从减贫成功的关键因素看农村地区的减贫

从减贫成功的关键因素看农村地区的减贫

反射性：促进实施的机制是什么？减贫成功的关键是关注农业发展、有效的指导和机制、不同部门的政策、目标定位和创新。联合国粮农组织减贫的战略方针和策略丹尼尔J.古斯塔夫森:正如问题所述,各地区之间的贫困状况各不相同,因此减贫策略必须适应各种不同情况,也就意味着不存在一个通用的成功策略。尽管我们取得了进展,但极端贫困仍然是发展中国家面对的令人担忧的问题。减贫工作的进展主要集中体现在亚洲,特别是东亚地区。而其他一些地区,极端贫困人口的数量却是有所增加。减少贫困和饥饿现象是联合国粮农组织工作的核心,也是全球各国的核心目标。世界各国领导人承诺在2030年之前消灭极端贫困。联合国粮农组织正在帮助各国制定和实施扶贫政策、战略和计划,以促进包容性增长和可持续生计。减贫的关键在于包容的经济增长,尤其是农业和农村经济。关注农业部门是持续减少贫困和饥饿的必要条件。大多数极端贫困人口生活在农村地区(75%),需要采取优先行动直接减少饥饿。为了实现减贫和解决农村贫困问题,各级政府都需要强有力的领导力,并配以健全和透明的机制。此外,为了统筹应对农用工业发展、粮食安全、社会保障、卫生、教育和生态恢复等问题,采取多部门方针很必要。而为紧迫挑战提供更好更精确的支持,给出具体的扶贫目标和贫困识别非常重要。最后,创新在减贫方面也发挥了重要作用,尤其是在农业部门。在偏远地区引入信息通信技术,不仅可以提高生产率、对接小农户和市场,还可以实现知识和信息共享。虽然每个国家、地区、城镇或村庄都需要其特有的减贫方法,但我认为成功的关键在于以下因素:关注农业发展、强有力的领导和机制、多部门方针、目标定位和创新。这也是联合国粮农组织所实践的。通过过去几年的改革,联合国粮农组织以一种更集中、更针对的战略,将减贫作为其任务核心,将我们在农业领域的工作与社会保障部门的工作联系起来。各国政府需要就农业和社会保障如何共同发展以使人们摆脱贫困和饥饿设定相应的国家愿景。贫困形势和减贫需要重点关注消除贫困丹尼尔J.古斯塔夫森:虽然目前在应对全球饥饿和贫穷问题方面已取得了相当大的进展,但减贫并非易事,仍然面临着棘手挑战。贫困在许多低收入国家的农村地区依然根深蒂固。目前,不断恶化的生态系统、不可持续的自然资源管理和气候变化正对穷人造成不均衡的影响。气候变化使消除贫困变得更困难。如果没有扭转以上这些趋势,消除贫困的目标将难以实现。消除贫穷仍然是一项重大挑战,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,那里,穷人的绝对数量还在继续增加。此外,在取得一定成绩之后,减贫的最后阶段才是最具挑战性的,为实施针对性战略去识别最脆弱人群变得越来越复杂。因此,目前面临的主要挑战是定位贫困人口和最脆弱人群。确定目标人群需求非常重要。在经济快速增长的背景下,我们实现了农村减贫。但是,经济增长并不是包容性发展的灵丹妙药。在政策无法提供社会服务和社会保障的情况下,农村贫困依然存在。贫困主要与小农、女性(偏远农村地区)和儿童有关。如果在社会服务和保障上没有有效的、针对性的政策,很难打破贫穷的恶性循环。南南合作的贡献丹尼尔J.古斯塔夫森:南南合作(SSC)是一个非常成功的计划,它将中国和其他发展中国家汇聚一堂,旨在分享经验、技术和知识(特别是农业发展方面)。南南合作下,联合国粮农组织致力于促进中国与其他发展中国家之间就减贫、粮食和食品营养安全解决方案的对话、联络和交流。信息为人们提供了选择和替代方案,分享经验则可以为面临类似挑战的发展中国家带来利益最大化。通过南南合作平台交流信息是政策制定者汲取灵感的关键,从而使成功战略适应不同环境。在南南合作的背景下,中国提供了大力支持。近二十年来,中国向非洲、加勒比和太平洋地区派出了1000多名专家和技术人员,为减贫和营养安全做出重要贡献。正在寻求应用创新性发展方案的国家已经从实施了这种成功方案的国家那里获取建议。通过知识共享、技术支持和专家意见,增长和发展可以惠及最贫困者,并引入可持续的长期解决方案。在消除饥饿和贫困、确保粮食和营养安全方面,南南合作一直以来对千年发展目标做出了重要贡献,而且应在可持续发展目标框架中继续发挥关键和日益重要的作用。例如,在大米生产中,滥用农药和化肥会降低陆地和水生生物多样性,同时对人体健康产生负面影响。从长远来看,它会造成水生和陆地生物多样性的丧失。因此,需要更有效地利用资源,从而以社会、环境和经济可持续的方式增加产量。通过南南合作,将稻田养鱼技术推广到其他发展中国家。运用稻鱼共生系统的农民可从同一块土地获得多样化的收入来源,从而增加营销机会、实现产品多样化和更高收入。确保粮食和生计安全并降低风险丹尼尔J.古斯塔夫森:全球重要农业文化遗产计划实际上是一种结合可持续农业和农村发展的综合方法。中国消除贫困的战略主要基于创造性和创新性的解决方案应对农业挑战,将传统食物系统与创新相结合已被证明是非常成功的。中国现在被认为是农业文化遗产认定的领导者。得益于不断的创新和保护策略,中国已经设法维护生物多样性和基本生态系统服务。许多农业文化遗产地址的适应能力已经得到进一步发展,能够更好地应对气候变化和变率、新技术、不断变化的社会政治情况或自然灾害,以确保粮食和生计安全并降低风险。例如,青田县是中国第一个、世界第一批被列为全球重要农业文化遗产保护试点的地区,如今更成为了农业技术研究的大本营。农民将水稻种植与水产养殖结合起来,在灌水稻田中养殖鱼类。稻田为鱼类提供了保护和有机食物,鱼类软化土壤且为水稻作物提供了营养和氧气。中国祖先的传统智慧得到了保存,并辅之以生态、有机的农业系统。青田这样的乡村不仅提高了生产力,保证了可持续的生态系统,而且还推广了农业旅游。那些曾遭受人口外流和贫困困扰的村庄现在已经变成了传统的、自给自足的农业遗产地址,鼓励人口流入、旅游,促进了中国农村振兴。穷人和小农通过全球重要农业文化遗产计划以可持续的方式实现了粮食和生计安全。事实上,中国有13个农业文化遗产地址,其中8个位于贫困县,覆盖共900万农民。通过诸如电子商务平台等方式推广这些地区的产品,对于减少贫困和乡村振兴也很重要。同时,发展农业产业化经营也被确定为中国重点减贫战略,政府在这方面投入了大量精力,如派出技术专家帮助确定作物增长,以及建立和加强合作社。毫无疑问,传统食物系统与新系统的结合将有助于减少贫困。通过外部网络实名intraper-pcctors方法检测受压迫表....4.3.4和..........................4和.........和..............4和......3.3丹尼尔J.古斯塔夫森:“一带一路”倡议旨在促进沿线各国之间的政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通和民心相通。农业在相关经济体中发挥着至关重要的作用,占许多沿线国家国内生产总值的25%以上。基础设施投资将加强联通度,便利市场进入,以及资源、信息和服务的获取。联通世界其他地区至关重要,特别是考虑到“一带一路”沿线地区往往高度依赖农业、经济欠发达且缺少必要基础设施来实现繁荣和发展。但是,基础设施并不是增长和发展的灵丹妙药。需要实施政策和改革以便这些投资能够促进包容性增长并惠及最贫困人群。具体而言,将重点放在发展农业综合经营上。“一带一路”沿线大多数国家都以劳动密集型、农业经济为特征,而农村贫困仍然是一个普遍而重大的挑战。通过更好的基础设施,创新可以进入这些地区,使其从“一带一路”及所促进的知识交流中大大受益。农业合作是包容性增长的主要支柱。联合国粮农组织发现,投资农业对于改善最贫穷人群生活的效率是投资其他部门的四倍。DanielJ.Gustafson:Asthequestionstates,povertyreductionvariesamongregions,thuspovertyreductionstrategiesmustadapttothosevariouscontexts,meaningthatauniversalstrategytowardssuccessdoesnotexist.Theinternationalcommunityhaspledgedtohalvepovertyandhungerby2015.Extremepovertyremainsinfactanalarmingproblemintheworld’sdevelopingregions,despitetheadvancesmadeinthe1990s.ProgressinpovertyreductionhasconcentratedinAsiaandespeciallyinEastAsia.Inallotherregions,thenumberofpeopleinextremepovertyhasincreased.ReducingpovertyandhungerareattheheartofFAO’sworkandtheyarecentralgoalsofcountriesworldwide.By2030,MemberStateshavecommittedtoeradicatingextremepovertyforpeopleeverywhere.FAOishelpingcountriesdevelopandimplementevidence-basedpro-poorpolicies,strategiesandprogrammesthatpromoteinclusivegrowthandsustainablelivelihoods.Thekeytopovertyreductionisbroad-basedeconomicgrowth,especiallyinagricultureandtheruraleconomy.Afocusontheagriculturalsectorisanecessaryconditionforsustainablepovertyandhungerreduction.Mostextremepovertyisconcentratedinruralareas(75%).Moreover,priorityactionneedstobetakentoreducehungerdirectly.Inordertoachievepovertyreduction,andtackleruralpoverty,strongleadershipisrequired,atalllevelsofgovernment,accompaniedbystrongandtransparentinstitutions.Moreover,amulti-sectoralapproachisnecessaryinordertobringtogetheragroindustrydevelopment,foodsecurity,socialprotection,health,educationandecologicalrestoration.Itisveryimportanttoadvocatespecifictargetingandidentificationofpoverty,inordertoprovidebetterandprecisesupporttopressingchallenges.Finally,innovationhasplayedamajorroleinpovertyreduction,especiallyintheagriculturalsector.IntroducingICTsinremoteareasnotonlyallowsforbetterproductivityandconnectivitywithmarkets,butalsoknowledgeandinformationsharingAlthougheachcountry,region,townorvillageneedtheiruniqueapproachesforpovertyalleviation,Iwouldsaythatthekeytosuccessarethosecomponents:focusonagriculturaldevelopment,strongleadershipandinstitutions,amulti-sectoralapproach,targetingandinnovation.ThisisalsowhatFAOdoes,actuallybyusingthisapproach.FAO,throughitsreformconductedduringthelastyears,hasputpovertyreductionattheheartofitsmandatethroughamuchmorefocused,andtargetedstrategy,linkingwhatwedointheagriculturalsectorwithwhatisbeingdoneinthesocialprotectionsector.Countriesneedtoestablishanationalvisionofhowagricultureandsocialprotectioncanworktogethertomovepeopleoutofpovertyandhunger.index,popr生长4,3,4,4,4,4,4,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,...4与........3.4与.....4.4.4工作4,5.4DanielJ.Gustafson:Whileconsiderableprogresshasbeenmadeinfightingglobalhungerandpoverty,reducingpovertyisnoeasyjob,andthereremainpressingchallenges.Povertyremainsdeeplyentrenchedintheruralareasofmanylow-incomecountries.Currently,deterioratingecosystems,unsustainablenaturalresourcemanagementandclimatechangearedisproportionallyaffectingthepoor.Climatechangehasmadepovertyeradicationevenmoreofachallenge.Thegoaloferadicatingpovertywillremainelusiveifthesetrendsarenotreversed.Eradicatingpovertycontinuestobeamajorchallenge,especiallyinsub-SaharanAfricawheretheabsolutenumberofpoorhascontinuedtoincrease.Moreover,aftersuchaccomplishments,thelastphaseofpovertyreductionisthemostchallengingandidentifyingthemostvulnerablepopulationsinordertoimplementtargetedstrategiesbecomesincreasinglycomplex.Themainchallengecurrentlyfacedisthusthetargetingofpoverty,andthemostvulnerablepopulation.Infact,addressingallaspectsoftheremainingpovertyisverydemanding,asparticularcharacteristicsvaryandthetargetingsystemneedstobeverystrong.RuralpovertyreductionhasbeenachievedincontextsRuralpovertyreductionhasbeenachievedincontextsofrapideconomicgrowth.However,economicgrowthisnotapanaceaforinclusivedevelopment.Ruralpovertyhaspersistedwherepoliciesfailedtoprovideaccesstosocialservices,socialprotection.Povertylargelyconcernssmallholderfarmers,womenleftbehindinremoteruralareas,andchildren.Withoutefficienttargetedpoliciesonsocialservicesandprovision,itwillbedifficulttobreaktheviciouscircleofpoverty.“chh”与“sowellingspDanielJ.Gustafson:South-SouthCooperationhasbeenaverysuccessfulprogrammethathasbroughttogetherChinaandotherdevelopingcountrieswiththeaimtoshareexperiences,technologyandknowledgeconcerningspecificallyagriculturaldevelopment.UndertheSSC,FAOcommitstofacilitatingdialogues,networkingandmutualexchangeofpovertyreductionandfoodandnutritionsecuritysolutionsbetweenChinaandotherdevelopingcountriesintheworld.Informationgivespeopleoptionsandalternatives,andthesharingofexperiencescanhaveoptimalbenefitsfordevelopingcountrieswithsimilarchallenges.TheexchangeofinformationthroughtheSSCplatformiskeyforpolicy-makerstogaininspirationandthusadaptsuccessfulstrategiestoadifferentcontext.ChinahasofferedgreatsupportinthecontextoftheChinahasofferedgreatsupportinthecontextoftheSSC.Havingsentover1000expertsandtechniciansfornearlytwodecadestoAfrica,theCaribbeanandthePacific,Chinahasbeenamajorcontributortopovertyreductionandnutritionsecurity.Countriesthatareseekingtoapplyinnovativedevelopmentsolutionshavesoughtadvicefromcountriesthathaveimplementedsuchsuccessfulapproaches.Throughknowledgesharing,technicalsupportandexpertise,growthanddevelopmentcanreachthepoorestandintroducesustainable,long-termsolutions.TheSSChasbeenanimportantcontributortotheMDGsTheSSChasbeenanimportantcontributortotheMDGsintermsoferadicatinghungerandpoverty,andensuringfoodandnutritionsecurityandshouldplayakeyandincreasingroleintheframeworkoftheSDGs.Forinstance,inriceproduction,overuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersdecreasesterrestrialandaquaticbiodiversitywhilenegativelyimpactinghumanhealth.Inthelongterm,itcontributestoalossofaquaticandterrestrialbiodiversity.Resourcesneedtobeusedmoreefficientlyinordertoincreaseproductioninasocially,environmentallyandeconomicallysustainablemanner.ThroughtheSSC,Rice-Fishfarmingtechniqueswerepromotedtootherdevelopingcountries.FarmersusingtheRice-Fishsystemsbenefitfromdiversifiedrevenuestreamsfromthesameplotofland,therebyincreasingmarketingopportunities,diversifyingproductsandachievinghigherincomes.通过碳汇率价值的贸易非织造价值的保护和重新定义,c.c.n.关于本世最发现的非价值产品安全酶,c.vraliwell&va治疗质量体的选择,细胞服务和v.c.关于本sihastrain国际专家,c.v.sihasssirtiage坚持的s.sirace.sirace.sirace.sigaregain.siraelgas.sihastrace.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.siraelgesorallga.sigas.sigass.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigass.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sitace.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sitain.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.siDanielJ.Gustafson:TheGIAHSProgramfostersinfactanintegratedapproachthatcombinessustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment.China’spovertyeradicationstrategiesarelargelybasedonChina’spovertyeradicationstrategiesarelargelybasedoncreativeandinnovativesolutionstoagriculturalchallenges.Combiningtraditionalfoodsystemswithinnovationhasproventobehighlysuccessful.Chinaisnowconsideredaleader–orachampion–inGIAHSdesignations.Thankstocontinuousinnovationandconservationstrategies,Chinahasmanagedtomaintainbiodiversityandessentialecosystemservices.TheresilienceofmanyGIAHSsiteshasbeendevelopedandadaptedtocopewithclimaticvariabilityandchange,newtechnologiesandchangingsocialandpoliticalsituationsornaturalhazardstoensurefoodandlivelihoodsecurityandalleviaterisk.Forinstance,QingtianCountywasthefirstareatoreceivetheGIAHSdesignation,andisnowhometoresearchonagriculturaltechniques.Thefarmerscombinedricefarmingwithaquaculture,growingfishintheirfloodedpaddyfields.Thericepaddiesofferedprotectionandorganicfoodforthefish,andthefishsoftensthesoilandprovidesnutrientsandoxygenforthericecrop.ThetraditionalwisdomofChineseancestorshasbeenpreserved,andcomplementedbyanecologicalandorganicagriculturesystem.VillagessuchastheoneinQingtianhavenotonlyimprovedproductivity,ensuredsustainableandecologicalsystems,buthavealsobecomefamous,thereinpromotingagro-tourismaswell.Villageslikethatonethatweresufferingfromout-migrationandpovertyhavenowturnedintotraditional,self-sufficientAgriculturalHeritagesystems,encouragingin-migration,tourismandthuscontributingtoChina’sruralvitalization.PoorandsmallfarmershavefoundfoodandlivelihoodsecuritythroughtheGIAHSProgrammeinasustainablemanner.Infact,Chinahas13GIAHSsites,8ofwhicharelocatedinpoverty-strickencountiesinvolvingatotalnumberof9millionfarmers.Promotingtheproducts,suchasthroughe-commerceplatforms,fromthesesiteswouldalsobeimportantforpovertyalleviationandruralrevitalization.Wearenowindiscussionwithvariouspartnersforthisobjective.Meanwhile,agribusinessdevelopmenthasbeenidentifiedasakeypovertyreductionstrategyofChina,andthegovernmenthasputalotofeffortsinthatregard,suchassendingtechnicalexpertstohelpidentifythecropstogrow,aswellasestablishingandenhancingcooperatives.Thiscombinationoftraditionalfoodsystemswithnewsystemswillcertainlyhelpreducepoverty.ag妇人联邦政府/—QAChinaInvestment:HowdoyouseetheroleofagriculturecooperationundertheBRIinitiative?DanielJ.Gustafson:TheBeltandRoadInitiativeaimstohelppromotepol