2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学题库

2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学题库卷I一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.Senserelationofwords.2.Wordsreferringtospendingandfinance(suchascost,spend,invest,buy,sell)alsohaveabstractmetaphoricaluses,asin:

Thatmistakewillcostyoualot.

Heinvestedalotoftimeintheproject.

You'reonlybuyingtroubleifyoudothat.

Givethreeadditionalexamplesofthemetaphoricaluseofwordsfromtherealmofspendingandfinance.Thendiscusshowthemetaphoricalusesarerelatedtotheconcretefinancialmeanings.3.langueandparole4.Explainthe(communicative)PrincipleofRelevance,anduseittoexplainwhyinanormalcircumstancethesentenceJohnwenttothebankmeansthatJohnwenttoamoney-institutionratherthanthatJohnwenttothebankofariver.5.Cardinalvowel6.TheEnglishsentenceIfonlyIcouldfly!isinimperativemood.7.amusing8.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand______.A.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesB.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.D.Alloftheabove.9.human10.languageuniversals11.V

isthedegreetowhichatestmeasureswhatitismeanttomeasure.12.[Focusonthefelicityconditionsofspeechactperfonnance]A.truthconditionB.sincerityconditionC.essentialconditionD.preparatorycondition13.A.Ahurricanekilledeightpeople

B.Eightpeoplediedinahurricane14.Inthesentence"Moneyisoftensaidtobetherootofallevil","root"isusedinitsconceptualmeaning.15.existent,dependent,detergent,confident16.Modemlinguisticsbeganfrom______,whoisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodemlinguistics".A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure17.Pleaseuseexamplestoillustratethefunctionsoflanguage.18.greed19.______isacognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore"mentalspaces"areintegratedviaprojectingintoanew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.A.TheReferentialTheoryB.SpeechActTheoryC.TheClassicalTheoryD.BlendingTheory20.Atwhatpointismeaningextractedfromthewordsinatext?Thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprocessesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordisencountered;thisisknownasthe______.21.Displacement22.Chomsky'sTransformational-GenerativeGrammarhasbeenchallengedbyanumberofotherapproachestolanguage.23.FourcategoriesofMaximsinGrice'sCooperativePrincipleincludeallthefollowingEX-CEPT______.A.MannerB.RelationC.Qualification24.PaulGricemadeadistinctionbetweenwhathecalled"constatives"and"performatives".25.InHalliday'sSystemicGrammar,asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrammarcandistinguish.Theitemsinasystemarecalled______.26.WhydidChomskymakethedistinctionbetweenDeepandSurfacestructures?27.Textualcohesivenesscanberealizedbyemployingallthefollowingcohesivedevicesexcept______.A.conjunctionB.ellipsisC.collocationD.lexicalrepetition28.Synchroniclinguistics29.Thespeechacttheorywasdevelopedby______.A.JohnSearleB.JohnAustinC.LevinsonD.G.Leech30.[Focusonthepropertiesofconversationalimplicature]A.indeterminacyB.calculabilityC.defeasibilityD.interestingness31.finite32.Theylookedupthewordinthedictionary.33.threatened34.WecanrefertoSocratesandPlatowhohavebeendeadforyears.Thisindicatesadesignfeatureoflanguage-d

.35.Whatisyourunderstandingoflinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence?Doyouagreewithdrawingadistinctionbetweenthesetwocompetences?Whyorwhynot?Pleasejustifyyouranswerwithoneortwoexamples.36.Birdandcuckoohavethesenserelationofhyponymy.Whichofthefollowingpairsofwordshasthesamesenserelation?______A.VowelandconsonantB.MouthandtongueC.LexiconandwordD.Numberandgender37.Whatisyouropinionon"truesynonymyisnon-existent"?38.Classifythefollowingpairsofantonyms.

innocent—guilty

parent—child

hospitable—unfriendly

true—false39.Wordswhichhavedifferentmeaningsbutarewrittendifferentlyandsoundalikearecalled

.40.Incomponentialanalysis,______maybeanalyzedintoHUMAN,ADULTandFEMALE.A.boyB.girlC.manD.woman41.Whatkindofwordscanfunctionas"X"?42.Multipleprocessesinwordformation43.phonology44.cohorttheory45.genderdifference46.outbound,outsell,outshine,outgrow47.linguisticdeterminism48.enthuse49.Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.50.[m]卷I参考答案一.历年考点试题黑钻版1.参考答案：(1)Synonymy

Synonymyisusedtomeansamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Synonymsaretwoormoreformswithverycloselyrelatedmeanings,whichareoften,butnotalways,intersubstitutableinsentences.Examplesofsynonymsarethepairsbroad-wide,hide-conceal,almost-nearly,cab-taxi,liberty-freedom,andanswer-reply.

Somesemanticiansmaintain,however,thattherearenorealsynonyms,becausetwoormorewordsnamedsynonymsareexpectedwithoutexceptiontodifferfromoneanotherinoneofthefollowingaspects:inshadesofmeaning(e.g.,finish,complete,close,conclude,terminate,finalize,end,etc.),instylisticmeaning,inemotivemeaning(oraffectivemeaning),inrangeofuse(orcollocativemeaning),inBritishandAmericanEnglishusages[e.g.,autumn(BrE),fall(AmE)].

(2)Antonymy

Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types:gradableantonymy,complementaryantonymy,andconverseantonymy.

Gradableantonymyisthecommonesttypeofantonymy,inwhichthemembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.Forexample,good-bad,big-smallandhot-coldareofthistype.

Complementaryantonymyreferstothesenserelationinwhichthemembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Forexample,single-married,dead-aliveandmale-femaleareofthistype.

Converseantonymyisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Forexample,buy-sellandparent-childareofthistype.

(3)Hyponymy

Hyponymyinvolvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.Thatistosay,whenXiskindofY,thelowertermXisthe"hyponym",andtheuppertermYisthe"superordinate".Twoormorehyponymssharingthesamesuperordinate.arecalled"co-hyponyms".Forexample,"flower"isthesuperordinateof"tulip","violet"and"rose",whicharetheco-hyponymsof"flower".

(4)Polysemy

Polysemyreferstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

Forexample,"negative"means(1)astatementsayingormeaning"no",(2)arefusalordenial,(3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.

(5)Homonymy

Thetermhomonymyisusedwhenoneform(writtenandspoken)hastwoormoreunrelatedmeanings.Thefollowingtypesareofhomonymy.

(1)Homographs—wordswhichareidenticalinspelling,butdifferentinmeaningandpronunciation:tear

(2)Homophones—wordswhichareidenticalinpronunciation,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning:see/sea.

(3)Completehomonyms—wordswhichareidenticalinspellingandpronunciation,butdifferentinmeaning:bear(v.togivebirthtoababy/tostand)/bear(n.akindofanimal).[解析]本题考查词汇间的涵义关系。一般来说有几种公认的涵义关系：同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系、一词多义关系和同音/同形异义关系。2.参考答案：Thethreeadditionalexamplesofthemetaphoricaluseofwordsfromtherealmofspendingandfinanceare:

①Hetrieshisbesttobuytimebynegotiating.

②Whyinvesttimeandenergyinsomethingthatweallhate?

③Carelessdrivingcosthimhislife.

Traditionally,buy,investandcostareusuallyusedbeforeconcretethings,howeverwecouldalsounderstanditwhenitisusedonabstract.Itisbecausewecouldunderstandthingsfromtheperspectiveofmetaphor.Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It'softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomainistheexperiencebeingdescribedbythemetaphorandthesourcedomainisthemeansthatweuseinordertodescribetheexperience.3.参考答案：Langueandparole:ThesetwotermswereputforwardbySaussuretodistinguishthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker,whichiscalledlangue,andtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics,thatis,parole.Tosayitinanotherway,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.Ontheotherside,parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.4.参考答案：Thetheoryofconversationalimplicaturehasopenedanewwayofexplainingtheuseoflanguage,andcaughttheattentionoflinguistsimmediately.However,thereissomeinconsistencyandredundancyamongtheCPanditsmaxims.SperberandWilsonarguethatallGriceanmaxims,includingtheCPitself,shouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofrelevance,whichisdefinedas:Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.Inthissense,acompletecharacterizationofcommunicationisthatitisostensive-inferential.

SperberandWilsongivethreedefinitonsofrelevance,andthefirstdefinitionrelatesittoacontext:Anassumptionisrelevantinacontextifandonlyifithassomecontextualeffectinthatcontext.Butrelevanceisalsoacomparativeconcept.Someassumptionsmaybemorerelevantthanothers.Sotheyhaveimprovedonthepreviousdefinitionbyadoptinganextent-conditionformat:

Extentcondition1:Anassumptionisrelevantinacontexttotheextentthatitscontextualeffectsinthiscontextarelarge.

Extentcondition2:Anassumptionisrelevantinacontexttotheextentthattheeffortrequiredtoprocessitinthiscontextissmall.

Withthehelpofthetwoconditionsabove,wecanunderstandwhyinanormalcircumstancethesentence"Johnwenttothebank"meansthatJohnwenttoamoney-institutionratherthanthatJohnwenttothebankofariver."Johnwenttothebank"canbeviewedasanambiguoussentence,whichmaymeanthat"Johnwenttoamoney-institution"or"Johnwenttothebankofariver".Butwhenthesentenceisutteredinanormalcircumstance,"amoney-institution"maybeeasilyassociatedwith"thebank"inourdailylife,exceptthatJohnlivedorworkednearthebankofariver.Therefore,theefforttounderstand"thebank"as"amoney-institution"islessthanas"thebankofariver".Inotherwords,"amoney-institution"ismorerelevanttothespecificcontextintheostensivecommunication.[解析]本题考查关联理论及其应用。Sperber&Wilson简化了格莱斯的那些会话准则，包括CP本身，提出了他们的关联理论(relevancetheory)。关联原则认为：每一个明示交际行动，都传递一种假定：该行动本身具备最佳关联性。此后，他们又从“程度条件”角度对关联性做了定义：如果一个设想在一个语境中的语境效应大或所需的处理努力小，那么这个设想在这个语境中就具有关联性。5.参考答案：Cardinalvowel:Thecardinalvowelsareasetvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.6.参考答案：B[解析]Itisinsubjunctivemood.7.参考答案：amusing-amusement8.参考答案：D9.参考答案：inhuman10.参考答案：Whilemanylinguistshaverecognizedtheextenttowhichlanguagesaresubjecttovariation,theyhavealsonotedtheextenttowhichalllanguageshavecertaincommonproperties.Thosecommonproperties,whichcanbedescribedasthosedefinitivefeaturesoflanguage,arecalledlanguageuniversals.[解析]本题考查语言的普遍性概念。11.参考答案：Validity[解析]本题考查测试中效度的定义。测试中的效度是指测试在何种程度上考查了它想要考查的内容。12.参考答案：A[解析]J.L.Austin把言语(utterances)分成performatives和constatives两大类，认为performatives要想成功必须满足一定的条件(即适切条件)，比如sinceritycondition(真诚条件)、preparatorycondition(准备条件)等，其中不存在真假的问题，“Thoughperformativescannotbetrueorfalse,therearestillconditions…”，可见A并非perfomatives的适切条件之一，仅此一点就可以断定A为答案。13.参考答案：Therearestilldifferencesofthematicstructuresbetweenthesetwosentences,withthefirstoneabout"Ahurricane"andthesecondoneabout"eightpeople".What'smore,insentenceA,theverb"kill"emphasizesadirectrelationshipbetweenthehurricaneandtheeightpeople,thatis,itisthehurricanethatcausedthepeopletodie.Whereas,insentenceB,ameaninglikeaboveisnotentailed.14.参考答案：F[解析]

本题考查的是词的不同意义。Leech将语义分为七类，第一类就是概念意义(conceptualmeaning)，又叫逻辑意义(logicalmeaning)，它以概念意义为基础，是语言交际的核心因素，具有稳定性、明确性和有限性。本题题干中的“金钱是万恶之源”中的“root”一词使用的是它的反映意义(reflectedmeaning)，指通过与同一词语的另一意义(根本，根源)的联想来传递的意义。15.参考答案："Detergent"doesnotinaccordancewiththeotherthreewords.Thesuffix-entmakes"detergent"anoun.Itoriginallymeans"thesate,thecircumstance".Aswecansee,"existent,dependent,confident"arealladjectivesindicating"thestate",transformedthroughaddingthesuffix-ent.16.参考答案：D17.参考答案：(1)Informative:Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud,forinstance,whentheyareworkingonamathproblem.Thisisalsocalledtheideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

(2)InterpersonalFunction:Byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothers(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,Yourobedientservant)andrefertothemselvesindicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.

(3)Performative:Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Thekindoflanguageemployedinpersormativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.

(4)EmotiveFunction:Thisfunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress,e.g.swearwords,obscenities,involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartOrscenery;conventionalwordsorphrases,e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Oh,...

(5)PhaticCommunion:Whenwecommunicatewithpeople,weallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.RitualexchangesabouthealthorweathersuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Nicedayoftenstatetheobvious.

(6)Recreationalfunction:Peopleuselanguageforsheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

(7)MetalingualFunction:Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Forexample,Icanusethewordbooktotalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression"thewordbook"totalkaboutthesign"book"itself.[解析]此题考查的是考生对语言功能的理解。语言具有七个基本功能：同时，考生还应该理解并掌握语言的其六个功能：informative(信息功能)、interpersonal(人际功能)、performative(施为功能)、emotive(感情功能)、phaticcommunion(寒暄功能)、recreational(娱乐功能)、metalingualfunction(元语言功能)。18.参考答案：greed-greedy19.参考答案：D20.参考答案：immediacyassumption[解析]本题考查即时假定。读者应该每遇到一个单词就马上展开所需过程来理解该单词及它与句中之前单词的关系，这叫做即时假定。21.参考答案：Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.[解析]本题考查的是语言的本质特征之一——移位性。移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时使用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件或观点。语言的本质特征还包括arbitrariness(任意性)、duality(二重性)、creativity(创造性)等，考生也需要掌握。22.参考答案：①Chomsky'sTGgrammarhasthefollowingfeatures.First,Chomskydefineslanguageasasetofrulesorprinciples.Secondly,Chomskybelievesthattheaimoflinguisticsistoproduceagenerativegrammarwhichcapturesthetacitknowledgeofthenativespeakerofhislanguage.Thisconcernsthequestionoflearningtheoryandthequestionoflinguisticuniversals.Thirdly,Chomskyandhisfollowersareinterestedinanydatathatcanrevealthenativespeaker'stacitknowledge.Theyseldomusewhatnativespeakerssay;theyrelyontheirownintuition.Fourthly,Chomsky'smethodologyishypothesis-deductive,whichoperatesattwolevels:(1)thelinguistformulatesahypothesisaboutlanguagestructure—agenerallinguistictheory;thisistestedbygrammarsforparticularlanguages,and(2)eachsuchgrammarisahypothesisonthegenerallinguistictheory.Finally,Chomskyfollowsrationalisminphilosophyandmental-isminpsychology.

②StructuralgrammarandTGgrammarhavedifferentviewsonthenatureoflanguage.First,Bloomfielddefinedlanguageasasetofutterancesandasetof"lexicalandgrammaticalhabits".Secondly,forstructuralgrammar,theaimoflinguisticsistodescribeoneorasetoflanguages;suchadescriptionisoftenevaluatedintermsoftheusetowhichitisgoingtobeput.Thirdly,thefocusofthestudyisdifferent.StructuralgrammaremphasizesonwhatChomskyhascalledlanguageperformance,whichtoChomsky,isdegeneratedandremotefromthe"real".Fourthly,thestructrualists'methodologyisessentiallyinductive,whereasChomsky'sishypothesis-deductive.Finally,thetwogrammarsviewlanguagelearningdifferently.Thestructuralistsfollowempiricisminphilosophyandbehaviourisminpsychology.Chomskyfollowsrationalisminphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.

③Systemic-FunctionalGrammar.Halliday'sSystemic-Functional(SF)Grammarisasociallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.Itactuallyhastwocomponents:SystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.SystemicGrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork,ormeaningpotential.Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystemsfromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices.FunctionalGrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction,basedontheassumptionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusersorfunctionswhichtheyserve.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisbasedontwofacts:

(1)Languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction;

(2)Languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Thus,ittakesactualusesofguageastheobjectofstudy,inoppositiontoChomsky'sTGGrammarwhichtakestheidealspeaker'slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.

④GenerativeSemantics

GenerativeSemanticsisanimportantlinguistictheorythatgrewinthelate1960sandearly1970s,asareactiontoChomsky'ssyntactic-basedTGGrammar.TheleadingfiguresofthisapproachareJohnR.Ross,GeorgeLakoff,JamesD.McCawley,andPaulPostal.GenerativeSemanticsconsidersthatallsentencesaregeneratedfromasemanticstructure.Linguistsworkinginthistheoryholdthatthereisnoprincipleddistinctionbetweensyntacticprocessesandsemanticprocesses.Andthisnotionwasaccompaniedbyanumberofsubsidiaryhypotheses.

GenerativeSemanticshadcollapsedwellbeforetheendofthe1970s.Bytheendofthe1970s,virtuallynobodyacceptedthegenerative-semanticattempttohandleallpragmaticphenomenagrammatically.AlthoughGenerativeSemanticsisnolongerregardedasaviablemodelofgrammar,thereareinnumerablewaysinwhichithasleftitsmarkonitssuccessors.Forexample,itwasGenerativeSemanticiststhatstartedanintensiveinvestigationofsyntacticphenomenawhichdefiedformalizationbymeansoftransformationalrules.23.参考答案：C[解析]本题考查Grice合作原则的准则内容。Grice合作原则包括数量、质量、关系和方式四条准则。24.参考答案：B[解析]JohnLangshawAustin'sfirstshotattheSpeechActTheoryistheclaimthattherearetwotypesofsentences:performativesandconstatives.25.参考答案：options[解析]本题考查系统功能语法中的选项。一个系统就是一个选择。所以它们是语法能够辨别的意义。系统中的项目被称为选项。26.参考答案：Ingenerativegrammar,deepstructureistheabstractsyntacticrepresentationofasentence,theunderlyinglevelofstructuralorganizationwhichspecifiesallthefactorsgoverningthewaythesentenceshouldbeinterpreted.Ontheotherhand,surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.

AccordingtoChomsky,itisnecessarytomakethedistinction,sinceitishelpfultodifferentiateandanalyzesyntacticstructuressuchas"Johniseasytoplease"and"Johniseagertoplease",andalsotodisambiguatestructureslike"theshootingofthehunters".Moreimportantly,itreflectstwoofthestagesofhowthelanguageisprocessedthroughthegenerativegrammar:thedeepstructure,whichisanunderlyingstructure,hastobetransformedtothesurfacestructureviaasetoftransformationalrules.27.参考答案：C28.参考答案：Synchroniclinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagebytakingafixedtheoreticalinstant(usually，butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation．[解析]此题考查的是考生对共时语言学这一概念的理解。共时语言学是指在某一理论上的时间点研究语言的方法。同时考生还应理解与此相对应的历时语言学的概念。29.参考答案：B30.参考答案：D[解析]从会话隐含义的特点来看，只有D“趣味性”不是会话含义的特点，其他三个都是。会话含义的特点还包括non-detachability和non-conventionality。31.参考答案：finite—//32.参考答案：Thereisaphrasalverb"lookup"inthissentence,whichisseparablebecausewemaysay"lookitupinthedictionary."33.参考答案：threatened—//34.参考答案：displacement[解析]本题考查语言的区别性特征中移位性的概念。移位性指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时并不存在的物体、事件和观点。35.参考答案：Iagreewithdrawingadistinctionbetweenlinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence.LinguisticcompetenceoriginallycomesfromChomsky.Itreferstothegrammaticalknowledgeoftheideallanguageuserandhasnothingtodowiththeactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Thisconceptoflinguisticcompetencehasbeencriticizedforbeingtoonarrowandpresentinga"GardenofEdenView".

Toexpandtheconceptofcompetence,D.H.Hymesproposescommunicativecompetence,

whichhasfourcomp6nents:possibility,feasibility,appropriatenessandperformance.InHymes'view,theleameracquiresknowledgeofsentencesnotonlyasgrammaticalbutalsoasappropriate.Itstressesthecontextinwhichanutteranceoccurs,whichalsoleadstoaconcentrationondiscourse,inHymes'termlinguisticroutines-thesequentialorganizationbeyondsentences.Initsapplication,theteachermayteachhowindifferentsituationsthesamesentencecanperformthefunctionofstatement,command,orrequest.Ontheotherhand,whileintroducingdifferentlinguisticformswiththesamesemanticstructure,forexamplethetwoformsof"you"inChinese,hemaydrawspecialattentiontodifierentcontextsinwhichtheyareused.Thus,intheteachingofliterature,theteachercantbcusonfeaturesofdifferentgenres.Intheteachingofconversation,hecanintroducesuchstrategiesasopening,continuing,turn-takingandclosing.[解析]本题考查Chomsky的语言能力与Hymes的交际能力。36.参考答案：B37.参考答案：Generallyspeaking,synonymsarethewordswhichhavedifferentformsbutsimilarmeaning.Thereareseveraltypesofsynonyms:dialectalsynonyms,suchaslift/elevator,flat/apartment;synonymsofdifferentstyles,asshowningentleman/guy;synonymsofdifferentregisters,suchassalt/sodiumchloride;synonymsdifferinginaffectivemeaning,suchasattract/seduce;synonymsdifferingincollocation,suchasbeautiful/handsome,able/capable.38.参考答案：innocent-guilty(complementaryantonyms)

hospitable-unfriendly(gradableantonyms)

parent-child(converseantonyms)

true-false(complementaryantonyms)[解析]本题考查的是反义词的类型。反义词主要有三种主要类型：渐次反义(gradableantonymy)、互补反义(complementaryantonymy)和相反反义(converseantonymy)。渐次反义是指成对词中的成分词在程度上存在着差异，一般更高程度的那个词可以充当涵盖词。互补反义是指构成词对的两个词是完全排斥、完全否定的，对一个的肯定意味着对另外一个的否定，反之亦然。构成相反反义的词对意味着两个实体之间关系的颠倒。39.参考答案：homophones40.参考答案：D[解析]本题考查语义成分分析法。41.参考答案：Verbscanfunctionas"X".42.参考答案：Multipleprocessesinwordformation.Wordformation,initsbroadsense,includesseveralprocesses,suchasinvention,blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogicalcreation,andborrowing.Multipleprocessisanoperationofmorethanoneprocessatworkinthecreationofaparticularword.(a)Inventionreferstotheprocessbywhichmanynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersortheirbrandnames,suchasCoke.(b)Blendingreferstotheprocessinwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Suchas"smog",thisisablendingfrom"smoke"and"fog".(c)Abbreviationreferstotheprocessinwhichanewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart,cuttingtheinitialpart,orcuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly.Forexample,"ad"isabbr