高级英语(第三版)第一册第八课-Three-cups-of-tea课件

高级英语（第三版）第一册第八课Threecupsoftea高级英语（第三版）第一册第八课ThreecupsofTeachingObjectivesofLesson8Familiarizestudentswithsocial,economic,religiousbackgroundofPakistan;Acquaintstudentswithknowledgeoflocalcustoms;Enablestudentstolearnidiomaticexpressionsinthetext;Familiarizestudentswithvocabularyconcerningconstruction.TeachingObjectivesofLessonGregMortenson

BornonDec.27,1957anAmericanhumanitarian,professionalspeaker,writer,formermountaineerandamilitaryveteran.co-founderandExecutiveDirectorofthenon-profitCentralAsiaInstitute(whosemissionistopromoteandsupportcommunity-basededucation,esp.forgirls,inremoteregionsofnorthernPakistanandAfghanistan)founderoftheeducationalcharityPenniesforPeace.GregMortensonBornonDec.2Booksco-authorofThreeCupsofTea:OneMan’sMissiontoPromotePeace…OneSchoolataTimeauthorofStonesintoSchools:PromotingPeacewithBooks,NotBombs,inAfghanistan

andPakistan.

Morethantenyears,Mortensonhasfacedoneandanotherimpossibilities,andthenmakethempossible.Booksco-authorofThreeCupGregMortensonwithchildrenGregMortensonwithchildrenGregMortenson’sAwards(1)2004AlNeuharthFreeSpiritoftheYearAwardforbuildingschoolsforPakistangirls.2008CitizenCenterforDiplomacyNationalAwardforCitizenDiplomacy

2008CourageofConscienceAward

2008GravenAward-WartburgCollege,IA2008NationalAwardforCitizenDiplomacy-CitizenCenterforDiplomacy2008MaryLockwoodFoundersMedalForEducation-DaughtersofTheAmericanRevolution2008SwordofLoyola,St.LouisUniversity,MO2008CharlesEliotEducatorAward-NewEnglandAssociationofSchools&Colleges2009AcademyofAchievementAward2009Sitara-e-Pakistan(TheStarofPakistanmedal)2009ArchonAward-SigmaThetaTauInternational(NursingAward)

2009AustinCollegeLeadershipAward,ShermanTX-lifeworktotakecourageousstandoneducationissuesforpeace2009NationalEducationAssociation(NEA)Human&CivilRightsAward2009CityCollegeSanFranciscoAmicusCollegiiAward-Promotingpeacethrougheducation2009JeffersonAwardForCommunityService:CarnegieEndowment&HarvardKennedySchoolofGovernment2009U.S.News&WorldReport:America'sTop20BestLeaders20092009Italy:PremioGambrinus“GiuseppeMazzotti”GregMortenson’sAwards(1)200GregMortenson’sAwards(2)2010LoyolaMarymountUniversity(CA)-DoshiBridgebuilderOfPeaceAward2010TheCommonWealthAwards:ForPublicService2010TheSalemAwardforHumanRights

2010TheChristopherAward:"Toaffirmthehighestvaluesofthehumanspirit"2010The10thannualLanternAward“ExcellenceinEducationInnovation”(MOSTE–LA,CA)2010DistinguishedServiceToEducationAward:NationalElementarySchoolPrincipalsAssociation2010CreativityFoundation&SmithsonianInstitution:BenjaminFranklinLaureateAwardForPublicService2010LiteratureToLifeAward-AmericanTheaterPlace2010VikingAward-NorwayHouseforpursuitofhard,bold,dangerousandimportantundertakings2010FreedomAward-FreedomFestivalforextraordinarydevotiontothecauseoflibertyathomeandabroad2010AmericanPeaceAward-representingthespiritofworldpeacethroughthoughtsandactions2010TheMasonAward-Extraordinarycontributioninliterature(GeorgeMasonUniversityDC)2011GelettBurgessChildren'sBookAwardThreeCupsofTeaYoungReader'sEdition2011PresidentialAwardforLeadershipinSocialChange-WaldenUniversity2011RaoulWallenbergAwardforhumanitarianendeavors-OldDominionUniv.,VAGregMortenson’sAwards(2)201BackgroundoftheBooks

ThetitleofmybookThreeCupsofTeacomesfromaPakistaniproverbthatsayswhenyousharethefirstcupofteayou’reastranger,withthesecondcupyouareafriend,andwiththethirdcupyoubecomefamily.IpickedthetitleinhonorofHajiAli,thePakistanivillagechiefwhotoldmewewouldneedthreecupsofteaifwewantedtoaccomplishthingstogether.In1993,afterafailedattempttoclimbK2,Ibecameseparatedfromthegroupaswedescended.Afterwalking58miles,IwanderedintoalittlevillagecalledKorphe.ThereImeHajiAli,astout,elderlymanwithasilverbeard.Ihadn’ttakenabathin84days,andmypantswereripped.Hesaid,“Welcometoourvillage,butyoudoneedtowashupalittle,son,beforeyoucometomyhousefortea.”IstayedwithHajiAlithatnightandreturnedlatertospendmoretimeinKorphe.OnedayHajiAlitookmebehindthevillage,where82childrenweresittinginthedirt–4girls,78boys–andmostofthekidswerewritingwithsticksinthedirt.Thiswastheirschool.Ayounggirlcameuptomeandsaid,“Wouldyouhelpusbuildaschool?”Isaid,“IpromiseI’llbuildaschoolforyou.”LittledidIknowthatpromisewouldchangemylifeforever.BackgroundoftheBooks

ThePrefaceofChapter12

Itmayseemabsurdtobelievethata“primitive”cultureinHimalayashasanythingtoteachourindustrializedsociety.Butoursearchforafuturethatworkskeepsspiralingbacktoanancientconnectionbetweenourselvesandtheearth,aninterconnectednessthatancientcultureshaveneverabandoned.

--HelenaNorberg-Hodge(Note.3)Helenaisananalystoftheimpactoftheglobaleconomyonculturesandagricultureworldwide,apioneerofthelocalizationmovement.SheisthefounderanddirectoroftheInternationalSocietyforEcologyandCulture(ISEC)whosemissionistoexaminetherootcausesofoursocialandenvironmentalcrisis,whilepromotingmoresustainableandequitablepatternsofliving.Theprefacemeans:Humans’ultimategoalinseekingexpansionanddevelopmentisprobablypeaceofmind,joyandpaceofease,allofwhichcanbefoundinaprimitiveculture.Peopleinmoderntimeshaverelentlesslyendeavoredtobringabouttechnicaladvancesinhopeofachievingthesevaluesthathavealreadybeenpersonifiedandinternalizedbythepeoplewholiveinsucha“primitiveculture”sincetheancienttimes.

PrefaceofChapter12

ItmaysMainIdeaofParas.1-22Paras.1-8TheseparagraphsgiveanideaofMortenson’sdisappointmentatseeingthelittleprogressintheschoolconstructionandofwhatexplanationHajiAlioffersforthesluggishness.Paras.9-22TheseparagraphssuggestachangeinMortenson’slifemakeshimanxioustogettheconstructionaccomplishedMainIdeaofParas.1-22Paras.

DetailedAnalysisofParas.1-22Questions:

WhathadMortensondonethepreviouswinteraboutthebuildingoftheschool?Thepreviouswinter,Mortensonhadmarkedoutafloorplanoffiveroomsforschool.AndhehadleftenoughcashtoHajiAlitohirelaborerstogetthestonefortheconstruction.(p.2)WhydidMortensonwanttogettheschoolfinishedassoonaspossible?Becausehewantedtofindhimselfacareertosupporthisfamilysincehewasmarried.(p.3)HowdidHajiAliexplaintheslowprogressoftheconstruction?HajiAlididnothiremenofMunjungandAskolewhowerelazyandwouldworklittleandarguingmuch.Insteadhehadtheirownvillagerscutthestonesallsummer.(p.6)WhatdoweknowaboutthePakistanitraditionsofmarriage?AccordingtoPakistanitradition,aPakistanibridegroomhadtogivegoatsandramstothebride’sfatherandthebrideshouldcrywhenshelefthermother.(p.22)DetailedAnalysisofParas.1Paraphrasing(Para.1)Therockslookedmorelikeanancientruinthanthebuildingblocksofanewschool.Antithesis,contrastingancientruinswithnewschool,indicatingthattherehadbeenlittleprogressintheschoolconstructionsineMortensonlastleft.(para.4)Youlookliketheyoungramatthetimeofbutting.Simile.HajiAlicomparedhimtoayoungram(amalesheep)thatwasstrikingwithhishornsangrily.

(para.6)…becausemanyofthemenhadtoleaveforporterwork.KorpheislocatedinnorthernPakistanwheretherearemanyworld-famoushighmountainswhicharethedestinationsforclimbers.Climbersusuallyhirelocalmenasporterstocarrytheirbaggage,suppliesandotherloads.(para.8)whatisonewintermore?”Whatdoesitmatterifwehavetogowithoutaschoolforanotherwinter?Aliknewpatiencewasaessentialashardwork.Paraphrasing(Para.1)Therocks(para.9)…abubbleofhappinessroseupsoforcefullythathecouldn’tkeepittohimself:Metaphor,avividwayofsayingthathefeltsohappythathefelthemustsharehishappinesswithhisfriend.(para.14)…Mortensonfeltasharpflurryoffistspummelinghisarmsandshouldersincongratulations.TwahacongratulatedMortensonbyhittinghisarmsandshoulderssuddenlyandrepeatedly.flurry:anoccasionwhenthereissuddenlyalotofactivitywithinashortperiodoftimePummel:tohitsomeoneorsomethingmanytimeswithyourfists电影明星到达时，人群中发生了一阵骚动。译文：1）Aflurryofexcitementwentroundthecrowdasthefilmstararrived.

2）一阵疾风吹翻了小船。译文：2）Aflurryofwindupsetthesmallboat.

(para.9)…abubbleofhappineMainIdeaofParas.23-37Theseparagraphspresentdetailsabouttheschoolconstruction.TheinvolvementintheconstructionenablesMortensontohaveabetterunderstandingofthelocalcultureandtheirspirituallifeMainIdeaofParas.23-37TheseDetailedAnalysisofParas.23-37QuestionsDidtheBaltihaveawrittenlanguage?Howdidtheyknowtheirhistorywithoutawrittenlanguage?Baltididnothaveawrittenlanguage.Peoplepasseddownanoralhistorywhichwasstrict,demandinggreatcare,patienceandeffort.Whatdidthevillagersdobeforestartingtobuildtheschool?Thevillagerswouldgotothemosquewheretheirreligiousleaderwouldpray,askingAllah’sblessingandguidance.Whatceremonydidthevillagersdowiththechogorabakbeforetheconstructionbegan?Theyusedtheramasasacrifice.EveryresidentofKorphegotashareofthemeat.Atnight,asthemoonrose,mendancedaroundthefire,sangsongsandwomenstoodattheedgeofthefirelight,singingandclapping.WhatdidMortensonthinkaboutdifferentreligions?Mortensonwasamazedathowmuchthedifferentfaithshadincommonandhowonecouldtracetheirseparatetraditionstothesameroot.(p.32)DetailedAnalysisofParas.23Paraphrasing(para.24)Agrinsmoldered,thenignitedatthecenterofhisthickbeard.Metaphor,comparingagrintoasparkoffire.Themantriedtosuppressagrinbutthenhisfacebrokeintoabroadsmilethroughhisthickbeard.smolder:toburnorsmokewithoutflame.ignite:tostartburningortomakesth.startburning.(para.26)TheBalti,lackingawrittenlanguage,compensatedbypassingdownexactingoralhistory.TheBaltipeoplelackedawrittenlanguage.However,thiswasmadeupbypassingdownanoralhistorywhichwasstrict,demandinggreatcare,patienceandeffort.exacting:adj.severeandunremittinginmakingdemands;

exactingly,exactingnessIhavesotrainedmyselfinsecretarialworkthatonlyexactingproblemsareinterestingtome.译文：

毫不夸张的说，我在文秘方面受过严密的训练，越是难度大的工作越能激起我的工作热情。2)Workwassoexactingthatbytheendofthedayhewaswornout.译文：他的工作十分吃力,到一天过完的时候他已经精疲力竭了。Paraphrasing(para.24)Agrin(para.26)Ithadstoodfornearlyfivehundredyears,andhadservedasaBuddhisttemplebeforeIslamhadestablishedafootholdinBaltistan.BalstistancameunderthecontroloftheTibetanKingSongtsenCampointhe7thcentury.UnderTibetanculturalinfluence,theBalstibegantoadoptTibetanBuddhismfromIndianBuddhism.ThehistoryofIslaminBaltistanstartswiththearrivalofAmeerKabeerSyedAliHamadani(alegendarySufiSaintinMuslimHistory)fromIranduringthe15thcentury.foothold:aplaceprovidingsupportforthefootinstandingorclimbing;aninitialaccomplishmentthatopensthewayforfurtherdevelopments;

1)也许要经过若干年这家新公司才能在市场上取得稳固的立足点。译文：1）Itmaybemanyyearsbeforethenewcompanycangainasecurefootholdinthemarket.

2）该字在这种语言中已获得一个稳固的立足点。译文：2）Thewordhasobtainedafirmfootholdinthelanguage.(para.26)Ithadstoodforne(para.27)Duringhisvisitshehadkeptarespectfuldistancefromthemosque…Mortensonkeptadistancefromthemosque,notoutofdisbeliefbutoutofrespect.(para.28)SherTakhi,whocalledKorphe’swidelydispersedfaithfultoprayerfivetimesadaywithoutthebenefitofamplification,filledthesmallroomwithhisboomingvoice.SherTakhihadaboomingvoice,andwithouttheadvantageofamplificationitfilledthesmallroom.HecalledKorphe’sbelievers,whowerewidelyscatteredworkingontheirrespectivejobs,toprayfivetimesaday.disperse:tobreakupandscatterinalldirections.(para.27)Duringhisvisitsh(Para.32)Gently,heturnedtheanimal’sheadtowardMeccaasSherTakhichantedthestoryofAllahaskingAbrahamtosacrificehisson,Mecca:thebirthplaceofMohammedandtheholiestcityofIslam.Abraham:intheOldTestament,thefounderandfirstpatriarchoftheHebrewpeople.Hehadtwosons:IshmaelandIsaac.GodJehovahandAbrahammadeacovenant,accordingtowhichJehovahpromisedthathewouldbeGodtoAbrahamandhischildrenandthattheywouldinheritanddwellinthelandofCanaan.JehovahtestedAbraham’sloyaltybycommandinghimtosacrificeIsaac.AbrahamwaspreparingtoobeybutwasstoppedatthefinalmomentbyanangelandcommendedbyJehovah,whoconfirmedthetermsofthecovenant.beforeallowinghimtosubstitutearamafterhepassedhistestofloyalty.First,AllahaskedAbrahamtoofferhissonassacrifice,butasAbrahamwasabouttoobeyAllah’swill,thuspassinghisloyaltytest,Allahchangedhismindandallowedhimtousearaminstead.(Para.32)Gently,heturnedt(para.32)IntheKoran,thestoryappearsinmuchthesamemannerasthecovenantofAbrahamandIsaacdoesintheTorahandtheBible.ThemajorsourceofmonotheismisthenarrativeoftheHebrewBible,thesourceofJudaism.Judaismmayhavereceivedinfluencesfromvariousnon-biblicalreligionspresentinEgyptandSyria.ThiscanbeseenbytheTorah’sreferencetoEgyptiancultureinGenesisandthestoryofMoses.ThustherearemanysimilaritiesbetweentheKoranandtheOldTestamentoftheBible.WatchingthisscenestraightoutoftheBiblestoriesI’dlearnedinSundaySchool.ThesceneinwhichKorphevillagerssacrificedtherambeforeAllahexactlyresembledtheBiblestoryaboutAbrahamthatMortensonhadlearnedinSundaySchool.Hewasamazedathowmuchthedifferentfaithshadincommonandhowonecouldtracetheirseparatetraditionstothesameroot.(para.32)IntheKoran,thes(para.37)Thefactthatitwasn’twrittendowndidn’tmakeitanylessreal.TheBaltididn’thaveawrittenhistory,butthatfactdidn’tmeanthatitsrichhistorydidn’texist.Thefacesringingthefiredidn’tneedtobetaughtsomuchastheyneededhelp.Synecdoche:thenamingofaparttomeanthewhole.Here“faces”standfor“men”.Mortensonfeltthathisjobwastohelpthemenwhosurroundedthefireinacircleratherthantoteachthem.(para.37)ThefactthatitwaMainIdeaofParas.38-76Paras.38-40–theauthorsuseflashbackstopresentanotherchangeinMortenson’slife;thatis,moreresponsibilitiesarelaidonhisshoulderwhichalsoaccountforhiseagernesstocompletetheschoolconstruction.Paras.41-56–atthestartoftheschoolconstruction,HajiAlidetectsMortenson’simpatienceandgiveshimalessononthethreecupsofteaforthepurposeofeasinghisrelationshipwiththevillagers.Paras57-72–TheauthorsgiveadescriptionofMortenson’spersonalwitnessofhowHajiAliwisely,courageouslyandselflesslyresolvesacrisisthatmayhaveresultedintheabortionoftheschoolconstruction.Paras73-76–ThetruththatHajiAlirevealstoMortensonabouthisilliteracyoverwhelmsMortenson:sopiousavillagesageasHajiAlican’treadtheKoran.TheauthorsintendthisendingtojustifyMortenson’smission.MainIdeaofParas.38-76ParasQuestionsforPara.38-76WhatchangeshadtakenplaceforMortensonwhenhearrivedinMay1996(Mortenson’sstatus)?Howdidhecarryouthiswork?Hoernifundedtheorganization“CentralAsiaInstitute”andappointedMortenson“director”.Hoerniintendedtobuildmoreschoolsacrossthemanycountrieswhosenamesendwith“stan”scatteredalongtheseparateroutesoftheSilkRoad.Mortensonfelttheheavyresponsibilityonhisshoulders,soheworkedveryhard,keepingeyesoneveryone,drivingthemhard,anxioustoaccountforeveryrupee.(p.38)WhydidHajiAlileadMortensontoclimbupthemountainwhentheywereinthemiddleoftheconstruction?HajiAlitoldMortensontoshare“threecupsofteaandtorespecttheirways(p.52)Whatwerethedifferentwaysbetweenthedifferentcultures?MortensontoldHajiAlithatAmericans’wayofdoingthingswastoaccomplisheverythingquickly.Mortensonrealizedthat‘buildingrelationshipswasasimportantasbuildingprojects.(p.53)WhowasHajiMehdi?Whatdidhewant?Mehdiwasthechiefofthevillage.Hedemandedapriceof12largestramsfromthevillagesothathewouldallowthebuildingoftheschool.(p.68)QuestionsforPara.38-76WhatParaphrasing(para.38)Thescientistenvisionedanoperationthatcouldgrowasfastasoneofhissemiconductorcompanies,spreadingtobuildschoolsandotherhumanitarianprojectsbeyondPakistan,acrossthemultitudeof“stans”thatspilledacrosstheunravelingroutesoftheSilkRoad.HoerniimaginedthattheprojectofbuildingschoolscoulddevelopfastjustoneofhissemionductorcompaniesintheSiliconValleyinCalifornia,extendingitsmissiontobuildschoolsandoperatingotherhumanitarianprojectsnotonlyinPakistanbutbeyondit,acrossthemanycountrieswhosenamesendwith“stan”scatteredalongtheseparateroutesoftheSilkRoad.Envision:toimagine;topictureinthemindHumanitarian:concernedwithimprovingbadlivingconditionsandpreventingunfairtreatmentofpeople“stans”:thePersiansuffix“stan”means“land”.TherearemanycountriesinCentralAsiawhosenamescontain“stan”,suchasPakistan,Afghanistan,Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,etc.Unravel:tountangle,separatethethreadsParaphrasing(para.38)Thesci(para.38)He’dhadtoomuchtroublegettingoneschooloffthegroundtothinkonHoerni’sscale.Hehadhadsomuchtroublegettingtheplanofbuildingoneschoolstartedsuccessfully.AndhehadtoconcentrateoncompletingthisoneandhadnotimeorenergytothinkonthelargescaleofbuildingmoreschoolsenvisionedbyHoerni.(para.41)Gettingtheconstructiongoingwaslikeconductinganorchestra.Simile,comparinggettingtheconstructiongoingtoconductinganorchestra.Theworkseemedsimplebutinfactrathercomplicated,needingsomeonetodirecttheworkandtheparticipationofdifferentpeople.(para.44)I…keptmyeyesoneveryone,anxioustoaccountforeveryrupee.AnxioustomakesureeveryrupeedonatedbyHoernibeusedforagoodpurpose.Idrovepeoplehard.Imakepeopleworkexcessivelyhard.(para.38)He’dhadtoomucht(para.45)theoldmanledtheformerclimberuphillforanhour,onlegsstillstrongenoughtohumblethemuchyoungerman.AlthoughHajiAliwasold,hislegswerestillstrongenoughtoleavetheyoungermanfarbehindandthusfeelashamed.Humble:toeasilydefeatsomeonewhoismuchstrongerthanyouare;tolowerinpride;tomakemodestinmind.Mortensonwaspanting,asmuchfromthethoughtofallthetaskshewasfailingtosuperviseasfromhisexertion.Mortensonwaspantingnotonlybecausehehadmadestrongphysicaleffortsinclimbingbutalsobecausehefeltprecioustimewasslippingawayandhewasworriedabouttheprogressofthetasks.(para.45)theoldmanledthe(para.46)Theairhadthefresh-scrubbedclaritythatonlycomeswithaltitude.Metaphor.Theairwassoclearasifithadbeenjustscrubbed.Youcanhavesuchclearaironlywhenyougettoacertainhighaltitude.Scrub:torubsomethinghard,especiallywithastillbrushinordertocleanit.TheicepeaksoftheinnerKarakoramknifedrelentlesslyintoadefenselessbluesky.metaphorandpersonification,comparingicepeakstoknivesandpersonifyingabluesky.Athousandfeetbelow,Korphe,greenwithripeningbarleyfields,lookedsmallandvulnerable,aliferaftadriftonaseaofstone.Metaphor,comparingKorphetoaliferaftandmountaintoaseaofstone.(para.46)Theairhadthefre(Para.47)…hereachedforhisrichbrownlambswooltopi,

theonlysymbolofauthorityKorphe’snurmadhareverwore,andcentereditonhissilverhairTopi:--lambswoolpillboxcap,esp.,acapintheshapeOfasmall,shallowbox,Oftencylindrical.

(Para.47)…hereachedforhis（Para.47)…hesaid,withanairofgravitythattransfixedMortensonasmuchastheview.

HajiAlisaidthesewordswithasolemnairthatfilledMortensonwithgreataweandmadehimmotionless,justlikeashefeltwhenhesawtheawesomeviewbeforehiseyes.transfix,vt.刺穿，钉住，使呆住Topiercethroughwithoraswithsomethingpointedtomakemotionlessasifimpaled.Hetransfixedtheenemy'sheartwithaspear.译文：他用长矛刺穿了敌人的心脏。Shestoodtransfixedwithfear.译文：她因恐惧而呆立不动。（para.52)thefirsttimeyoushareteawithaBalti,youareastranger..Iftheguesttakestimetosharethreecupsoftea,hisrolewillchangeprogressivelyfromastrangertoanhonoredguestandfinallytoafamilymember.Andforfamily,theBaltiaretotallydedicated.ThisparagraphexplainsthemeaningofthebooktitleThreeCupsofTea.（Para.47)…hesaid,withanai(para.53)Wearethecountryofthirty-minutepowerlunchesandtwo-minutefootballdrills.Ourleadersthoughttheir‘shockandawe’campaigncouldendthewarinIraqbeforeitevenstarted.WeAmericandoeverythingquickly,withoutmuchpractice.Wediscussbusinessoverlunchthatonlylasts30minutesanddofootballdrillsthatonlylasttwominutes.Powerlunch(商务午餐）:importantlunchtimebusinessmeeting,ameetingoverlunchthatgivessomebodyopportunitytocultivateanimportantcontactordiscusshigh-levelbusinessmatters.Shockandawe:Technicallyknownasarapiddominance.Itisamilitarydoctrinebasedontheuseofoverwhelmingpower,dominantbattlefieldawareness,dominantmaneuvers,andspectaculardisplaysofforcetoparalyzeanadversary’sperceptionofthebattlefieldanddestroyitswilltofight.(para.53)Wearethecountry(para.54)Threeweekslater，withMortensondemotedfromforemantospectator…AfterthetalkwithHajiAli,Mortensonchangedhisrolefromforemantospectator.demote:assigntoalowerposition;reduceinrank;(para.54)…woodbeamstosupportthesnowsthatmummifiedKorphethroughoutdeepestwinter.WoodbeamsstrongenoughtosupporttheheavyburdensofsnowsontheroofswhenKophewaswrappedupinsnowandbecamehelplessandparalyzedthroughoutdeepestwinter.Mummify:originallytheword“mummify”meanstopreserveadeadbodybyputtingspecialoilsonitandwrappingitwithcloth,asdonebytheancientEgyptians.Hereitisfigurativelyusedtomean“tomakeorbecomehelpless,uselessorinefficient”.(para.55)…Predictably,thejeeps…werehaltedbyanotherlandslidethatcutthetrack,eighteenmilesshyofeighteenmilesshyoftheirdestination…Aspredicted,themovingofthejeeps…wasstoppedbyanotherlandslidethatblockedthetracteighteenmilesbeforetheyreachedKorphe.shyof:lessthantheamountneeded,shy作“缺乏的,不足的”解时主要用于美式英语,在句中一般用作表语,无比较级和最高级HediedbeforeChristmas,onlyamonthshyofhis90thbirthday.译文：他在圣诞节前去世了，仅差一个月就满90岁。(para.54)Threeweekslater，（Para.60）...hemadeashowofadevoutMuslim…ButherantheeconomyofthewholeBralduValleylikeamafiaboss.HajiMehdi,thechiefofAskole,wasnotagoodman.HedidthingsdeliberatelytomakeotherpeoplebelievethathewasapiousMuslim,butinfacthecontrolledeconomyofthewholeBralduValleylikeasecretcriminalgroupleader.Mafia—intheU.S.andelsewhere,asecretsocietyofItalianorigin,engagedinillegalactivitiessuchasgambling,prostitution,adillicittradeindrugs.Hetookapercentageofeverysheep,goat,orchickentheBaltisold,andherippedoffclimbers,settingoutrageousprices.WhenaBaltisoldsheep,goatorchicken,hewouldchargethepersonapercentageofmoneyfromthesales.Hewouldalsotakeadvantageofclimbersbysettingunreasonablyhighpricesforsupplies.Ripoff—(slang)tostealorrob;tocheat,exploit;takeadvantageof.Outrageous—exceedingallboundsofdecencyorreasonablyhighpricesforsuppliers.Ifsomeonesoldsomuchasaneggtoanexpeditionwithoutpayinghimhiscut,HajiMehdisenthishenchmentobeatthemwithclubs.Ifsomeonesoldasmallarticlelikeaneggtoanexplorationteamwithoutpayinghimhisshare,hesenthishenchmentobeatthemwithclubs.Expedition:sendingforthorstartingoutonajourney,voyage,march,etc.forsomedefinitepurpose.Cut—(colloquial)ashare,asprofitorlootHenchman—afaithfulsupporter,especiallyofapoliticalleaderoracriminal.（Para.60）...hemadeashowoPara.63…hopingtodefusetheviolencegatheringintheair.Seeing