江苏大学外国语学院《243英语（二外）》历年考研真题及详解

2015年江苏大学外国语学院243英语（二外）考研真题及详解PartⅠ Writing(40minutes)(15%)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed40minutestowriteashortessayonthefollowingquestion.Youshouldwriteatleast180words.Childrenwhogrowupinfamilieswhichareshortofmoneyarebetterpreparedtodealwiththeproblemsofadultlifethanchildrenwhoarebroughtupbywealthyparents.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?(Writeyourcompositionontheanswersheet)【参考范文】Somefeelthatthechildrenoflowincomefamiliesarebetterequippedtodealwithdifficultiesposedbythe“realworld”whentheygrowupandtheyalsobelievetheprivilegedchildrenofwealthyfamiliesarelessfittodealwiththesedifficulties.Theimplicationsandveracityofthisargumentseemself-evident,butinfactrequirecloserexamination.Thepopularwisdomisthatchildrenofpoorerfamilieslearnearlyonthevalueofeverypenny,andarethusnaturallybettersuitedtostretchingmoneywhentimesgettoughinadulthood.Inversely,thechildrenofwealthyfamilies,thosebornwithasilverspoonintheirmouths,arebelievedtobecompletelyignorantofthevalueofmoney,havinghadeverythingprovidedforthemintheiryouthandoftentimeserroneouslyexpectingthesamesituationinadulthood.Theyarebelievedtobepronetooverspendingandfinancialirresponsibility.Thisbelief,thoughlogical,overlooksonekeypointwhichis,ofcourse,education.Bothwealthyandpoorchildrenareequallylikelytoacquireaneducationinmoney,whetheritisformal,orintheschoolofhardknocks.Conversely,bothchildrenareaslikelytoignorethiseducation.Apoorchildmaybelievethatonecangetalong,ifnotaseasily,withoutwealth.Awealthychildmaybewelltrainedbyaparentsteepedintheknowledgeofmoneymanagement;thekeytodevelopingthisskilliseducation.【解析】分析题目要求，即对“穷人孩子早当家”的观点发表自己的看法。本文开篇首先点明这一观点引出话题，并对此提出自己的看法，“这一观点无可厚非。但有待深入探讨”。在接下来的一段中，作者对自己的这一论点展开详细叙述，一方面肯定该观点的合理性，一方面提出其不完善之处。最后对上文所述做出总结，无论贫穷富有，理财能力的关键是教育，从而深化主题。PartⅡ ReadingComprehension(65minutes)(60%)SectionA(10%)Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Questions1to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theKnowledgeSociety.Italltranslatestoafundamental(1)______inthewaywework.Alreadywe’repartlythere.Thepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallen(2)______inthewesternworld.Todaythe(3)______ofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.More(4)______areintheworkforcethaneverbefore.There’remorepart-timejobsandthebreadthoftheeconomic(5)______isnolongerbeingmeasuredbynumbersalone.Wehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhicha(6)______inventionofthechip,wouldtransformourworld(7)______toitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnologyartificialintelligenceorevensomestill(8)______technologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchange,butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewho(9)______it,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadof(10)______routinetaskswillbevaluedaboveallelse.A.unimaginedB.predictableC.majorityD.opportunitiesE.womenF.thanksG.recallH.singleI.changeJ.automaticallyK.dramaticallyL.performingM.possessN.generalO.utilizing【答案与解析】1.I 句意为“这一切都意味着我们工作方式的根本改变。”故应填change（变化，改变）。2.K 分析句子成分，基本成分主谓宾已有，故缺定状补，又跟在动词fall后面，则该处应填副词。automatically自动地；机械地；无意识地。dramatically戏剧地；显著地，剧烈地。只有dramatically与句意相符，故选K。3.C themajorityof表示“……的大多数”，为固定用法。4.E 显然此处缺少主语，且为名词，选项中只有women最为合适，意为“职场中女性较以往越来越多”。5.D 分析句子成分可知，在此应填入名词，与economic构成名词短语，因此填入opportunities。6.H 句意为“即使向后预测20年，可能也没人可以预见到单一的一个发明——芯片”。single在此表示“仅一个的，单一的”。7.F 由transform...to（使……转化为……）可知此处为名词，选项中thanks较为符合题意，表示“……因为它在个人电脑、数字通信和生产机器上的应用而改变我们的世界”8.A unimagined指“（好、大得）无法想象的，想象不到的”，在该句中用来表达未来技术的发展不可预料，与后面的butonethingiscertain对应。9.M 该空后面的it指代informationandknowledge，则由题意此处possess最为合适，表示“拥有，具有（某品质或能力）”。10.L insteadof后面应该跟动词的-ing形式，选项中只有performing和utilizing符合语法，而根据后面routinetasks可得出performing更符合题意，表示“执行日常任务，履行日常工作”。SectionB(10%)Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnimalsontheMoveA)Itlookedlikeascenefrom“Jaws”butwithoutthedramaticmusic.Ahugesharkwasslowlyswimmingthroughthewater,itstailswingingbackandforthlikethependulumofaclock.Suddenlysensitivenerveendingintheshark’sskinpickedupvibrationsofastrugglingfish.Thesharkwasimmediatelytransformedintoadeadly,efficientmachineofdeath.Withmusclestaut,thesharkknifedthroughthewateratarapidspeed.Inaflashthesharkcaughtitsvictim,alargefish,initspowerfuljaws.Then,jerkingitsheadbackandforth,thesharktorehugechunksoffleshfromitsvictimandswallowedthem.Soontheactionwasover.MovingtoSurviveB)Inpursuingitsprey,thesharkdemonstratedinadramaticwaytheimportantroleofmovement,orlocomotion,inanimals.Liketheshark,mostanimalsusemovementtofindfood.Theyalsouselocomotiontoescapeenemies,findamate,andexplorenewterritories.Themethodsoflocomotionincludecrawling,hopping,slithering,flying,swimming,orwalking.Humanshavetheaddedadvantageofusingtheirvariousinventionstomoveaboutinjustaboutanykindofenvironment.Automobiles,rockets,andsubmarinestransporthumansfromdeepoceanstoasfarawayasthemoon.However,forotheranimalsmovementcameaboutnaturallythroughmillionsofyearsofevolution.Oneofthemostsuccessfulexamplesofanimallocomotionisthatoftheshark.Itsabilitytoquicklyzeroinonitspreyhasalwaysimpressedscientists.ButittookadetailedstudybyDukeUniversitymarinebiologistsS.A.Wainwright,F.Vosburgh,andJ.H.Hebranktofindouthowthesharksdidit.IntheirstudythescientistsobservedsharksswimminginatankatMarinelandinSaintAugustine,Fla.Moviesweretakenofthesharks’movementsandanalyzed.Studieswerealsomadeofsharkskinandmuscle.SkinIstheKeyC)Thebiologistsdiscoveredthattheskinofthesharkisthekeytotheanimal’shighefficiencyinswimmingthroughthewater.Theskincontainsmanyfibersthatcrisscrossliketheinsideofabeltedradialtire.Thefibersarecalledcollagenfibers.Thesefiberscaneitherstoreorreleaselargeamountsofenergydependingonwhetherthefibersarerelaxedortaut.Whenthefibersarestretched,energyisstoredinthemthewayenergyisstoredinthestringofabowwhenpulledtight.Whentheenergyisreleased,thefibersbecomerelaxed.D)TheDukeUniversitybiologistshavefoundthatthegreateststretchingoccurswherethesharkbendsitsbodywhileswimming.Duringthebody’sbackandforthmotion,fibersalongtheoutsidepartofthebendingbodystretchgreatly.Muchpotentialenergyisstoredinthefibers.Thisenergyisreleasedwhentheshark’sbodysnapsbacktheotherway.Asenergyisalternatelystoredandreleasedonbothsidesoftheanimal’sbody,thetailwhipsstronglybackandforth.Thiswhip-likeactionpropelstheanimalthroughthewaterlikealivingbullet.SourceofEnergyE)Whatcausesthefiberstostoresomuchenergy?InfindingtheanswertheDukeUniversityscientistslearnedthattheshark’ssimilaritytoabeltedradialtiredoesn’tstopwiththeskin.Justasaradialtireisinflatedbypressure,so,too,istheareajustundertheshark’scollagen“radials”.Insteadofairpressure,however,thepressureinthesharkmaybeduetotheforceofthebloodpressingonthecollagenfibers.F)Whenthesharkswimsslowly,thepressureonthefibersisrelativelylow.Thefibersaremorerelaxed,andthesharkisabletobenditsbodyatsharpangles.Theanimalswimsthiswaywhenlookingaroundforfoodorjustswimming.However,whenthesharkdetectsanimportantfoodsource,somefantasticinvoluntarychangestakeplace.Thepressureinsidetheanimalmayincreaseby10times.Thispressurechangegreatlystretchesthefibers,enablingmuchenergytobestored.Thisenergyisthentransferredtothetail,andthesharkisoff.Therestofthestoryispredictable.DolphinHasSpeedRecordG)Anotherfastmarineanimalisthedolphin.Thisseagoingmammalhasbeenclockedatspeedsof32kilometers(20miles)anhour.Biologistsstudyingthedolphinhavediscoveredthat,liketheshark,theanimal’sefficientlocomotioncanbetracedtoitsskin.Adolphin’sskinismadeupinsuchawaythatitoffersverylittleresistancetothewaterflowingoverit.Normallywhenafishorotherobjectmovesslowlythroughthewater,thewaterflowssmoothlypastthebody.Thissmoothflowisknownaslaminarflow.However,atfasterspeedsthewaterbecomesmoreturbulentalongthemovingfish.Thisturbulencemusesfrictionandslowsthefishdown.H)Inadolphintheskinissoflexiblethatitbendsandyieldstothewavinessofthewater.Thewaves,ineffect,becometuckedintotheskin’sfolds.Thisallowstherestofthewatertomovesmoothlybyinalaminarflow.Whereotheranimalswouldbeslowedbyturbulentwateratrapidspeeds,thedolphincanracethroughthewateratrecordbreakingspeeds.OtherAnimalsLessEfficientI)Notallanimalsmoveasefficientlyassharksanddolphins.Perhapsthegreatestloserinlocomotionefficiencyistheslug.Theslug,whichlookslikeasnailwithoutashell,laysdownaslimytrailoverwhichitcrawls.Itusessomuchenergyproducingtheslimymucusandcrawlingoveritthatamousetravelingthesamedistanceusesonlyonetwelfthasmuchenergy.Scientistssaythatbecauseoftheslug’sinefficientuseofenergy,itslifestylemustberestricted.Thatis,theanimalsareforcedtoconfinethemselvestosmallareasforobtainingfoodandfindingproperlivingconditions.Havehumanseverbeenfacedwiththiskindofproblem?11.Thedolphin’sskinofferslessresistancetothewaterthanthefish.12.Automobiles,rocketsandsubmarinesareexamplesofhumaninventionsthatenableustotravelinalmostanykindofenvironment.13.Theskinisthekeytotheshark’sswiftlocomotioninwater.14.Consumingtheequalamountofenergyasaslugdoes,amousecantravel12timesasfastasaslug.15.Becauseitisalsoinflatedbypressure,theareajustundertheshark’scollagenfibersissimilartoabeltedradialtire.16.Alaminarflowisformedwhenafishswimsslowlythroughthewater.17.Whenbendingitsbodyinswimming,thesharkstretchesitscollagenfiberstothegreatestextent.18.Infindingitsfood,thesharktriestofeelthevibrationsofastrugglingprey.19.Accordingtothepassage,collagenfiberscanbecomparedtothestringofabowforbothofthemstoreenergywhenstretched.20.Whenthesharkdetectsanimportantfoodsource,somefantasticinvoluntarychangestakeplaceinitsbody.【答案与解析】11.B 可以将答案定位在小标题MovingtoSurvive下第二段的前两句话，“Liketheshark,mostanimalsusemovementtofindfood.Theyalsouselocomotiontoescapeenemies,findamate,andexplorenowterritories.”12.B 汽车、火箭和潜艇的例子是为了说明可以使人类到达任何环境，其中的examplesofautomobiles,rocketsandsubmarines是关键词，可将答案定位在文章小标题MovingtoSurvive下的Automobiles,rockets,andsubmarinestransporthumansfromdeepoceanstoasfarawayasthemoon.13.C “鲨鱼在水中快速游动的关键是在皮肤”，其中key是关键词，可将答案定位在小标题SkinIstheKey下首段的第一句话，“Thebiologistsdiscoveredthattheskinofthesharkisthekeytotheanimalshighefficiencyinswimmingthroughthewater”与本题句子完全一致，所以可直接选C。14.D 题干中的collagenfiberstothegreatestextent是关键词，可将答案定位在小标题SkinIstheKey下第二段的第一句话，“TheDukeUniversitybiologistshavefoundthatthegreateststretchingoccurswherethesharkbendsitsbodywhileswimming.”这与本题句子的内容完全一致。15.E 题干中abeltedradialtire是关键词，可将答案锁定在文章小标题SourceofEnergy下第一段的第三句话，“Justasaradialtireisinflatedbypressure,so,too,istheareajustunderthesharks’collagenradials”其中的justas和so说明了两者的相似之处在于inflatedbypressure，所以答案应该是E。16.G 题干关键词是alaminarflow，所以可将答案锁定在文章小标题DolphinHasSpeedRecord下。根据该节第一段的倒数第三、四句话，“Normallywhenafishorotherobjectmovesslowlythroughthewater,thewaterflowssmoothlypastthebody.Thissmoothflowisknownaslaminarflow.”题干是对这两句话的改写，所以正确答案是G。17.I 题干中aslug和amouse均为关键词，可直接定位在OtherAnimalsLessEfficient标题下第一段的第二句话，“Itusessomuchenergy...amousetravelingthesamedistanceusesonlyonetwelfthasmuchenergy”题干是对该句的同义改写，故选I。18.A 题干中的shark,prey,struggling均为关键词，可直接定位在A段“Suddenlysensitivenerveendinginthesharksskinpickedupvibrationsofastrugglingfish.”19.C 题干内容出现在SkinIstheKey中，C段第二、三句话“Thefibersarecalledcollagenfibers.”故选C。20.F 根据该句含义，在SourceofEnergy中，可以定位到第二段倒数第一句。故F为该题对应选段。SectionC(40%)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA.,B.,C.andD..Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Themedicalworldisgraduallyrealizingthatthequalityoftheenvironmentinhospitalsmayplayasignificantroleintheprocessofrecoveryfromillness.AspartofanationwideeffortinBritaintobringartoutofthegalleriesandintopublicplaces,someofthecountry’smosttalentedartistshavebeencalledintotransformolderhospitalsandtosoftenthehardedgesofmodernbuildings.Ofthe2,500NationalHealthServicehospitalsinBritain,almost100nowhavesignificantcollectionsofcontemporaryartincorridors,waitingareasandtreatmentrooms.Theserecentinitiativesoweagreatdealtooneartist,PeterSenior,whosetuphisstudioataManchesterhospitalinnortheasternEnglandduringtheearly1970s.Hefelttheartisthadlosthisplaceinmodernsociety,andthatartshouldbeenjoyedbyawideraudience.Atypicalhospitalwaitingroommighthaveasmanyas500visitorseachweek.Whatbetterplacetoholdregularexhibitionsofart?Seniorheldthefirstexhibitionofhisownpaintingsintheout-patientswaitingareaoftheManchesterRoyalHospitalin1975.BelievedtobeBritain’sfirsthospitalartist,Seniorwassomuchindemandthathewassoonjoinedbyateamofsixyoungartschoolgraduates.Theeffectisstriking.Nowinthecorridorsandwaitingroomsthevisitorexperiencesafullviewoffreshcolors,playfulimagesandrestfulcourtyards.Thequalityoftheenvironmentmayreducetheneedforexpensivedrugswhenapatientisrecoveringfromanillness.Astudyhasshownthatpatientswhohadaviewontoagardenneededhalfthenumberofstrongpainkillerscomparedwithpatientswhohadnoviewatalloronlyabrickwalltolookat.21.Accordingtothepassage,“tosoftenthehardedgesofmodernbuildings”means_____.A.topulldownhospitalbuildingsB.todecoratehospitalswithartisticworksC.toimprovethequalityoftreatmentinhospitalsD.tomakethecornersofhospitalbuildingsround22.WhatcanwesayofPeterSenior?A.Heisapioneerinintroducingartintohospitals.B.Heisadoctorinterestedinpainting.C.Heisanartistwhohasalargecollectionofpaintings.D.Heisafaithfulfollowerofhospitalart.23.AccordingtoPeterSenior,_____.A.artislosingitsaudienceinmodernsocietyB.hospitalsshouldbechangedintoartgalleriesC.patientsshouldbeencouragedtolearnpaintingD.artshouldbeencouragedinBritishhospital24.Aftertheimprovementofthehospitalenvironment,_____.A.patientsnolongerneeddrugsintheirrecoveryB.patientsarenolongerwhollydependentonexpensivedrugsC.patientsneedgood-qualitydrugsintheirrecoveryD.patientsusefewerpainkillersintheirrecovery25.ThefactthatsixyoungartschoolgraduatesjoinedPetershowsthat_____.A.Peter’senterpriseisdevelopinggreatlyB.PeterSeniorcanpaintbetterartisticworksC.hospitalscanbringouttalentedartistsD.theroleofartinhelpingpatientrecoveryfromillnessisbeingrecognized【答案与解析】21.B 题干出现在文章第二段，联系上下文“someofthecountry’smosttalentedartistshavebeencalledintotransformolderhospitals”以及“…hospitalsalmost100nowhavesignificantcollectionsofcontemporaryart...”可知B符合题意。22.A PeterSenior不是“对绘画感兴趣的医生”，选项B错误；也不能说他是“医院艺术的追随者”（选项D也排除）；文章也没有提到“他有大量的绘画作品”，C项也不能选；只有A所说的“他是将艺术引进到医院的先驱者”最符合文章大意。23.A 根据文章第三段最后一句“Hefelttheartisthadlosthisplaceinmodernsociety,andthatartshouldbeenjoyedbyawideraudience.”可判断选项A为正确答案。24.B 从文章最后两段可知，医院环境的改善对病人的康复是有益处的，病人的康复不仅仅依赖药物的作用。因此选项B是正确的。25.D 六位艺术学校的毕业生加盟PeterSenior的事业说明了人们开始意识到改善医院环境的重要性，即选项D说法正确。PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Insuranceisthesharingofrisks.Nearlyeveryoneisexposedtoriskofsomesort.Thehouse-owner,forexample,knowsthathispropertycanbedamagedbyfire;theship-ownerknowsthathisvesselmaybelostatsea;thebreadwinnerknowsthathemaydieatanearlyageandleavehisfamilythepoorer.Ontheotherhand,noteveryhouseisdamagedbyfire,noreveryvessellostatsea.Ifthesepersonseachputasmallsumintoapool,therewillbeenoughtomeettheneedsofthefewwhodosufferloss.Inotherwords,thelossesofthefewaremetfromthecontributionsofthemany.Thisisthebasisofinsurance.Thosewhopaythecontributionareknownas“insured”andthosewhoadministerthepoolofcontributionsas“insurers”.Notallriskslendthemselvestobeingcoveredbyinsurance.Broadlyspeaking,theordinaryrisksofbusinessandspeculationcannotbecovered.Theriskthatbuyerswillnotbuygoodsatthepricesofferedisnotofakindthatcanbestatisticallyestimated—andriskscanonlybeinsuredagainstiftheycanbesoestimated.Thelegalbasisofailinsuranceisthe“policy”.Thisistheprintedformofcontractonpaperofthebestquality.Itstatesthatinreturnfortheregularpaymentbytheinsuredofanamedsumofmoney,calledthe“premium”(保险费),whichisusuallypaideveryyear,theinsurerwillpayasumofmoneyorcompensationforloss,iftheriskoreventinsuredagainstactuallyhappens.Thewordingofpolicies,particularlyinmarineinsurance,oftenseemsveryold-fashioned,butthereisasoundreasonforthis.Overalargenumberofyearsmanylawcaseshavebeenbroughttoclearupthemeaningofdoubtfulphrasesinpolicies.Thelawcourts,intheirJudgments,havegiventhesephrasesadefiniteandindisputablemeaning,andtoavoidfuturedisputesthephraseshavecontinuedtobeusedinpoliciesevenwhentheyhavepassedoutofnormaluseinspeech.26.Accordingtothispassage,insuranceispossiblebecause_____.A.everyoneatsometimesufferslossB.onlyasmallproportionoftheinsuredsufferlossC.nearlyeveryonesufferslossD.onlyinsuredpeoplesufferloss27.By“thepoolofcontributions”thewritermeans_____.A.moneypaidbytheinsuredB.moneypaidbytheinsurersC.thecostofadministeringinsuranceD.theamountofadministeringinsurance28.Theinsuranceofordinarybusinessrisksisnotpossiblebecause_____.A.businesswillnotbuyinsuranceB.therisksaretoohighC.theriskscannotbeestimatedD.thepremiumswouldbetoohigh29.Old-fashionedwordingissometimesusedininsurancepoliciesbecause_____.A.insuranceisold-fashionedB.insurancehasexistedforalongtimeC.itenablesordinarypeopletounderstanditD.themeaningofsuchwordinghasbeenagreedupon30.Thewriterofthispassageseemstothinkthatinsuranceis_____.A.aformofgamblingB.awayofmakingmoneyquicklyC.old-fashionedD.usefulandnecessary【答案与解析】26.B 根据第一段，讲到每个人都有遭受损失的可能，但这种损失并不会降临到每一个人的头上，只有小部分人遭受损失。所以保险是可能的，故B正确。27.A “集体储备金”是指投保人所交付的钱，这里要弄清theinsured和theinsurers。theinsured指投保人，theinsurer指保险人。28.C 细节题。从第二段可知，并不是所有的风险都能得到担保，从广义上讲，不包括做生意和投机买卖。只有能够被合理估价的才能得到担保。29.D 最后一段提到保单的措辞保留老式风格，是有充分理由的。多少年来，法庭在判决时用这些词语，其含义既明确又无可争议。为了避免日后的争议，即使在说话中这些词语不经常使用，但在保单上它们仍被沿用至今。故选D。30.D 根据文章最后一段中的“butthereisasoundreasonforthis”以及“Thelawcourtshavegiventhesephrasesadefiniteandindisputablemeaning,andtoavoidfuturedisputesthephraseshavecontinuedtobeusedinpolicies...”可推断insurance尽管已不常用，但其含义明确，尤其在在法律中可以避免有所争议，所以是有用的也是必需的，故D项符合题意。PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people’shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey’deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey’dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(差异)suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerInfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.“Hungerisn’tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal”Brunstromsays.“Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.”Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody’sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie(卡路里)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(荷尔蒙)dependingonwhethertheshake’slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey’dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.31.Whatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodintake?A.Howweperceivethefoodweeat.B.Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.C.Whenweeatourmeals.D.Howfastweeatourmeals.32.Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?A.Youwouldprobablybepickieraboutfood.B.Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesamefood.C.Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.D.Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.33.Whatdowelearnfromthe2011study?A.Foodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheirpurchases.B.Foodlabelsmayinfluenceourbody’sresponsetofood.C.Hungerlevelsdependonone’sconsumptionofcalories.D.Peopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthannecessary.34.WhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourappetite?A.Trickourselvesintoeatingless.B.Choosefoodwithfewercalories.C.Concentrateonfoodwhileeating.D.Pickdishesoftherightsize.35.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Eatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfooddigestion.B.Psychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerlevels.C.Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalneeds.D.Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourhealth.【答案与解析】31.A 由题干中的appetite和foodintake定位到首段第一句。文章开篇指出人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响，包括人们的饮食环境和对面前食物的认知，故答案为A。32.D 文章第三段第二句指出，饭后几小时，决定人们饥饿程度的不是他们已食用的食物量，而是他们吃饭时面前所见到的食物量。也就是说，影响人们饥饿程度的是他们记忆中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推断，记忆对饮食造成影响，如果记忆中上顿饭吃了很多，那么不管是不是真的吃了很多，都不会感觉太饿。故答案为D。33.B 第六段第二句详细描述了2011年的一项研究。在研究中，参与者在两个不同场合食用了相同卡路里的奶昔，但是奶昔标签上分别标注了620卡路里和140卡路里，结果显示，根据标注的卡路里含量，参与者分泌了不同水平的与饥饿相关的荷尔蒙，且当食用了标注620卡路里的奶昔时，他们感觉更饱。实际上两份奶昔的卡路里含量是相同的，由于标签标注的不同，让人产生自我暗示，使人体对食物产生了不同的反应。故答案为B。34.C 文章最后一句指出，所谓的“用心饮食”策略能够对抗干扰，帮助人们控制食欲，即Brunstrom建议我们通过该策略控制饮食。“用心饮食”和前文中提到的“专注于食物”相照应，故答案为C。35.B 主旨大意题。全文可分为三个部分：第一部分提出论点，人们的食欲和食物摄取受到包括环境和对食物的认知等诸多因素的影响；第二部分引用相关科学研究论证这些影响因素，特别指出饮食环境对食物的记忆，食物包装上的标签对人产生的心理暗示作用影响饮食；最后一部分提出通过专注饮食来控制食欲的建议，对食物及饮食环境的认知，对食物的记忆，食物标签产生的心理暗示等都属于心理因素。统观全文，作者一直围绕“心理因素对食欲的影响”展开论述，故答案为B。PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesofferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic(勤奋工作的美德)andtheintellectualskillsneededforcontinuedlearninganddevelopment.IrecommendHarvard’s2011“PathwaystoProsperity”reportformoreattentiontothe“forgottenhalf”(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthisissue.Simultaneously,theliberalartsbecomemoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgeeconomywhereprofessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepreparingforpositionsthatmaynotevenexistyet,theskillsetneededisonethatpreparesthemforchangeandcontinuedlearning.Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareall-solidbackgroundskillsforawidevariety