考研英语包命题特点和规律

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouPsychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.（1996年Passage1）Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget?”You’llcertainlygetwhatyouIt’snouseYoushouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouIt’sessentialtosetagoalforwhatyouwantwhatyouget具体化后的 likestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedto plishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?AtTimeWarnerhoweversuchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthe eversincethe wasbornin1990It’saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativedomandthecorporatebottomline.（1997年Passage4）SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerforitsraisingofthecorporatestockitsneglectofsocialitsemphasisoncreativeTimeWarner的原因。答案为[C]选项。Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,wenthe,makeashoplist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchnningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlynwheretosellyourservices.（1996年Passage1）Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageasanillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforaanindicationofhowtosecureagoodaguidelineforjobaprincipleforjob提观点后举例的形式。作者先表述其观点：Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesire...andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsingeneralroutineofeverydayliving。接下来作amentalblueprintofadesire,并把它与“找工作”的方式联系起Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure（thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety）intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure—includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon—werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownand ingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergy infrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.（2001年Passage2）ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythe providingfinancialsupportacceptingforeignInadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.(1995年Text3)Theword“it”(Line3,Paragraph2)mostprobablyreferstothelackofstablethegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromceto首先把握整个句子的主干是：theinformalflowofinformationiscutoffas引导的状语从句，theirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationshipsfrom的宾语。withitconfidence，表伴随；按照代词指代关系中的一致原则和上下文的含义，it应该指代它前面的信息，即“非正式在考题中，转折和对比一直受到命题者的青睐。文章通过however，but，infact，一种的特点，避免被李戴的选项迷惑。Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.(1998年Passage1)Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthatpeoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestotheblindcouldbehappierthanthefascinationmakespeoplelosetheir者探讨的。正确答案为[C]选项。Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomontheofstudentscareerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththentoputcomputersintheclassroom.（1999年Passage3）Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroom Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedas e.（1997年Passage3）“Substanceabuse”(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuse”insubstancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegally“drugabuse”isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasandmanysubstancesotherthanorecanalsobe该段最后一句用to明确表达用“物质”代替“药物”的目的所在，也就是原Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979～1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.（2002年Text3）ThemainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceisglobalfastgrowthinIraq’ssuspensionof考研阅读所选的文章均是议和说明文。此类文章的文体要求在首段提出观点、突出Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.（2002年Text1）Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshouldtakeadvantageofdifferentkindsofmakefunofthedisorganizedaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentshowsympathyforyour第三句得出结论，即Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent....WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe-evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiture.This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedas ture...（2000年Passage3）TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetry basedonreasonablenewandacceptabletoordinaryindicativeofabasicchangeinhumanmoreofatransientphenomenonthan WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-ysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.（2001年Passage3）WhatisthepassagemainlyNeedsofthereadersallovertheCausesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutOriginsofthedecliningnewspaperAimsofajournalismcredibility议和说明文在论证说明事理的时候均很抽象。为了让读者更形象地理解一些抽象的ABAB，由于暗喻更加隐蔽，近年来命题专家越来越趋向于在暗喻内容上设问。Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition—ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparentsThereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthisacaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped—withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.（2000年Passage5）Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitiscustomaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitionintoolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletdishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentoftheimpracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfrom考点是复指代词或与复指副词作用相同的词。1996以前此类题目大多是直接问考生文itthat指代什么。近几年此类题目的问法开始转向隐蔽。考生在遇到此类题Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasa ebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswere esourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.（1997年Passage2）Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangerstoimprovetheirhardinviewoftheirlong-distancetoaddsomeflavortotheirowndailyoutofacharitablethis指代的是上文提到的“陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎。他们带来了消遣，还带来了添添读。注意文章中出现频率最高的词和短语。它们有时是相同的重复，有时TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentoizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstoizetheir es，thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheTheimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeacontractwithanotherprivateindividual.Americaneconomicsystem，在文中多次反复出现，刚好它就起调节作用。末句thus后面是对的进一步阐释，分析和消费者的需求、企业家对如：andalso,more,moreovermorethanthat,furthermorelikewiseequallyimportantfirst,second,inadditionto,thus,so,therefore,consequently,accordingly,asaresult等。如：but,yet,while,however,nevertheless,although,though,otherwise,despite,instead,onthecontrary,incontrast,notwithstanding等。如：toconclude,tosumup,insum,inconclusioninshort,inbrief,onthewhole④其他。表示空间位置（near,farbeside,nextto,aboveonthesideofacrossbehind、目的(forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto)、强调(indeed,infact,surely,certainly,tobesure,Iamcertain)、举例(forexample,forinstance,inparticular)、条件(inthatcase,thatbeingso,inthesecircumstance,if,unless)等。括2005年增加的选择搭配新题型。每次考试从这三种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。B部分试题主要考查考生对连贯性、一致性、逻辑性等语篇、语段整体性特400500～600词， 者现象，接着作者阐述自己对此现象或者观点的看法（也可能会涉及到大众的。在阐句是通过举例、、列数字等说明或论证来详细阐释。因此，在解题时，关键要学题句。无论空格在何处，都要采取就近原则，通过空格上下文的信息线索找出。howeveryet,but,anyhowanyway,neverthelesswhile,whereas，instead,insteadof；and,indeed，almost,even,similarly,likebesides,further,moreover,important,inaddition,furthermore,too,also,andthen,条件、让步ifonlyifinspiteof,despite,thoughalthough,evensoeventhough,rather,afterall,regardless；because,sinceas,for,dueto,so,therefore,thus,hence,inthat,accordingly,consequently,asaresult,asaconsequence,sothat,tothisend；likewise,atthesametime,inthesameway,incomparison,incontrast,like,as,justas,conversely,onthecontrary;列举、举例first,second,hefirstce,inthesecondce,next,another,finally,still,namely,thatis,forinstance,forexample,asanexample,specifically,inparticular；before,after,untiltillmeanwhile首句。其次要注意指代成立的条件。如：it可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子。xt这类题型虽然是首次应用到英语考试中来，但它在英语测试中已经是比较常见的题（一）考生根据自己对文章的理解从中选择能分别放回文章中5个空白处的5个选择答案。（二）先通读全文主分要点，了解文章内容大意及各段落之间的逻辑关系，弄清主干内容和结构上的关系和布局。可采用浏览式阅读法阅读全文要点词句、首尾段、每段首句以及独立成段的句子和文章中带转折词的句子等。在空白处考生可预测将要读到的内ofcourse,however等；由于这类考题没有多余选项，所以考生要从最有把握的入手，再对型主要考查考生区分论点、论据，把握论点论据一致性的能力。要求考生理解各个论点/观这类型的试题一般以议的形式出现，考查考生对论点论据的一致性的把握。试题要同义词：paymoreattention—focus词性转换bebrief—brevityisthe句型转换：thecasualfriendlinessofAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial——thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangerstendstobesuperficialandartificial部分，这样在头脑中就可以形成对作者重点强调内容的一个初步印象为了防止在阅读过程该类型的试题一般以议的形式出现，考查的是考生对于文章各个段落的主旨的把关键句子中的语。找出三个关键的过程也就是缩小阅读范围，找出段落主旨的过程。以及主干成分中的语。辨认句。大量的研究发现，句也是有一定规律的。第一，一般疑问句不句可能是句。特殊疑问句，尤其是How，What，Why等几个特殊疑问词引导的特殊疑熟悉几种句型notonly，butalso这类连词的句子althoughdespitethat）的词的句子时，应该把注意力放在主句上；而含有表转折关系的连Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutintheacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)WhattodoasaIdeasshouldalwaysbeIgnorancecanbeisequivalenttotheftTheconsequencesofScholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanother ’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,is“thewrongfulappropriationorpurloinning,andpublicationasone’sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.”Thepenaltiesforvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfrombyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandlirycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattention ationoftheirStudents,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyarebyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention.byaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.throughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesforation-note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography—areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Although‘thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,’thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofbyTheoppositeofisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.Students,asdeveloscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytoallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty.着说明对的惩罚，以及学生的三种类型；最后学术界应该避免。(二)第41题所在段落即第二段说明了在不同情况下所受到的处罚。段首句是主题句。段中出现了penalty，punishment，fine，imprisonment，aruinedcareer等表明免各种形式的。这显然是[A]项概括的内容。但这里考生匆忙之中也可能会选择[B]项，第四段解释了造成了偶然的原因。该段前面部分用两个hemay...平行结构的词although，转折后的内容才是作者真正想表达的。最后一句作者，如果吸取教训，这类行为可以免受严重的惩罚。只有[D]项概括了这句话的内容。其中canbeforgiven对应原文中的canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished。第五段作者主要讨论的是无知，以及如何避免此类行为。同样这一段落也以一个转折关系的句子结尾。同理，该句才是段落句。它提到，尽管除了信息、观点的表 词，但不能因此就选择[D]项。因为整个段落强调的是应该学会标注的来源。由此可见，第六段中作者换用thievery，steal，deceive等多个表示的词语来说明这一行径，而且段落开始的时候，有这样一句话：最严重的学术是有意。因此[E]项家中，一词被用来指那些不指明所观点的来源的行为。简言之，就是不道德地的学籍。在有国际法保护作家不受的文艺界，处罚小笔数额的罚款，大到监禁，甚至整个事业都会付诸东流。目前，通过法和来术界、文艺界的社会压力保护学者和作家是一个相当新的概念。这些社会压力和法要求作者在他人的原始文献资料常用无道德、不诚实、冒犯无礼、等词汇来形容有意这一行径。对原文准确理解的基础上，将5个划线的英语部分准确、完整、通顺地译成汉语。句与句之间的种种逻辑关系则“隐含”于上下文中。如：Ishallbeverydisappointedifyoudonotcome.(你不来我会失望的。)if来连接，否则其不成为一个完整Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.（2003年第63题）句子的主语是一个含动词意义的名词构成的词组emphasisondata，为了符合中文行文across-culturalbroughttotheysis。它们若采用直译的方法也不符合汉语习惯，方，但是的是不同。因此，要根据汉语的搭配去选择词语。 原文意思大相径庭，或与原文意思相悖，即使汉语表达得再流利，得分也过1别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。大学生、城市生活、、职业选择、标准化教育、心理测试、历史学家、行为科学和文指代和比较状语从句是试题命制的重点。例如，代词指代是指this,that,it,they等词的指代。Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlythechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichthey56but连接表转折，是并列的两个分句。butonlyif引导的条件从句，其中还出现了定语从句、省略现Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-erning)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhicha isheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.（2002年第64题）这个句子有35个词，由两个并列句组成，包含了一个定语从句、两个语态，许多Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwherethenetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood”.2002年Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.itsuchfailure都有所指代，需要根据上下文判断具体指代何物，否则无法Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.course,reason,train等词，无不有一个以上的意思，这就需要根据上下文选择正确的意项。如train在这的意思是“一串…”，而不作“火车”解。1.语态的翻中还有其他表示的方法，如在名词后加-ee表示动作的承受者（如trainee,employee,addressee,payee分别表示受训者，受雇者，收件人，收款人able、-ible结尾ThecarwasseverelydamagedbeyondanymeansofrepairwhilethedriverwassafeandThediscoveryishighlyappreciatedinthecircleofRubberisfoundtobeagoodisolatingTheareahasbeenmarkedoutforbuildingmoreho 译文：人们划出这块地区用于建造的旅店。Theresultoftheinventionofthe enginewasthathumanpowerwasrecedbymechanicalpower.Whatmeasureshavebeenorarebeingadoptedby ernmenttoreduceairTheamountofcarbonmonoxidethatanenginegivesoffcanbereducedbyspecialdevicesdesignedtomaketheengineburnthefuelmoreefficiently. AdditionalInternationalStandardsmaybeaddedtotheseriesinthe。 。MyfirstfortyyearswerespentinSouthernThesemachinesareoperatedbyaworkerInindustry,naturalmaterialsdifficulttogetareoftenrecedbyOvertheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ProblemsshouldberesolvedingoodTheApolloⅫcrewreportedthattheirspaceshipwasbeingfollowedbytwoForseparatingironfromtheimpuritiestheironoremustbeIthasbeenillustratedthat...据说明；据图示；图中表示Ithasbeenprovedthat...已经证明Itis（usually）consideredthat...据（通常）估计；人们（通常）认为Itisassumedthat...假定Itisbelievedthat...大家相信Itisallegedthat...据称Itisdemonstratedthat...已经证明，文中(图中)表明Itisestimatedthat...据估计Itisexpectedthat...Itisgenerallyagreed/recognizedthat...人们通常认为/承认Itishoped/stilltobehopedthat...（我们）希望/仍希望Itismentionedthat...据说Itisnoticednotedthat...人们注意到/前面已经Itisproposedthat...有人提议（）Itis mendedthat...有人推荐Itisregardedthat...人们认为Itisreportedthat...据Itissaidthat...据说Itissupposedthat...据推测；假定Itisthoughtthat...有人认为Itisuniversallyacceptedthat...普遍认为Itiswellknownthat...众所周知Itshouldbepointedoutthat...必须Itwillbeseenfromitthat...由此可见Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexnation.TheywouldhavehadtolivetherestoftheirlivesunderthestigmathathehadrecklesslyprecipitatedanactionwhichwreckedtheSummitConferenceandconceivablycouldhavelaunchedanuclearwar.动，这项行动破坏了首脑会晤，并且可以设想，还可能已经触发一场核。(较长的限制ItishewhoreceivedtheletterthatannouncedthedeathofhisItoldthestorytoJohn,whotoldittohisChristmascarolsarelovedbyallwhohearandsingiteveryWorldWarIIwas,however,morecomplexthanWorldWarⅠ,whichwasacollisionamongtheimperialistpowersoverthespoilsofmarkets,resourcesandterritories.Insuchanexperimenttheinsectscanbetaughttoflytotheultra-violet,whichforusisjustTherearemanypeoplewhowanttoreadtheHomeworkersarepeoplewhohavemadedecisionsregardingtheircareersandlife-ity,ness-ability构成的名词，翻译的时候WewerecaughtupinadiscussionaboutthesituationinAfghanistanwhentheprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom.ItwouldbewisetohandlethisdelicateproblemwithcalmnessandEvenanelementaryknowledgeofstatisticsissufficienttoenablethejournalisttoavoidmisleadinghisreaders.正义反译和反义正译要求译者对一些无法直接用汉语的相同结构进行表达的语言结构现用将的。Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.则有不同的看法。(moreAthanBBB部分用否定法译出，正义反译theterm根据上下文译为“智力这个词”)AndthecycleItcannotbetoomuchemphasizedthatlisteningisthemostimportantinlearningcannot...overcharged(over-构成的复合词)，这些结构可以译为“无论怎么…也不Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedor petentusers.Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexnation.索并给予准确而严谨解释的表达方式。(nothingbut译成“只不过”，反义正译)TheUnitedNationshasnot,sofar,justifiedthehopeswhichthepeopleoftheworldsetonIthusappearedtothemtobequitefamiliarwiththissortofsituation,anditconfirmedintheirbeliefthatIwasathoroughlydisreputableTocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.suchfailure是正面表达，但是从上下文看，是指Anin ligencetestdoesnotmeasureGalileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirst toturnthenewlyinventedescopeontheheavenstoprovethatthenetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaround译文：的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以求证实行星是围绕旋转，而不是围绕地球旋转（ratherthan是正面表达，但是它含否动词：fail,miss,lack,liveupto,ignore,refuse,withhold,neglect,refrain,deny,overlook,名词：absencefailurerefusalignorance,neglect形容词：few,little,from,farfrom,shortof,safefrom,thin,worthyof,,...,连词：more...thanunlessbefore,untilratherthan,介词：without,about,except,beyond,insteadof,inceof,outmoreAthanBlessBthanA，notsomuchBas/butA意思相同，用法相似，都可理解为“与其说是B，还不如说是译为“与其说…还不如说”。如：Teachingcanbemorelikeguidingandassisti