn"tsaywhethersuchtestswouldbereadyintimeforthe2012OlympicsinLondon.DavidCowan,directoroftheUKDrugControlCentreatKing"sCollegeLondon,says:"Thepaperispromising,butmoreworkisneededtoestablishatestthatmeetstherigorousstandardsrequiredbysportsoasnottofalselyaccuseanathlete."Schumachersaysthatonekeygoalistomakesurethesechangesonlyoccurduetodoping,ratherthanillness,forexample.11.

Thesentence"Arevealingtrailofdebriscouldgivethegameaway"(Lines2-3,Paragraph1)showsthatA

theathleteswhocheatwilllosethegamebecauseofatrailofdebris.B

theathleteswhocheathavetogiveupthegamebecauseofatrailofdebris.C

atrailofdebriswillhelpcatchouttheathleteswhocheat.D

atrailofdebriswillhelptheathletesavoidthegame.12.

Whichkindof"blooddopers"isleastlikelytobedetectedinthepast?A

PeoplewhoinjectthemselveswithEPO.B

Peoplewhoextractandre-injectsomeoftheirownblood.C

Peoplewhotookpartin**petitioninSpainin2006.D

Peoplewhoarecarefulenoughtoavoiddetection.13.

AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthedebris?A

Thewhitebloodcellsarereadytogetridofitallthetime.B

Itistheproductofredbloodcellsduringbloodstorage.C

Itcouldhelpsportscheatsavoiddetection.D

Itisfragmentsofcellmembranes.14.

WhatdowelearnaboutthistestfromDavidCowan"scomment?A

Thetestispromisingandcouldbeadoptedrightaway.B

Thetestisfarfrommeetingtherigorousstandardsrequiredbysport.C

Thetestneedstobeimprovedinthehopeofnotwronginganathlete.D

The2012OlympicsinLondonwilladoptsuchanti-dopingtest.15.

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A

BloodCell"Debris"couldSnareSportsCheatsB

ANewTypeofBloodDopingC

SeveralMeasuresTakentoDetectBloodDopersD

AntibodiesareCreatedtoDetectBloodDopersIftheywerejustanotherproduct,themarketwouldworkitsusualmagic-supplywouldrespondtohighpricesandrisetomeetsurgingdemand.Buthumankidneysareno**modity.Tradingthemisbannedinmostcountries.Sosupplydependslargelyonthecharityofindividuals.Unsurprisingly,withaltruismtheonlyincentive,notenoughpeopleoffer.Kidneysarethesubjectofaquietlygrowingglobaldrama.Aspeopleintherichworldlivelongerandgrowfatter,queuesforkidneysarelengtheningfast:atarateof7%ayearinAmerica,forexample,wherelastyear4,039peoplediedwaiting.Doctorsareallowingolderandmoresluggishkidneystobetransplanted.Ailing,richpatientsarebuyingkidneysfromthepooranddesperateinburgeoningblackmarkets.Inthefaceofallthis,mostcountriesarestickingwiththeworstofallpolicyoptions.Governmentsplacetheburdenontheircitizenstovolunteerorgans.AfewEuropeancountries,includingSpain,managetopushupsupplyabitbypresumingcitizens"consenttohavingtheirorganstransplantedwhentheydieunlesstheyspecifyotherwise.Whetherornotsuchpresumedconsentismorallyright,itdoesnotsolvethesupplyproblem,inSpainorelsewhere.Ontheotherhand,ifjust0.06%ofhealthyAmericansagedbetween19and65partedwithonekidney,thecountrywouldhavenowaitinglist.Thewaytoencouragethisistolegalizethesaleofkidneys.That"swhatIranhasdone.Anofficiallyapprovedpatients"organizationoverseesthetransactions.Donorsget$2,000-4,000.Thewaitinglisthasbeeneliminated.Manypeoplewillfindtheveryideaofindividualssellingtheirorgansrepulsive.Yetanorganmarket,inbodypartsofdeceasedpeople,alreadyexists.Companiesmakemillionsoutofit.Itseemsperverse,then,toexcludeindividuals.Withproperregulation,akidneymarketwouldbeabigimprovementonthecurrent,sorrystateofaffairs.Sellerscouldbecheckedfordiseaseanddruguse,andcaredforafteroperations.Theycould,forinstance,receivehealthinsuranceaspartoftheirpayment—whichwouldbecheapbecauseproperlyscreeneddonorsappeartolivelongerthantheaverageJoewithtwokidneys.Buyerswouldgetbetterkidneys,faster.Bothsellersandbuyerswoulddobetterthanintheillegalmarket,wheremuchofthemoneygoestothemiddleman.Instinctoftentrumpslogic.Sometimesthat"sright.Butinthiscase,theinstinctthatsellingbitsofoneselfiswrongleadst