英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编23

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编23(总分：48.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Metonymyinvolvesusingthefamiliartostandfortheunfamiliar.(对外经贸2005研)

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A.真

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B.假解析：解析：转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。2.Theutterancemeaningofthesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttered.

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A.真

√

B.假解析：解析：话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。3.Languageacquisitionreferstotheprocessinvolvedincreatingandexpressingmeaningthroughlanguage.

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。4.Structuralmetaphormeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,asentitiesandsubstances.

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。5.Superordinatecategoriesarethemostgeneralones.Themembersofasuperordinatecategorydonothaveenoughfeaturesincommontoconjureupacommongestaltatthislevel.

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A.真

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B.假解析：解析：上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。二、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)6.Howdoesthetop-downapproachdifferfromthebottom-upapproachinlanguageprocessing?(对外经贸2005研)

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A.Bottom-upprocessingismoreeffectivethantop-downprocessinginspeechsynthesis.

B.Bottom-upprocessingutilizesallinformationonehasinspeechperception.

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C.Top-downprocessingusesone'sexistingknowledgeandtheincomingspeechsignal.

D.Top-downprocessingismoreefficientthanbottom-upprocessinginspeechcomprehension.解析：解析：在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。7.______isdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.

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A.Competence

B.Performance

C.Learning

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D.Acquisition解析：解析：在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习"。8.Duringlanguageacquisition,childrengothroughseveralstages,duringwhichstagetheybegintohavesensitivitytothephoneticdistinctionsusedintheirparents'language.

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A.Holophrasticstage

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B.Twowordstage

C.Threewordstage

D.Fluentgrammaticalconversationstage解析：解析：孩子们的语言习得要经历三个阶段，单词句阶段，双词句阶段，以及三词句阶段。在单词句阶段，孩子们会对其父母话语中的语音特征特别敏感。9.______isthestudyofpsychologicalaspectoflanguage.

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A.languageacquisition

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B.appliedlinguistics

C.psycholinguistics

D.pragmatics解析：解析：语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。10.______doesnotbelongtoConstrualOperations.

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A.Attention/Salience

B.Judgment/Comparison

C.metaphorandmetonymy

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D.Perspective/Situatednesss解析：解析：识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和来源。包括(1)注意力／突显；(2)判断／对比；(3)视点／观察者位置。三、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.Whatisthepurposeofstudyinglanguageandmind?(南开大学2004研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Thestudyoflanguageandmindaimstomodeltheworkingsofthemindinrelationtolanguage;forexample,ithelpsexplainhowthelanguageproductionandperceptionisachieved.Sincestructuresandconnectionsinthemindareinevitablyunobservable,researchersputforwardhypothesesbasedonfragmentaryclues.Thelabelmostusuallygiventothestudyof"languageandmind"ispsycholinguistics,atermwhichisoftenperceivedasbeingtrendy.Psycholinguisticsisconcernedprimarilywithinvestigatingthepsychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructures.)解析：12.Whatisthecognitiveinterpretationofimageschema?(北航2010研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Imageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.Imageschemaexistsatalevelofabstraction,operatesatalevelofmentalorganizationbetweenpropositionalstructuresandconcreteimage,anditcanbesubdividedintothefollowingitems:acenter-peripheryschema,acontinentschema,acycleschema,aforceschema,alinkschema,apart-wholeschema,apathschema,ascaleschemaandaverticalschema.)解析：13.Howtounderstandasentence?

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正确答案：(正确答案：Besidesdecodingsoundsandlexicalmeanings,comprehensionalsoincludesuntanglingthemeaningofsentences.Thereareafewelementsinfluencingthecomprehensionofsentences.Thefirstisthattheambiguityofwordmeaningleadstodifficultiesinsentenceunderstanding.Themorecomplexinformationthewordhas,themoredifficultthesentenceistobeunderstood.Thesecondfactoristhatthelinguisticstructureofthesentenceaffectstheprocessingtime.Psycholinguistshaveaddressedthphenomenaofsentencecomprehensionindifferentways.Firstly,serialmodelsproposethatthesentencecomprehensionsystemcontinuallyandsequentiallyfollowstheconstraintsofalanguage'sgrammarwithremarkablespeed.Secondly,parallelmodelsemphasizethecomprehensionsystemissensitivetoavastrange)解析：14.Whatisblendingtheory?

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正确答案：(正确答案：Fauconnier&Turnerproposesanddiscussesblendingorintegrationtheory,acognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore"mentalspaces"areintegratedviaprojectionintoanew,blendedspacewhichcontainsitsuniquestructure.Theypresentexamplesofblendingandanalyzetheblendingprocess,providetaxonomyofblends,andarguefortheubiquityandimportanceofblendingasacognitiveresource.Blendingoperatesontwoinputmentalspacestoproduceathirdspace,theblend.Theblendinheritspartialstructurefromtheinputspacesandhasemergentstructureofitsown.Therearesomeconditionsneededwhentwoinputspacesoneandtwoareblended;cross-spacemapping,genericspace,blendandemergentstructure.Theblendingtheorysuggestsanewwayofthinkingaboutwhatconstitutesanovelinference.Becausethemappingoperationinvolvesintegratedframesratherthanisolatedpredicates,thechoiceofoneparticularframingoveranothernecessarilyresultsinadifferentsetofattendantinferences.)解析：四、名词解释(总题数：7，分数：14.00)15.Languageacquisition(浙江大学2004研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Languageacquisition;Itreferstothegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.)解析：16.government(南开大学2011年研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Government:Inthetraditionalapproach,itreferstoatypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstructions.)解析：17.Psycholiguistics

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正确答案：(正确答案：Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage;itmainlystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Animportantfocusofpsycholinguisticsisthelargelyunconscioususeofgrammaticalrulesthatenablepeopletoproduceandcomprehendintelligiblesentences.Psycholinguistsinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought,Psycholinguisticsisalsoconcernedwithhowlanguagesarelearned,andtheroletheyplayinourthinking.)解析：18.TheInnatenessHypothesis

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正确答案：(正确答案：TheinnatenesshypothesiswasproposedbyChomsky.Itsaysthattheabilitytoacquireahumanlanguageispartofthebiologicallyinnateequipmentofthehumanbeing,andthataninfantisbornwiththisknowledgeofbasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeisuniversal.)解析：19.Construalandconstrualoperations

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正确答案：(正确答案：Construalisthecompetencetoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregationetc.Construaloperationsareconceptualizingprocessesappliedinlanguageprocessbyhumanbeings.Thatis,construaloperationsaretheunderlyingpsychologicalprocessesandresourcesemployedintheinterpretationoflinguisticexpressions.)解析：20.Categorization

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正确答案：(正确答案：Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories;thebasiclevel,thesuperordinatelevel,andthesubordinatelevel.)解析：21.Cognition

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正确答案：(正确答案：Cognitionis,inpsychology,usedtorefertothementalprocessesofanindividual,withparticularrelationtoaconceptwhicharguesthatthemindhasinternalmentalstates(suchasbeliefs,desiresandintentions)andcanbeunderstoodasinformationprocessing,especiallywhenmuchabstractionorconcretizationisinvolved,orprocessessuchasinvolvingknowledge,expertiseorlearningforexampleareatwork.Anotherdefinitionof"cognition"isthementalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.)解析：五、1举例说明题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)22.Ininformalspeech,peopleoftenomitsentencesubjectsbecausetheyarecommonlyunderstood.Whataretheomittedsubjectsinthefollowingtwosentences?Whydopeopleknowthatthesearethecorrectsubjects?(南京大学2008研)a.Hopeyoulikeeverythinghere.b.Justimaginewhathasjusthappenedhere.

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正确答案：(正确答案：Theomittedsubjectinsentenceais"I",andtheomittedsubjectinsentencebisusually"You".Thisisamatterofsentencecomprehensioninlanguagecomprehension.Psycholinguistshaveproposedprinciplesinterpretingsentencecomprehensionwithrespecttothegrammaticalconstraints.Themostpopularprincipleis"Minimalattachment"whichdefines"structurallysimpler",anditclaimsthatstructuralsimplicityguidesallinitialanalysesinsentencecomprehension.Inthisview,thesentenceprocessorconstructsasingleanalysisofasentenceandattemptstointerpretit.Thefirstanalysisistheonethatrequiresthefewestapplicationsofgrammaticalrulestoattacheachincomingwordintothestructurebeingbuilt;itistheautomaticconsequenceofanefforttogetsomeanalysisconstructedassoonaspossible.Inthefirstsentence,when"hope"asaverbisusedtoexpressthespeaker'sdesireandexpectationforsomethingtohappen,itconveysthewillofthespeaker.So,thesubjectof"hope"isusuallythespeakerher/himselfandcanbeomittedwhenthetwoaretalkingtoeachother.Whenthespeakerismakingastatementandusing"hope"toexpressother'swill,thesubjectwillnotbeomitted.Therefore,accordingto"minimalattachment"principle,whenthehearerinterpretsthissentence,theyautomaticallyinterpret"I"—thespeaker,asthesubjectof"hope".Sentencebcanbesaidtobeanimperativesentencewhichisasentencethatgivesadviceorinstructionsorthatexpressesarequestoracommand.Thisinstructionorrequestisalwaysaimedtothehearerorthereader,sothesubjectofanimperativeisalways"you".Whenthehearerinterpretthissentence,he/shewillinterprettheverb"imagine"asarequestoradvicethroughwhichthespeakertriestomakehe/sheinvolvedinthisaction,soitiseasierforhe/shetoconsider"you"asthesubject.Contextisanotherimportantfactorforpeopletounderstandthesubjects.Thesubjectswillbemoreclearinparticularcontextalthoughtheyareomitted.)解析：23.Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction.

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正确答案：(正确答案：Fromtheperspectiveofpsycholinguisticanalysis,languageuseintermsofperception,comprehensionandproductionfollowsacertainpatternwhichinvolvesthecoordinationofvariouslanguagecenters.Whenwespeak,wordsaredrawnfromWernicke'sareaandtransferredtoBroca'sarea,whichdeterminesthedetailsoftheirformsandpronunciation.Theappropriateinstructionsarethensenttothemotorareawhichcontrolsthevocaltracttophysicallyarticulatethewords.Whenwehearsomethingandtrytocomprehendit,thestimulusfromtheauditorycortexistransmittedtoWernicke'sarea,whereitistheninterpreted.Whenweperceiveavisualimage,amessageissenttotheangulargyrus,whereitisconvertedintoavisualpattern.)解析：24.Rese