固定资产自然资源无形资产1课件

固定资产、自然资源、无形资产2023/7/15固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Plantassetsaretangibleresourcesthatareusedintheoperationsofabusinessandarenotintendedforsaletocustomers.Plantassetsaresubdividedintofourclasses:

1Land土地

2Landimprovements土地附着物

3Buildings建筑物

4Equipment设备PLANTASSETS固定资产固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Plantassetsarerecordedatcostinaccordancewiththecostprinciple.Costconsistsofallexpendituresnecessarytoacquiretheassetandmakeitreadyforitsintendeduse.Thesecostsincludepurchaseprice,freightcosts,andinstallationcosts.Expendituresthatarenotnecessaryshouldberecordedasexpenses,losses,orotherassets.DETERMININGTHECOSTOFPLANTASSETSInvoice固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Costismeasuredbythecashpaidinacashtransactionorbythe

cashequivalentprice

whennon-cashassetsareusedinpayment.Thecashequivalentpriceisequaltothe

fairmarketvalue市场公允价值oftheassetgivenup

orthe

fairmarketvalueoftheassetreceived,whicheverismoreclearlydeterminable.MEASUREMENTOFPLANTASSETCOST固定资产成本的计量固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]ThecostofLandincludes:1）cashpurchaseprice2）closingcostssuchastitleandattorney’sfees3）realestatebrokers’commissions4）accruedpropertytaxesandotheronthelandassumedbythepurchaser.Allnecessarycostsincurredinmakinglandready foritsintendedusearedebitedtotheLand account.LAND固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Sometimespurchasedlandhasabuildingonitthatmustberemovedtomakethesitesuitableforconstructionofanewbuilding.Inthiscase,alldemolitionandremovalcostslessanyproceedsfromsalvagedmaterialsarechargeabletotheLandaccount固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Thecostof

landimprovements

includesallexpendituresnecessarytomaketheimprovementsreadyfortheirintendedusesuchas:1parkinglots,paving2fencing,and3lighting.LANDIMPROVEMENTS固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Thecostofbuildingsincludesallnecessaryexpendituresrelatingtothepurchaseorconstructionofabuilding.Whenabuildingispurchased,suchcostsincludethepurchaseprice,closingcosts,andrealestatebroker’scommission.BUILDINGS固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Coststomakethebuildingreadyforitsintendeduseconsistofexpendituresforremodelingandreplacingorrepairingtheroof,floors,wiring,andplumbing.Whenanewbuildingisconstructed,costconsistsofthecontractpricepluspaymentsforarchitects’fees,buildingpermits,interestpaymentsduringconstruction,andexcavationcosts.BUILDINGS固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice,salestaxes,freightcharges,andinsurancepaidbythepurchaserduringtransit.Costincludesallexpendituresrequiredinassembling,installing,andtestingtheunit.Recurringcostssuchaslicensesandinsuranceareexpensedasincurred.EQUIPMENT固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice,salestaxes,freightcharges,andinsuranceduringtransitpaidbythepurchaser.Italsoincludesexpendituresrequiredinassembling,installing,andtestingtheunit.However,motorvehiclelicensesandaccidentinsuranceoncompanycarsandtrucksareexpensedasincurred,sincetheyrepresentannualrecurringexpendituresthatdonotbenefitfutureperiods固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]AccounttitlesDRCRDeliverytruck23820Licenseexpense80Prepaidinsurance1600Cash25500固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]AccounttitlesDRCRFactorymachinery54500Cash54500固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Depreciationistheprocessofallocatingtoexpensethecostofaplantassetoveritsuseful(service)lifeinarationalandsystematicmanner.Costallocationisdesignedtoprovideforthepropermatchingofexpenseswithrevenuesinaccordancewiththematchingprinciple.DEPRECIATION折旧固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Duringanasset’slife,itsusefulnessmaydeclinebecauseofwearandtearorobsolescence.Recognitionofdepreciationdoesnotresultintheaccumulationofcashforthereplacementoftheasset.Landistheonlyplantassetthatisnotdepreciated.DEPRECIATION折旧固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Threefactorsthataffectthecomputationofdepreciationare:1Cost:allexpendituresnecessarytoacquirethe asset andmakeitreadyforintendeduse.2Usefullife使用寿命:estimateoftheexpectedlifebasedon needforrepair,servicelife,andvulnerabilitytoobsolescence.3Salvagevalue残值:estimateoftheasset’svalueatthe endofitsusefullife.FACTORSINCOMPUTINGDEPRECIATION固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]methodsofrecognizingdepreciation1Straight-line直线法2Unitsofactivity产量法3Declining-balance余额递减法.Eachmethodisacceptableundergenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.Managementselectsthemethodthatisappropriateinthecircumstances.Onceamethodischosen,itshouldbeappliedconsistently固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]USEOFDEPRECIATIONMETHODSINMAJORU.S.COMPANIES82%Straight-line4%Decliningbalance5%Units-of-activity9%Other固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Underthe

straight-linemethod,depreciationisthesameforeachyearoftheasset’susefullife.Itismeasuredbythepassageoftime.Inordertocomputedepreciationexpense,itisnecessarytodeterminedepreciablecost.Depreciablecostisthetotalamountsubjecttodepreciationandiscomputedasfollows:Depreciablecost=Costofasset-salvagevalueSTRAIGHT-LINE直线法固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]$13,000-$1,000=$12,000$12,000÷5=$2,400CostSalvageValueDepreciableCostDepreciableCostUsefulLifeDepreciationExpense固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]AccounttitlesDRCRDepreciationExpense2400AccumulatedDepreciation2400BookValue=cost–accumulateddepreciation=13000–2400=10600固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]YearDepreciationBookValue1240013000–2400=10,6002240010,600-2400=8200324008200-2400=5800424005800–2400=3400524003400–2400=1000固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Undertheunits-of-activitymethod,servicelifeisexpressedintermsofthetotalunitsofproductionorexpectedusefromtheasset,ratherthantime.Theformulasforcomputingdepreciationexpenseare:

1DepreciableCost÷TotalUnitsofActivity =DepreciationCostperUnit

2DepreciationCostperUnitXUnitsofActivityDuringtheYear=DepreciationExpenseUNITS-OF-ACTIVITY工作量法固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Inusingthismethod,itisoftendifficulttomakeareasonableestimateoftotalactivity.Whentheproductivityofanassetvariessignificantlyfromoneperiodtoanother,thismethodresultsinthebestmatchingofexpenseswithrevenues.UNITS-OF-ACTIVITY工作量法固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]$12,000÷100,000miles=$0.12$0.12×15000=$1,800DepreciableCostTotalunitsofactivityDepreciableCostperunitDepreciableCostperunitUnitsofyearDepreciationExpense÷×固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]AccounttitlesDRCRDepreciationExpense1800AccumulatedDepreciation1800BookValue=cost–accumulateddepreciation=12000–1800=10200固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Thedeclining-balancemethodproducesadecreasingannualdepreciationexpenseoverthe usefullifeoftheasset.Thecalculationofperiodicdepreciationisbased onadecliningbookvalue(costlessaccumulated depreciation)oftheasset.固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Annualdepreciationexpenseiscalculatedbymultiplyingthebookvalueatthebeginningofthe yearbythedeclining-balancedepreciationrate.Thedepreciationrateremainsconstantfromyear toyear,butthebookvaluetowhichtherateisapplieddeclineseachyear.固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Thebookvalueforthefirstyearisthecostoftheassetsinceaccumulateddepreciationhasazerobalanceatthebeginningoftheasset’susefullife.Insubsequentyears,bookvalueisthedifferencebetweencostandaccumulateddepreciationatthebeginningoftheyear.DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Theformulaforcomputingdepreciationexpenseis:

BookValueatBeginningofYearXDecliningBalanceRate=AnnualDepreciationExpenseThismethodiscompatiblewiththematchingprinciplebecausethehigherdepreciationinearlyyearsismatchedwiththehigherbenefitsreceivedintheseyears.DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]double-declining-balancemethod双倍余额递减法Unliketheotherdepreciationmethods,salvagevalueisignoredindeterminingtheamounttowhichthedecliningbalancerateisapplied.Acommonapplicationofthedeclining-balancemethodisthedouble-declining-balancemethod双倍余额递减法,inwhichthedeclining-balancerateisdoublethestraight-linerate.IfBarb’sFloristsusesthedouble-declining-balancemethod,thedepreciationis40%(2Xthestraight-linerateof20%).固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]$13,000x40%=$5,200BookValueatBeginningof1styearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=13000–5200=7800固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]$7800x40%=$3120BookValueatBeginningof2ndyearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=7800–3120=4680固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]$4680x40%=$1872BookValueatBeginningof3rdyearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=4680–1872=2808固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]YearBookValueDepreciationRateDepreciationExpenseBookvalue(ending)(1)(2)(3)=(1)×(2)(1)–(3)11300040%520078002780040%312046803468040%187228084280840%112316855168540%6741011固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Ifwearandtearorobsolescenceindicatethat annualdepreciationisinadequateorexcessive,a changeintheperiodicamountshouldbemade.Whenachangeismade,

1thereisnocorrectionofpreviouslyrecorded depreciationexpenseand

2

depreciationexpenseforcurrentandfuture yearsisrevised.Todeterminethenewannualdepreciation expense,thedepreciablecostatthetimeofthe revisionisdividedbytheremainingusefullife.REVISINGPERIODICDEPRECIATION折旧的修正固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Bookvalue,1/01/05$5800Less:salvagevalue1000Depreciablecost4800Remainingusefulyears3yearsRevisedannualdepreciation($4,800÷3)=$1,600Barb’sFloristsdecidesonJanuary1,2005toextendtheusefullifeofthetruckoneyearbecauseofitsexcellentcondition.Thecompanyhasusedthestraight-linemethodtodepreciatetheassettodate,andbookvalueis$5,800($13,000-$7,200).Thenewannualdepreciationis$1,600,calculatedasfollows固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]

Ordinaryrepairs

areexpenditurestomaintainthe operatingefficiencyandexpectedproductivelifeoftheplantasset.TheyaredebitedtoRepairsExpense

asincurredandare oftenreferredtoasrevenueexpenditures收入性支出.EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFE固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Additionsandimprovementsarecostsincurredtoincreasetheoperatingefficiency,productivecapacity,orexpectedusefullifeoftheplantasset.1Theseexpendituresareusuallymaterialinamountandoccurinfrequentlyduringtheperiodofownership.2Sinceadditionsandimprovementsincreasethecompany’sinvestmentinproductivefacilities,theyaredebitstotheplantassetaffected,andarereferredtoascapitalexpenditures资本性支出.EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFE固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]EliminatethebookvalueoftheplantassetatthedateofsalebydebitingAccumulatedDepreciationandcreditingtheassetaccountforitscost.DebitCashtorecordthecashproceedsfromthesale.Computegainorloss.PLANTASSETDISPOSALS固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Ifthecashproceedsaregreaterthanthebookvalue,recognizeagainbycreditingGainonDisposalforthedifference.Ifthecashproceedsarelessthanthebookvalue,recognizealossbydebitingLossonDisposalforthedifference.PLANTASSETDISPOSALS固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]GAINONDISPOSALOnJuly1,2002,WrightCompanysellsofficefurniturefor$16,000cash.Theofficefurnitureoriginallycost$60,000andasofJanuary1,2002,hadaccumulateddepreciationof$41,000.Depreciationforthefirstsixmonthsof2002is$8,000.TheentrytorecorddepreciationexpenseandupdateaccumulateddepreciationtoJuly1isasfollows:固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Depreciationexpense8000AccumulatedDepreciation8000TorecordfirstsixmonthsdepreciationAccumulatedDepreciation=41000+8000=49000固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]GAINONDISPOSALAftertheaccumulateddepreciationisupdated,againondisposalof$5,000iscalculated:Costofofficefurniture$60,000Less:Accumulateddepreciation$49,000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal$11,000Proceedsfromsale$16,000Gainondisposal$5,000固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Cash16000AccumulatedDepreciation49000OfficeFurniture60000Gainondisposal5000Torecordsaleoffurniture固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]

LOSSONDISPOSAL

Insteadofthesellingtheofficefurniturefor$16,000,Wrightsellsitfor$9,000.Inthiscase,alossof$2,000iscalculated:Costofofficefurniture$60,000Less:Accumulateddepreciation$49,000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal$11,000Proceedsfromsale$9,000Lossondisposal$2,000固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Cash9000AccumulatedDepreciation49000Lossondisposal2000OfficeFurniture60000Torecordsaleoffurniture固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Exchangesofplantassetscanbeforsimilarordissimilarassets.Inanexchangeofsimilarassets,thenewassetisthesametypeasandperformsthesamefunctionastheoldasset.Inexchangesofsimilarassets,itisnecessarytodetermine

1thecostoftheassetacquiredand

2thegainorlossontheassetgivenup.EXCHANGESOFPLANTASSETS固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Lossesontheexchangeofsimilarassetsarerecognizedimmediately.Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup.Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup.LOSSTREATMENT固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]COMPUTATIONOFCOSTOFNEWOFFICEEQUIPMENTRolandCompanyexchangesoldofficeequipmentfornewsimilarofficeequipment.Thebookvalueoftheoldofficeequipmentis$26,000($70,000costless$44,000accumulateddepreciation),itsfairmarketvalueis$10,000,and$81,000ofcashispaid.Thecostofthenewofficeequipment,$91,000,iscalculatedasfollows:固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]COMPUTATIONOFLOSSONDISPOSALThroughthisexchange,alossondisposalof$16,000isincurred.Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup.Thecalculationisasfollows:固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Inrecordingtheexchangeatalossitisnecessaryto1eliminatethebookvalueoftheassetgivenup,2recordthecostoftheassetacquired,and3recognizethelossondisposal.DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Officeequipment(new)91000AccumulatedDepreciation(old)44000Lossondisposal16000OfficeFurniture(old)70000Cash81000固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Gainsonexchangeofsimilarassetsarenotrecognizedimmediately.Instead,theyaredeferredandreducethecostbasisofthenewasset.Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup.Againresultswhenthefairmarketvalueisgreaterthanthebookvalueoftheassetgivenup.GAINTREATMENT固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]COSTOFNEWEQUIPMENT(BEFOREDEFERRALOFGAIN)Mark’sExpressDeliveryexchangesolddeliveryequipmentplus$3,000cashfornewdeliveryequipment.Thebookvalueoftheolddeliveryequipmentis$12,000($40,000costless$28,000accumulateddepreciation),itsfairmarketvalueis$19,000.Thecostofthenewdeliveryequipment,$22,000,iscalculatedasfollows:固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]ForMark’sExpressDelivery,thereisagainof$7,000,calculatedasfollows,onthedisposal:固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]COSTOFNEWDELIVERYEQUIPMENT(AFTERDEFERRALOFGAIN)The$7,000gainondisposalisthenoffsetagainstthe$22,000costofthenewdeliveryequipment.Theresultisa$15,000costofthenewdeliveryequipment,afterdeferralofthegain.固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Theentrytorecordtheexchangeisasfollows:AccountstitleDRCRDeliveryequipment(new)15000AccumulatedDepreciation(old)28000Deliveryequipment(old)40000Cash3000固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Naturalresources:consistofoil,gas,andminerals.Naturalresourceshavetwodistinguishingcharacteristics:

1Theyarephysicallyextractedinoperations.

2Theyarereplaceableonlybyanactofnature.NATURALRESOURCES固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]The

acquisitioncost

ofanaturalresourceisthecashorcashequivalentpricenecessarytoacquiretheresourceandprepareitforitsintendeduse.Iftheresourceisalreadydiscovered,costisthepricepaidfortheproperty.AQUISITIONCOST固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]DEPLETION折耗Theprocessofallocatingthecostofnaturalresourcestoexpenseinarationalandsystematicmannerovertheresource’susefullifeiscalleddepletion.The

units-of-activitymethod

isgenerallyusedtocomputedepletion,becauseperiodicdepletiongenerallyisafunctionoftheunitsextractedduringtheyear.固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]FORMULATOCOMPUTEDEPLETIONEXPENSETotalEstimatedUnitsDepletionCostperUnitTotalCostminusSalvageValueDepletionCostperUnitNumberofUnitsExtractedandSoldDepletionExpense固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]RECORDINGDEPLETIONTheLaneCoalCompanyinvests$5millioninamineestimatedtohave10milliontonsofcoalandnosalvagevalue.Inthefirstyear,800,000tonsofcoalareextractedandsold.Usingtheformulas,thecalculationsareasfollows:$5,000,000÷10,000,000=$.50depletioncostperton$.50X800,000=$400,000depletionexpenseTheentrytorecorddepletionexpenseforthefirstyearofoperationsisasfollows:固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]AccountstitleDRCRDepletionexpense400,000Accumulateddepletion400,000固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Intangibleassets

arerights,privileges,andcompetitiveadvantagesthatresultfromtheownershipoflonglivedassetsthatdonotpossessphysicalsubstance.Intangiblesmayarisefromgovernmentgrants,acquisitionofanotherbusiness,andprivatemonopolisticarrangements.INTANGIBLEASSETS无形资产固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]

Ingeneral,accountingforintangible assetsparallelstheaccountingfor plantassets.Intangibleassetsare: 1recordedatcost; 2writtenoffoverusefullifeina rationalandsystematicmanner;and

3atdisposal,bookvalueiseliminated andgainorloss,ifany,isrecorded.ACCOUNTINGFORINTANGIBLEASSETS固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Differencesbetweentheaccountingforintangibleassetsandtheaccountingforplantassetsinclude:Thesystematicwrite-offofanintangibleassetisreferredtoasamortization摊销.Torecordamortization,AmortizationExpense

isdebitedandthespecificintangibleassetiscredited.Theamortizationperiodcannotbelongerthan40years.Amortizationistypicallycomputedonastraight-linebasis.固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]ApatentisanexclusiverightissuedbytheUnitedStatesPatentOfficethatenablestherecipienttomanufacture,sell,orotherwisecontrolhisorherinventionforaperiodof20yearsfromthedateofgrant.Theinitialcostofapatentisthecashorcashequivalentpricepaidwhenthepatentisacquired.PATENTS专利固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]LegalcostsincurredinsuccessfullydefendingthepatentareaddedtothePatentaccountandamortizedovertheremainingusefullifeofthepatent.Thecostofthepatentshouldbeamortizedoverits20-yearlegallifeoritsusefullife,whicheverisshorter.PATENTS专利固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]RECORDINGPATENTSNationalLabspurchasesapatentatacostof$60,000.Iftheusefullifeofthepatentis8years.theannualamortizationexpenseis$7,500($60,000÷8).

AmortizationExpense-Patentisclassifiedasanoperatingexpenseintheincomestatement.Theentrytorecordtheannualpatentamortizationis:固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]AccountstitleDRCRAmortizationexpense-patents7500Patents7500固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Copyrightsaregrantedbythefederalgovernment,givingtheownertheexclusiverighttoreproduceandsellanartisticorpublishedwork.Copyrightsextendforthelifeofthecreatorplus50years.Thecostofacopyrightconsistsofthecostofacquiringanddefendingit.COPYRIGHTS版权固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Atrademarkortradename

isaword,phrase,orsymbolthatdistinguishesoridentifiesaparticularenterpriseorproduct.Ifthetrademarkortradenameispurchased,thecostisthepurchaseprice.TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商标和名称固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Ifitisdevelopedbyacompany,thecostincludesattorney’sfees,registrationfees,designcostsandsuccessfullegaldefensefees.Theyareamortizedovertheshorterofusefullifeor40years.TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商标和名称固定资产自然资源无形资产[1]Afranchiseisacontractualarrangementunderwhichthefranchisorgrantsthefranchiseetherighttosellcertainproducts,torenderspecificservices,ortousecertaintrademarksortradenames,usuallywithinadesignatedgeographicalarea.Anothertypeoffranchise,commonlyreferredtoas