深大研究生基础英语综合课期末样卷

深圳大学期末考试试卷A/BA/B卷开/闭卷 闭卷课程编号课程名称研究生公共英语（普通班）学分命题人（签字） 审题人（签字） 年 月 日题号—一二三四五六七八九十基本题总分附加题得分评卷人ShenzhenUniversityGraduateEnglishExamination(Jan.8，2011)PartIListeningComprehension(35points)(特别说明：听力部分共包括4个passages,前3个是我们每学期初提供给学不内线封密生的听力题库中选取的内容，只有最后1个passage是题库之外的)不内线封密SectionA业—专Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearapassagetwice.Duringthefirstreading,youshouldlistencarefullyforageneralideaofthewholepassage.Duringthesecondreading,youshouldfillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouheartomakethesentencescomplete.BesuretowriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet业—专ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishEconomicsReport.WomenareontheirwaytoholdingmorethanhalfofallAmericanjobs.ThelatestgovernmentreportshowsthattheirshareofnonfarmjobsnearlyreachedfiftypercentinSeptember.Notonlyhavemoreandmorewomenenteredthelabormarketovertheyears,butthe onmen.InOctobertheunemploymentrateformenwasalmostelevenpercent,comparedtoeightpercentforwomen.Industriesthattraditionallyuselotsofmenhave .Forexample,manufacturingandbuildinglostmorejobslastmonth.Buthealthcareand havehadjobgrowth.Bothofthoseindustriesemployhighpercentagesofwomen.Thirtyyearsago,womenearnedsixty-twocentsforeverydollarthatmenearned.Now,forthosewhousuallyworkfulltime,womenearnabouteightypercentofwhatmenearn.Andwomenholdfifty-onepercentofgood-paying jobs.YetastudyreleasedThursdaysaidmenstillholdaboutnineoutofeverytentoppositionsatthefourhundredlargestcompaniesinCalifornia.Theresultshave infiveyearsofstudiesfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.Also,anewresearchpaperinthejournalSexRoleslooksattheexperiencesofwomenwhoarethemainearnersintheirfamily.RebeccaMeisenbachattheUniversityofMissouriinColumbiainterviewedfifteenwomen.Shefoundtheyall andmanyenjoyedhavingthepowerofcontrol,thoughnotallwantedit.Buttheyalsofelt .Partlythatwasbecauseof thatworkingwomenwillstilltakecareofthechildren.Also,menwhoarenotthemainearnersmayfeelthreatened.Thejobmarketcontinuestosuffertheeffectsoflastyear'sfinancialcrash.Now,ajudgmenthasbeenreachedinthefirstcaseinvolving onWallStreet.Lastweek,thegovernmentlostitscaseagainsttwomanagersatBearStearns,thefirstinvestmentbanktofaillastyear.AjuryfoundRalphCioffiandMatthewTanninnot toinvestors.Thehedgefundstheysupervisedlosttheirvalueintwothousandseven.Butjurorssaidtherewasnoclearevidencethattheymeanttomisleadinvestors.TheJusticeDepartmentcontinuestoinvestigateothercompanies.SectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearapassagetwice.Thenyoushouldgivebriefanswerstothequestionsprintedontheexaminationpaper.BesuretowriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.WhatistheSETIprojectlookingfor?Whydosomescientiststhinkthereisintelligentlifeonotherplanets?Howmanyothergalaxiesarethereintheuniverse?HowdoestheSETIprojectlookforlifeinothergalaxies?Whyislocatingotherintelligentlifesoexcitingaccordingtotheteacher?WhydoestheSETIprojectlookforradiosignals?Howfastdoradiosignalstravel?Howlongisneededforaradiosignaltotravelfromthenearestgalaxytoearth?Howfastdoesthefastestrockettravel?Whydoesn'ttheSETIprojectuserocketstolookforintelligentlife?SectionCDirections:Inthissectionyouwillheartwopassages.Eachpassagewillbereadtwice.Aftereachpassagetherewillbesomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.QuestionsforPassageOneofSectionCWhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutDanny?Hesuffersfrominsomnia.Hedoesn'tgetenoughsleep.Hehatesschool.Heoftenlistenstoclassicalmusicfarintothenight.Accordingtosleepexperts,kidslikeDanny .areextremelylazyneedtoseethedoctorarenotlazykidsarelearningdisabledTeenagers'biologicalrhythms .preferlaterwake-uptimespreferearlierbedtimesfavorearlierwake-uptimesfavortheschoolhoursAccordingtoBreus,insufficientsleep .willnotaffectadriverwithatremendousamountofexperienceiscausedbyaformofdepressioncanensuregoodacademicperformancecanaffectakid'sathleticperformanceSomeresearchstudiesshowthatchildren'sgradesrise .becausetheygotobedearlierthanbeforebecauseoflaterschoolstarttimebecausetheyadaptthemselvestotheclassschedulesbecausetheyhavegoodteachersHeadmasterPetersonchangedhisschool'sstarttimeto onatrialbasis.TOC\o"1-5"\h\z8:009:008:307:30HeadmasterPeterson theresults.wasdisappointedatwasdissatisfiedwithwasregretfulaboutwassurprisedbyThebenefitsofthenewclassscheduleincludethefollowingEXCEPTthestudentswerelesssleepyduringthedaythestudentsweremorealertonly50%ofthestudentsfelttiredduringthedayfewerstudentswerelateforthefirstperiodinthemorningQuestionsforPassageTwoofSectionC istheleadingcauseofdisabilityinolderpeopleaccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization.Dementia（痴呆症）LossofmemoryBlindnessHearingproblemPeoplewithdementiamayshowthefollowingsymptomsEXCEPT .becomingfar-sightedforgettingfamilymembersintellectualdeteriorationbecomingfuriousRenataSousaandotherresearchersstudiedthecausesofdisability .among50,000oldpeopleinsomedevelopedcountriesamongpeoplewhoare65oryoungerinsevendevelopingcountriesAccordingtothenewstudy,dementiawasthelargestcauseofdisabilityintheelderlyin .LondonMexicoVenezuelaruralIndiaTheresearcherssuggestthatmoreattentionshouldbegivento .chronicdiseasesofagingpeopleheartdiseaseandcancerchronicdiseasesofthebrainandmindagingproblemWhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaboutaseparatestudyofchildren?Childreninthestudywerefromeighteenlowandmiddleincomecountries.TheresearcherswereallfromtheUniversityofWisconsin-MadisonintheU.S..It'saboutthecausesofdisabilityinchildren.ItalsoappearedintheLancetmedicaljournal.Childrenwho weremorelikelytobedisabled.attendedschoolataveryearlyagelackedvitaminDsupplementswereoverweightwerebottle-fedPartIIReadingComprehension(20points)(特别说明：阅读部分都是课外的，是负责出题的老师原创的阅读考题。文章要求选自近期的较权威的英语报刊杂志。)Directions:Inthispartyouarerequiredtoreadthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneItisbecomingincreasinglyclearthatthecomfortofagoodfitbetweenmanandmachineislargelyabsentfromthetechnologyoftheinformationage.Considerthehumblewristwatch,whichhasbeentransformedintoakindofwrist-mountedpersonalcomputer,withadigitaldisplayandacalculatorpadwhosebuttonsaretoosmalltobepressedbyahumanfingertip.Infact,theveryusefulnessofthedigitizationoftimeisopentoquestion.Peoplegenerallycarelessaboutknowingthetimetothenanosecondthanaboutseeinghowlongthey'vegotuntillunch.Withdigitalwatchesthatrequiresalittlefiguring(thepurposeofthecalculatorpad,perhaps),whereaswiththeoldanalogwatches,theoneswithhands,it'sclearataglance.Worse,byreplacingthewatch'sconventionalstem-windingmechanismwithapuzzlingarrangementoftinybuttons,themanufacturerscreatedawatchthatwasveryhardtoreset.Oneleadingmanufacturerwasupsettodiscoverthatalineofitsparticularlyadvanceddigitalswasbeingreturnedasdefectivebythethousands,eventhoughthewatchesactuallyworkedperfectlywell.Furtherinvestigationrevealedthattheywerecomingbacksoonafterpurchaseandafterwardsintwolargebatches一inthespringandthefall,whenthetimechanged.CharlesMauro,aconsultantinNewYorkCity,isaprominentmemberofabranchofengineeringgenerallyknownasergonomics,orhuman-factors一theonlyfieldspecificallyaddressingthequestionofproductusability.Maurowhohaswonmanyawardsforindustrialdesignandhuman-factorsresearch,wasbroughtintoprovidesomehelptothewatchmanufacturer,whichwasexperiencingwhatMaurocalls“thecomplexityproblem."With“complexity"definedas“afundamentalmismatchbetweenthedemandsofatechnologyandthecapabilitiesofitsuser",thetermnicelycapturestheessenceofourcurrenttechnologicaldifficulty.Thatmismatchmightbemeasuredbytheincreasinglengthoftheinstructionmanualsrequiredtoworksomanyofthenewgadgets.Aboutthedigital-watchmanufacturerMauroasks,“Canyoubelievethatthecompanyactuallyexpectedyoutocarryaroundathirtymanualinyourwallet?"Thecomplexityproblemiseverywhere,butitismostapparentaroundthehouse.Americans'deficienciesinprogrammingtheVCRaresowellknownthattheyhavebecomealaughingstock.Accordingtooneconsumersurvey,athirdofallVCRownershavegivenuptryingtoprogramtheirmachinesfortime-delayedviewing.ItisameasureofAmericans'desperationthatamulti-million-dollarindustryhassprunguptosellothertechnology,involvingreferencenumbers,toprovideassistance.AndourtroublesarenotconfinedtotheVCR.AccordingtoasurveybythemarketingspecialistLaurenceFeldman,50%ofAmericanscan'tworkotherprogrammableequipmenteither,and,thankstotheavailabilityofthecomputerchipeverywhere,thatnowincludesalmosteverything:telephones,faxmachines,thermostats,evencoffeemakers.Soonwemayaddthehouseitselftothelist,asplansproceedtolinkupthesevariousunworkablecomponentsintoasingle5unworkablewhole,the“smarthouse”,inwhichoccupantswillruneverything—securitysystem,coffeepot,kitchenstove—fromasingleremote-controlunitattheirfingertips.Whenfacingsomepuzzlingpieceofhigh-techgadgetry,consumersnaturallyfeelthatthereissomethingwrongwiththemiftheycan'tfigureitout.Intruthitisusuallynottheirfault.Mauroattributestheconfusiontothefactthatmostproductsare“technology-driven”,theirnaturedeterminednotbyconsumersandtheirneedsanddesiresbutbyengineerswhoaretoooftenfascinatedbythecountlesscapabilitiesofthemicroprocessorsthatlieatthedevices'hearts.Themaineffectoftheextracapabilitiesisinagreatmanycasestobadlyconfusetheessentialfunctions.DonaldNorman,acognitivescientistataleadingcomputermanufacturer,believesthatthefundamentalconfusionisduetotheessentiallyinscrutablenatureofthetechnology“Inthemechanicalsystemsoftheolddays,youcouldwiggleaswitchormoveaknoboraleverandseesomethinghappen,"hesays,“Today'stechnologyconcernsinformationthatisinvisibleandabstract,sothedesignershavetogiveasenseofcontrolbydifferentmeans."Alltoooftenthosemeansaredenseinstructionmanuals,whichMauroregardsastheclearestsignofdesignfailure.Thebest-designedproductsrequirenoinstructionsatall:theirappearancetellsyouwhattodoassurelyasacoffeemug'shandlesays“Holdhere."Thisideaisreinforcedbyproduct-liabilitylaws,whichfirstconsidertheproduct'sphysicaldesign,thenitslabeling,andfinallyitsinstructions.Inthemindsofmostengineersthatlistisreversed.Whatisthewriter'sopinionaboutkeepingtimedigitally?Helikesitbecauseithelpskeephimontimebetter.Heprefersitbecauseitiseasiertounderstand.Hebelievesithascausedsimpledevicestobecomemorecomplex.Hedoesnotthinkitisreallynecessaryforeverydaylife.Whatdoesthewriterofthistextseemtothinkaboutthestem-windingmechanismonawristwatch?Itisaneasydevicetouseforsettingthetimeonawatch.Itneededtobereplacedbyamoredelicatemechanism.Itcannotbeusedtosetthetimeonawatchaccuratelyenough.Itisevenworsethanamystifyingsetofbuttons.WhydoesthewritertellusthatfewerthanhalfofallownersofmachineslikeVCRsandfaxmachinesknowhowtoprogramthem?Toexplainwhythecomplexityproblemexists.Toillustratetheseriousnessofthecomplexityproblem.Toshowusexamplesofsuccessfultechnology.Tohelpusappreciatemanufactures'problems.Whatisthekeydifferencebetweenoldermechanicalsystemsandnewer,moreadvancedtechnology?Oldersystemsweresimplerbutlessreliablethanthenewertechnology.Moderntechnologyappealsprimarilytotheyoungergeneration.Theconnectionbetweenformandfunctionwasclearerinoldermechanicalsystems.Newersystemslosetheirusefulnessmorequicklythanoldermechanicalsystems.Whatdoesthewriterseemtosuggestisthecauseofthecomplextyproblem?Thecomplexityofmodernlifepromotestechnologicalcomplexity.Peopleenjoyproductswhichchallengetheirabilitytousethem.Therightquestionsarenotaskedbeforedevelopingnewproducts.Companiescanmakebetterprofitsonmoreadvancedproducts.Whatdoesthewriterthinkaboutpeoplewhoareunabletousenewtechnologythewayitwasintendedbythemanufacturer?Theyoughttoreturntheproducttothemanufacturer.Theyhavenochoicebuttoreadthemanualmorethoroughly.Theymustacceptresponsibilityfortheirownfailures.Theyoftenfeelinadequateeventhoughtheyshouldn't.Whatdoesthewriterthinkacompanyshoulddoonceithastheabilitytodevelopatechnologicallymoreadvancedproduct?A.Builditquicklytobeatthecompetition.Educateconsumersaboutthecomplexityofthenewproduct.Findwaystomakeitsinstructionmanualeasiertoread.Considerhoweasythenewproductwillbetouse.Fromatechnologicalpointofview,whichofthefollowingdevicewouldthewriterprobablybemosthappytousehimself?Ahigh-techVCR.Amanualtypewriter.Aprogrammablecoffeemaker.Amultiple-functiontelephoneandfaxmachine.PassageTwoWaterisoneoftheelementseverycountrytakesforgranted.However,globalwillsoonfindthebereftwatersupplyapriority.IncountriessuchasEuropeandtheUnitedStates,thereisanespeciallyevidentapatheticconcernforthewatersupply,sincepeopleonlyneedtoturnonthetapandfindwaterattheirdisposal.Thewatershortagearoundtheworldmayalsosoonfindthesecountries.Crediblescientistssaythelackofavailablecleanwatermaybeoneofthebiggestissuesfacingtheworldinthetwenty-firstcentury.Therearemanyculpritsfortheconcurrentwatershortage.First,peopleareusingfarmorewaterthantheyhavepreviously.Secondly,therearemanymorepeoplethaneverbefore.Finally,manyvaluableandavailablesourcesofwaterarebecomingfartoopollutedtobeconsumable.Thesereasonsareinevitablygoingtocauseaseverelackofourmostvaluableresource.Withrepercussionsinevitablylooming,innovativemethodologieswillhavetobeconstruedpriortotheulterioreffectstakinghold.Statingthatwater-intensiveagriculturalactivitiesareunsustainable,theHRDministersaidthereisneedfornewtechnologytoencouragefarmingwiththeuseoflesswater."Wehavetorealizethatwecannotaffordtocontinueproducingagriculturalcommoditiesthewaywehavebeenovertheyears,"hesaid,givingtheexampleofhowriceandwheatcropsguzzlealotofwater.What,then,isthesolution?“Obviously,wehavetocrossandconquernewfrontiersofscience,"hesaid,addingthatwewillneedtoproduceseedsthatwillexhaustlesswaterandspawnnewtechnologytoincreaseproductivity.China,with1.26billionpeople,istheoneareaworryingmostpeoplemostofthetime,saystheauthorofarecentlypublishedwaterarticle.AuthorsofsucharticlesarecoincidentallyfoundinthedrierareasofNorthernChina.Inonearticle,ascientiststatedthatthewatertableisdroppingonemeterperyearduetodepletion,andtheChineseadmitthat300citiesarerunningshortcurrently.Theyaredivertingwaterfromagricultureworkersandlocaldenizensarestillfacingapotentiallycatastrophicoutcome.Scientistsstate7thatsomeChineseriversaresopollutedwithheavymetalsthattheycannolongerbeusedforirrigationatall,whichwillcauseacompletedebacleincommercialfarmingoccupations.IntheUnitedStates,manymorepeoplearebeginningtodrillwellstoprovidepersonalsourcesofdrinkingwater.Waterisabundantinenormousquantitiesinundergroundlakescalledaquifers.Untilrecently,scientiststhoughtthatthisundergroundwatersupplywasunadulteratedandsafefrompollution.Butinthe1980s,peopleintheUnitedStatesbegantofindillnessesintheirfamilies.Uponcloserinspection,scientistsrealizedthatthesechemicalswerefromwellwater.Inoneexample,peoplefoundthatpreviousmilitarylocationshaddangerouschemicalsonthegroundthathadslowlyseepedintoaquifers.InIndia,hometo1.002billionpeople,keyaquifersarebeingdisseminated,andthesoilisgrowingsaltierthroughcontaminationwithirrigationwater.IrrigationwasakeytoincreasingfoodproductioninIndiaduringthegreenrevolution,andasthepopulationsurgestowardaprojected1.363billionin2025,itscropswillcontinuetodependoncleanwaterandcleansoil.Israel,withapopulationof6.2million,hasinventedmanywater-conservingtechnologies,butwaterwithdrawalsstillexceedresupply.Depletionofaquifersalongthecoastisallowingseawatertopollutedrinkingwater.LikeneighboringJordan,IsraelislargelydependentontheJordanRiverforfreshwater.Waterfoundinaquifersisnotrenewable,likethatfoundinriversorstreams.Oncechemicalsreachtheaquifer,thewaterisnolongerdrinkable.Itisalsoveryexpensiveandnearlyimpossibletocompletelyremovechemicalsfromaquifers.Militarysitesareonlyonecauseofcontamination.Manyothers,includingfarmingmethodsandwaste,areprevalentaroundtheworld.Withthousandsofthesepollutinglocationsineachcountry,theamountofwaterthatmaybeconsumedinthefuturewillbeseverelyinhibited,attheverysametimeitisbecomingmoreandmorecriticaltotheworldpopulation.Thesituationisindeedserious.Someaquifersarelargeandfortunatelymanyhavenotbeenseverelydamagedyet.Iftheworlddoesnotwanttoseeacriticalshortageinthenearfuture,wemustfindawaytolimitthecontaminantsandchangetheattitudetowardwater.Onlythencanwedetertheamountofpollutionthataffectsourundergroundwatersupply.Realchangesmustbemadetoourpreventiontechniques,orwewillbeforcedtochangeinother,notsopreferableways.Ifthepassagewereextended,itwouldbemainlyabout .typesofwaterpollutioninforeigncountries.howtodrillwellstoprovidealternativewatersupplies.waterpollutionandmethodsofprevention.pollutioninundergroundaquifers.Scientistshaveexpressedtheinevitableconsequencethat .cleanwaterisnolongeravailableinmuchofAmericaandEuropedroughtiscausingashortageofwaterinAmericaandEuropemanypeoplewillsoonbewithoutcleanwaterduetopollutionwellwaterproblemswillexistinthetwentiethcenturyOnereasonforwaterpollutionis .Israel,theUnitedStates,andChinaconsumetoomuchwaterpeoplehavenotrefilledaquifersasdesiredbygovernmentexpertstherearenotenoughundergroundaquifersaquifersarebeingpollutedwithmilitarywasteRecently,scientistshavediscoveredreasonstoconcludethat newaquiferswithrenewablerainwaterthegreatestproblemsofthepreviouscenturywaslackofdrinkingwaterdamagetomilitarybaseshurtsundergroundwaterwehavemorewasteandgarbagethanwedidinthelastcenturyIncanbeinferredthatpeoplecanpreventwatershortagesby .conservingwaterineveryhouseholdeducatingeachotherabouttheneedforconservationandreducingpollutiondemandingfellowcitizensandgovernmentstaketheproblemseriouslyAlloftheabove“Theamountofconsumablewaterwillbeseverelyinhibited."Whatdoestheauthormeanbythis?Mostofthedamagecomesfromaquifers,whichisthemostdeleterioustowaterresources.Pollutioncouldcausewatershortagearoundtheworld,leadingtounenviableconsequences.Peopleareslowtochangewhichlimitstheabilitytochangewaterpreventionmethods.Militarybaseswillneverbeabletobecleanedupentirelysonewideaswillneedtobeconstruedexpeditiously.Wellwaterisbecomingpollutedbymilitarybases.Whatisthebestmethodtopreventthis?Removingmilitarybasesfromcountrieswithaquifers.Creatingpenaltiesthatsecuretaxdollarsfortheinevitablecleanup.Identifyingaquifersandfindingwaystostoppeoplefromdrillingwellsintothem.Creatingawarenessofthesensitivityofundergroundwatersuppliestopollution.PassageThreeArewomeninleadershiprolesjudgedmoreharshlythanmenbecausepeoplearejustharderonwomen?Orisitbecausewomenaresimplyworseatleadershipthanmen?Orcoulditbethatpeoplecomeundermorescrutinywhentheytakejobsthatareusuallyheldbytheoppositesex?AnewpaperoutofYaleUniversity'sSchoolofManagementsuggestsitmaybethelastone.VictoriaBrescoll,assistantprofessoroforganizationalbehavior,specializesinstudyingtheeffectthatstereotypeshaveontheperceptionofaperson'srolewithinanorganizationorcorporation."Therewassomuchtalkaboutraceandgenderbarriersbeingbroken,"shesaid,thatshewantedtoseehowwellpeoplewhobrokethebarriersdidoncetheygottotheotherside.Andoftenit's,well,notsowell.Thedifficultpositioninwhichglassceilingcrackersoftenfindthemselvesispoisedattheedgeofaglasscliff,anideaconjuredupbytwoBritishprofessorsin2004.Itsuggeststhatafterwomenbreakthroughtheglassceiling,theyareleftstrandedataninvisibleprecipice—inahigh-riskposition.Onewrongstepandtheyplummetintotheabyssofprofessionalfailure.Recently,withwomenrunningsuccessfulelectioncampaignsanddominatinghighereducation,itwouldseemthatstereotypesaretopplinglikefruitcartsinanoldmoviecarchase.Butthatdoesn'tmeantheydon'tstillexercisesomeinfluenceoverpeople'sexpectations.Anditisthosestereotypicalexpectationsthatmayleadpeopletojudgewomenholdingtraditionalmen'sjobs(ormenholdingtraditionalwomen'sjobs)moreharshlywhentheyfumble."Stereotypingthrivesonambiguity,"saysBrescollinthestudy,publishedinthejournalPsychologicalScience."Mistakescreateambiguityandcalltheleader'scompetenceintoquestion,which,inturn,leadstoalossofstatus."Totestherthesis,Brescollandtwoco-authorsEricaDawsonandEricLuisUhlmannfirstmadealistofallthehigh-statusprofessionsthatwereprimarilyassociatedwithonegenderovertheother.Notsurprisinglyitwasvastlyeasiertothinkupmale-dominatedprestigiousjobsthanfemale-dominatedones.Thentheydevisedscenariosinwhichpeopleofequalmeritheldjobstypicallydominatedbytheothergender(suchasafemalepolicechieforamaleheadofawomen'scollege)andhandledacrisisbadly.Thescenariosdescribedthepolicechieforcollegepresidentfailingtosendenoughpoliceofficersorcampussecurityofficerstorespondtoaprotest.(Insomescenarios,however,followingtradition,thepolicechiefwasmaleandthewomen'scollegepresidentwasfemale.)Theresearchersasked200peoplereadthescenarios.Whenaskedtojudgetheleaderwhomadethenotterriblysignificantmistake,thestudyvolunteerssaidworsethingsaboutthepersonwhowasthenon-typicalgender:themalewomen'scollegepresidentandfemalepolicechief.Theywerejudgedmoreharshlythanpeoplewhomadethesamemistakes,butwhoweretheusualgenderforthejob.Thisgender-baseddifferenceheldupwhenthejobsinvolvedaerospacecompanyCEOsorjudgestoo.Wetendtomagnifythemistakesofpeoplewethinkdon'tknowhowtodothejob.Brescoll'sstudywasofindividualsinhigh-statusjobs,butasimilarphenomenonmaybeinplayatlower-statusoccupationstoo.ArecentstoryintheNewYorkTimesMotherlodeblogdetailedhowyoungmalebabysittersoftenfindthemselvesatadisadvantage,partlybecauseeverybodywonderswhyayoungmalewouldeverwanttobabysit,andthenfearstheworst.Ononehand,it'sabitofarelieftoknowthatbiasisnotjustdirectedatwomen,but"drivenbyreactionstoindividualsinrolesinconsistentwiththeirgender,"asthestudyputsit.Ontheother,it'snotallgoodnews."Thoughwomenandminoritieshavemadeprogressinreachinghigh-statuspositions,"saytheauthors,"thepresentresearchdrawsattentiontoanunsettlingbiasthatmayreadilyunderminetheseachievements."Inotherwords,asfarasthingshavecome,theyhaveawaytogo.Inparagraphone,thenewpaperoutofYaleUniversitysuggeststhatwomenleadersarejudgedmoreharshlybecause .womenareinnatelypoorleaderspeoplearegender-biasedwomenleaderstaketherolestraditionallydominatedbymenwomenarelesscommittedthanmenAccordingtoparagraphtwo,VictoriaBrescoll .doesn'tbelievestereotypeshaveeffectontheperceptionofaperson'srolewithinanorganizationdoesn'tbelievetheremovalofraceandgenderbarriersreallypushesusforwarddoesn'tthinktheremovalofraceandgenderbarriershelpswomentowinequalitythinkstheremovalofraceandgenderbarriersmayresultinnewprejudiceAccordingtothepassage,the“glasscliff”refersto .apromotionopportunityforwell-educatedwomenaprofessionalfailurewomenmayfaceaftertheybreakthroughtheglassceilingapayraiseafterwomenleadersestablishthemselvesintheworkplacegenderdiscriminationwomenleadershavetocombatintheircompaniesTheunderlinedword“fumble”inparagraphfourmeans .handletheirjobclumsilyhandletheirjobingeniouslyabusetheirpowertakeovertheleadershipAccordingtoBrescoll'sstudy,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?Stereotypesstillhavesomeimpactonpeople'sexpectationsGenderbiasonlyexistsinhigh-statuspositions.Genderbiasrevealswhenpeopletakethejobwhichisnotconsistentwiththeirgender.anon-typicalgenderforajobisjudgedmoreharshlythanausualgender.PartIIITranslation(25points)(特别说明：翻译部分五小段内容全部选自该学期所讲课文)Directions:PleasetranslateintoChinesethefollowingfiveexcerptsfromthereadingunitswehavecoveredthistermandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.Whenallissaidanddone,thecollegeshouldencourageea