英语北师大版选择性课件UNIT3SectionATOPICTALKLESSON1

UNIT3SectionA

TOPICTALK&LESSON1英语2021内容索引课前篇自主预习课堂篇互动探究晨读晚诵素养导航

晨读晚诵The

Sixth

Mass

ExtinctionAsthehumanpopulationhasrisento7.5billion,ourspecies’

enormous①footprintonplanetEarthhashadashockingimpactonmammals,birds,insects,and’vedriventhousandsofspeciestotheedgeofextinctionthroughhabitatloss,overhuntingandoverfishing,theintroductionofinvasive②speciesintonewecosystems,toxic③pollution,andclimatechange.Inthepast40years,thenumberofwildanimalshasdecreasedby50percent,a2019studyfound.AndtheWorldWildlifeFund(WWF)estimatesthatthepopulationofvertebrates④havefallenbyanaverageof60percentsince1970.Thepast20yearshavebroughta90percentdecreaseinthenumberofmonarchbutterfliesinAmerica,alossof900million,andan87percentlossofrustypatchedbumblebees.Only3percentoftheoriginalpopulationsoftheheavilyfishedPacificbluefintuna(蓝鳍金枪鱼)remaininthesea.“Wearesleepwalkingtowardtheedgeofacliff,”saidMikeBarrett,executivedirectoratWWF.

Whataretheconsequences?Potentiallyenormous.Thelossofspeciescanhavecatastrophic⑤effectsonthefoodchainonwhichhumanitydepends.Oceanreefs,whichsustain⑥morethan25percentofmarinelife,havedeclinedby50percentalready—andcouldbelostaltogetherby2050.Thisisalmostcertainlycontributingtothedeclineofglobalmarinelife,down—onaverage—by50percentsince1970,accordingtotheWWF.Insectspollinate⑦cropshumanseat.“Thisisfarmorethanjustbeingaboutlosingthewondersofnature,desperatelysadthoughthatis,”theWWF’sBarrettsaid.“Thisisactuallynowdangerousforthefutureofpeople.Natureisnot‘nicetohave’—itisourlife-supportsystem.”词海拾贝①enormousadj.巨大的;庞大的②invasiveadj.侵入的;侵略性的;攻击性的③toxicadj.有毒的④vertebraten.脊椎动物⑤catastrophicadj.灾难性的⑥sustainv.支持;承受;维持⑦pollinatev.给……授粉典句欣赏Thepast20yearshavebroughta90percentdecreaseinthenumberofmonarchbutterfliesinAmerica,alossof900million,andan87percentlossofrustypatchedbumblebees.译文:在过去的20年里,美国的帝王蝶数量锐减了90%,损失了9亿只,长着铁锈色斑纹的大黄蜂损失了87%。分析:这是一个简单句。句中Thepast20years是无生命的物体作主语;alossof900million是a90percentdecrease的同位语;and连接a90percentdecrease和an87percentloss两个宾语。理解诱思Whatisthefinalresultofthesixthmassextinction?(nomorethan5words)答案Thefallofmankind.课前篇自主预习Ⅰ.知识体系图解重点词汇

1.plasticadj.

2.miningn.

3.itemn.

4.unrecyclableadj.

5.informativeadj.

6.hornn.

7.massadj.

8.solaradj.

9.hatchvi.&vt.

塑料制的采矿业一项,一条

不可回收的

有教育意义的;知识性强的(牛、羊等头上的)角大量的太阳光(能)的(使)孵化10.

n.保护

11.

vt.破坏;毁掉

12.

vi.&vt.再利用,回收利用

13.

n.威胁;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能

14.

vi.&vt.转换,改变

15.

adv.非法地,违法地

16.

vi.&vt.猎取,猎杀

17.

adj.灭绝的,绝种的

18.

adv.非常地,极端地

conservation

destroy

recycle

threat

switch

illegally

hunt

extinctincredibly

19.

adj.紧急的,急迫的

20.

n.物种,种

21.

vt.擦;拭

22.

adj.异常的;不平常的

23.

adj.各种各样的,形形色色的

24.

vi.&vt.减少n.减少;减少的量

25.

vt.责怪,指责

26.

vt.影响

27.

adj.濒危的

28.

vt.(使)恢复

urgent

species

wipeunusual

varied

decrease

blameaffect

endangered

restore重点短语

1.

起某种作用

2.

尽自己的职责3.

消失;绝迹,灭绝4.

处境危险,受到威胁5.wipeout

6.betoblame

havearole

doone’spart

dieoutbeatrisk

彻底毁灭把……归咎于重点句式

1.Theyfoundthathumanactivityiscausingspeciestodieout1,000timesfasterthannormal.2.Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.重点语法

限制性和非限制性定语从句

Ⅱ.阅读导学A.阅读P52-53文章,判断正(T)误(F)。1.Over90percentofalleverlivingspeciesareextinctin500millionyears.2.Itisnaturalforspeciestodieoutusually.3.Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs,entirespecieswillbewipedout.4.Inordertoavoidthesixthextinction,weneedtostoptravelingaround.答案1~4FTFFB.阅读P52-53文章,选出最佳选项。1.Whatisoneofthereasonsforextinction?A.Sleepofvolcanoes.B.Changesinsealevels.C.Theincreaseoftheoxygen.D.Thedecreaseintemperature.

答案

B2.Whatarescientistsmainlyconcernedaboutastoreasonsforspecies’dyingout?A.Ages. . D.Rates.3.Whywouldwehumansbeatriskofdyingoutif75%ofallspeciesonEarthdieout?A.Wewillhavenocleanairorwater.B.Wewillkillallspeciesforfood.C.Wewillhavenofactoryfarming.D.Wewillkilloneanotherforwater.答案

D答案

A4.Howcanweavoidthesixthextinction?A.Byproducingmorespecies.B.Bystoppingdestroyingtheplanet.C.Bytakingactiontoprotectourselves.D.Bymovingtoanotherplanetimmediately.答案

BⅢ.单句语法填空1.Hegaveusanotherpieceofadvice,

Ithinkisofgreathelptotheresearchwork.

2.Thebook

myclassmatelentmeisveryuseful.

3.Thereisalwayssomething

wearenotsatisfiedwithinourlife.

4.Wetalkedaboutthepeopleandthings

werememberedinourprimaryschool.

5.I’dliketomakefriendswiththose

arerichinexperienceandknowledge.

which

which/thatthat

that

who6.Therearestillsomepeople

livingconditionsareterrible.

7.Thisisthebestfilm

Ihaveeverseentheseyears.

8.HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic,

leadingactorisworld-famous?

9.Whoisthatman

isgoingtogiveusalecture?

10.Thisistheplace

Igrewup.

whose

that

whose

that

where课堂篇互动探究重点词汇1WaysWeDestroyNature我们破坏自然的方式(P50)【词汇精讲】destroy用作及物动词,意为“破坏;毁掉”。Theearthquakedestroyedalmosttheentirecity.那次地震几乎毁灭了整个城市。Thatwilldestroythereputationofourproducts.那将毁了我们产品的声誉。【词语辨析】destroy,damage与ruindestroy作动词,表示“毁坏”,通常指彻底的毁掉或毁灭,往往暗示无法或很难修复,有时用于比喻用法中;也可用于损坏抽象的东西,如名誉、计划等damage可作动词或名词,表示“损害,损坏”,通常是指部分性的损坏,往往暗示损坏后价值、效率、功能等会降低,有时用于比喻用法中ruin可作动词或名词,表示“毁坏,破坏”,强调毁灭的彻底性,并且是一次性的行为。这种毁灭也许没有多大力量,但其严重性却使其不能修复。这种毁灭强调长期损坏过程所导致的结果【微写作】IntheearthquakethathappenedonAugust3,2014,allthehousesandbuildingsweredestroyed,andgreatdamagewascausedtoYunnan.AtthattimeLudianwasalmostinruins.在2014年8月3日发生的那场地震中,所有的房屋和建筑物都被摧毁了,(这场地震)给云南造成了巨大的损失。那时的鲁甸几乎成了一片废墟。Thedestructionofsuchspecieswasdestroyedlargestdestroyer2Afterthelecture,Icanseethattheuseofoilandcoalisoneofthebiggestthreatstoourplanet.

听了讲座后,我可以看到石油和煤炭的使用是我们星球最大的威胁之一。(P108)【词汇精讲】在本句中threat用作名词,意为“威胁;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能”。Asthemonthswentby,therabbitssawthatIwasnothreatanddidn’tescape.几个月过去了,兔子们看出来我对它们没有威胁,也不再逃走了。【词汇拓展】athreattosb/sth对某人/某物构成威胁threatenv.

威胁threatensb(withsth) (用某物)威胁某人threatentodosth 恐吓要做某事threatenedadj.

受到威胁的However,othersareinfavouroftheinclusionbecauseitishardtosaywhetheritwillthreatentheChineselanguage.但是,其他人赞成收录(英语单词),因为很难说这是否会威胁到汉语。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)那个农场主威胁说,无论哪条狗,如果咬死他的一只羊,他就要开枪打死它。Thefarmer

thatkilledoneofhissheep.

(2)污染对这一物种的继续生存造成了威胁。Pollutionis

thecontinuedexistenceofthisspecies.

(3)尽管战争一触即发,人们仍像平时一样工作。Despite

,peoplewentabouttheirworkasusual.

threatenedtoshootanydogathreattothethreatofwar3Wedefinitelyneedtoswitchtodifferentformsofpowerassoonaspossible.

我们确实需要尽快转换到不同形式的能源。(P108-109)【词汇精讲】在本句中switch用作动词,意为“转换,改变”;它还可以用作名词,意为“开关;转换”。Newtechnologymadeaswitchtooilpossible.新技术使得改用石油成为可能。【词汇拓展】switchon接通,打开switchoff(=turnoff) 把……关掉,关上switchover(tosth) 转换频道;转变switch(fromsth)to... 从……转变到……switchroles 转换角色switchAwithB 把A与B交换【迁移应用】完成句子(1)桌子上面有一台开着的便携式小型电视机。Therewasalittleportabletelevision

onthedesk.

(2)夜间请务必将所有的灯关掉。Pleasemakesurethatallthelights

atnight.

(3)五年后,父亲改行教书了。Fiveyearslater,Father

teaching.

switchedonareswitched/turnedoffswitchedoverto单句语法填空(4)Doyoumindme

(switch)overtoChannelOne?I’dliketoseewhattheweatherwillbeliketomorrow.

switching4Weallhave

a

roletoplayinprotectingtheenvironment.Ifwealldo

our

part,wecanliveahealthierlifeonEarth.在保护环境方面,我们大家都可以发挥作用。如果我们都尽自己的一份力,我们就能在地球上过上更健康的生活。(P109)【词汇精讲】在本句中havearole意为“起某种作用”,还可以意为“充当角色”;doone’spart意为“尽自己的职责”。Everyonehad

a

roleintheshow’ssuccess.每个人都对节目的成功起了作用。Everystudentoughttodo

his

parttomakesteadyprogress.每个学生都应尽本分以求平稳的进步。【词汇拓展】playanimportantrole/partin...在……中起重要作用/担任重要角色playtheroleofsb=play/actthepartofsb

(在剧中)扮演……角色playtheleadingrole起带头/主要作用formypart 至于我,对我来说onone’spart 由某人做出;就某人而言takepartin 参加……,参与……活动Hehasplayed

an

important

part

incarryingthroughthewholeplan.他在整个计划的实行中扮演了重要的角色。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)在维护世界和平方面,中国正在起着越来越重要的作用。China

safeguardingworldpeace.

(2)他在上周的戏剧中扮演了哈姆雷特。Heplayed

Hamletintheplaylastweek.

(3)媒体在影响人们的观念方面起着很重要的作用。Themedia

ininfluencingpeople’sopinions.

isplayinganincreasinglyimportantpart/roleintherole/partofplaysaveryimportantrole/part(4)对我来说,到哪儿吃饭都无所谓。

,Idon’tmindwhereweeat.

Formypart5Yes,manyanimalsareillegally

huntedforsomethingtheyhave.

是的,许多动物因为它们拥有的东西而被非法猎杀。(P109)【词汇精讲1】在本句中illegally为副词,意为“非法地,违法地”。(2020全国卷Ⅱ)Nutriaareillegallyhunted.海狸鼠被非法猎杀。【词汇拓展1】illegaladj.违法的,非法的legaladj.

法律许可的,合法的legallyadv.

法律上,合法地【迁移应用1】完成句子(1)未经允许看别人的私人信件是不合法的。

toreadpeople’sprivateletterswithoutpermission.

(2)鉴于她已经到了法定的结婚年龄,我想象不出你怎么可以阻止她。Seeingthatshe’s

togetmarried,Idon’tseehowyoucanstopher.

(3)上届政府的行为是非法的。Thepreviousgovernmenthadacted

.

It’sillegallegallyoldenoughillegally【词汇精讲2】在本句中hunt用作动词,意为“猎取,猎杀”;它还可以意为“搜索;驱赶”;hunt也可以用作名词,意为“狩猎;追捕;搜寻”。ThehuntersandIhunttheanimalsoutofthegarden.猎人和我把动物赶出花园。Thedogwastrainedforthehunt.这只狗受过狩猎训练。【词汇拓展2】huntafter追猎(某动物);追逐(某物)huntfor 寻找某人/某物huntup (在报纸上、书上等)找到(资料等)Doyouapproveofhunting

afterfoxes?你赞成猎捕狐狸吗?Hehasbeenhunting

forajob.他一直在找工作。【迁移应用2】完成句子(1)你须在字典里查找这个字。You’llhaveto

thewordinthedictionary.

(2)很多人一生追逐名利,但是总不能成功。Manypeople

fameintheirlivesbutneverfindit.

(3)附近的邻居都在寻找那个失踪的孩子。Thewholeneighbourhoodhavebeen

themissingchild.

huntuphuntafterhuntingfor6That’sanincrediblyurgentmatter...这是一件非常紧急的事情……(P109)【词汇精讲】在本句中urgent用作形容词,意为“紧急的,急迫的”,还可以意为“坚持要求的”。They’vemadeanurgentrequestforinternationalaid.他们紧急请求国际援助。【词汇拓展】urgevt.催促;极力主张n.

强烈的欲望、冲动,迫切的要求urgesbtodosth/urgesbintodoingsth催促/敦促某人做某事urgethat/Itisurgedthat...坚决主张……(用虚拟语气)have/feelanurgetodosth

渴望做某事;有做某事的冲动/欲望satisfyanurge 满足欲望urgencyn.

紧急;急事;催促urgentlyadv.

紧急地,急迫地Weurged

thatthebill(should)bepassed.我们强烈要求通过那项议案。Sheurgedhimtostay.她力劝他留下。Theyurged

thatthelibrary(should)bekeptopenduringthevacation.他们要求图书馆假期开放。Ifelt

an

urge

togooutandbuyabigbunchofflowerstodecoratethelivingroom.我有一股冲动,想去买一大束鲜花装点起居室。Thisisamatterofsomeurgency.这件事相当紧迫。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)爸爸不停地督促我在结冰的路上开车要谨慎。Fatherkept

carefullyontheicyroads.

(2)我害怕那个男孩,很想跑开。IwasafraidoftheboyandI

torunawayfromhim.

urgingmetodrivehadanurge用urge的适当形式填空(3)Iwillnotusemysavingsunlessamatterof

happens.

(4)Manypeopleintheearthquake-strickenareaarein

needoffoodandwater.

(5)Thetwocountries

toputanendtothewar,whichhadlastedovereightyearsandcausedgreatsufferingandlosses.

urgency

urgent

wereurged7Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewiped

out,arenotunusualinourEarth’shistory.

在地球的历史上,整个物种的灭绝并不罕见。(P52)【词汇精讲】在本句中wipeout意为“彻底毁灭”。Doctorsaresearchingforacurethatwillwipe

outcancer.医生们正在寻找消灭癌症的医疗方法。Fivehundredyearsagotheplaguealmostwiped

outthepopulationoftheisland.五百年前,瘟疫几乎消灭了这个岛上所有的人。【词汇拓展】wipe...with...用……擦……wipesthaway/off/up 擦掉/擦净某物wipesthoff/from... 把某物从……处擦掉(消除掉)wipesthfrom/offone’smind/memory

有意忘记某事物Wipeyourtearsawaywithasofttowel.用柔软的毛巾擦去你的泪痕。Iliketowipethewindowswithaverysoftcloth.我喜欢用非常柔软的布擦窗子。Hewipedthesweatfromhisforehead.他擦掉额头上的汗水。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)这些措施将有助于在农村地区消灭贫困。Thesemeasureswillhelpto

inruralareas.

(2)她弯下腰,用一块干布把鞋上的泥土擦掉了。Shebentdownand

usingadrycloth.

wipeoutpovertywipedthedirtoff/fromhershoes(3)我几次想把这件事忘掉,但就是做不到。Itriedseveraltimesto

,butIjustcouldn’t.

(4)现如今所有的人普遍希望消除贫困,过上幸福生活。Itisnowadaysamatterofuniversaldesirethatpoverty

andallpeopleliveahappylife.

wipeitoff/frommymind/memoryshouldbewipedout8Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried.灭绝的原因多种多样。(P52)【词汇精讲】在本句中varied用作形容词,意为“各种各样的,形形色色的”。Yet,outdooractivitiesarevariedandtemptingintheUSA.而各种各样的户外活动在美国则引人入胜。【词汇拓展】varietyn.多种样式;不同种类;多变性avarietyofstyles 各种风格varietyinone’slifestyle 生活方式的多样化varietyshow 综艺节目varyvi.&vt.变化,改变variousadj.

各种各样的;多方面的(=avarietyof)(2020天津卷)Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu.餐馆可以提供多种音乐和菜单上各种各样的食物选择。*温馨提示:(1)表示“多种多样”的表达还有:all

sorts

of

people各种各样的人all

kinds

of

reasons各种各样的原因many

types

of

goods多种产品(2)variety作“种类,品种”解时为可数名词,作“多样化”解时为不可数名词。(3)“a

variety

of

+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数;“the

variety

of

+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。A

variety

of

books

have

been

published.出版了各种各样的书。【迁移应用】用vary的适当形式填空(1)Susan’sideaoffreedomwastohave

inherlifestyle.

(2)Theislandofferssuchawide

ofsceneryandwildlife.

(3)Itisessentialthatyourdietis

andbalanced.

variety

variety

varied9Accordingtoscientists,theyincludevolcaniceruptions,asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecreaseoftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.根据科学家的说法,它们包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面的变化、海洋含氧量的减少和全球变暖。(P52)【词汇精讲】在本句中decrease用作名词,意为“减少;减少的量”;还可以用作动词,意为“减少”。Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.因此,即使今天的排放量开始减少,我们仍然要面对适应气候变化的挑战。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)Thenumberofnewstudents

(减少到)800thisyear.

(2)Thepriceofwheathas

(降低了)10%.

(3)Therehasbeen

(下降)inpopulation.

decreasestodecreasedby

adecrease10Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame.这一次,人类活动将是罪魁祸首。(P52)【词汇精讲】在本句中blame用作动词,意为“责怪,指责”。WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forproblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesinshapingchildren’sminds.他说,我们倾向于把责任归咎于并非真正原因的电视而忽略了我们自己在塑造孩子思想上产生的影响。【词汇拓展】betoblame(forsth)应该为(某事)负责任,应该(为某事)受责备blamesthonsb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某事blamesbfor(doing)sth 因(做)某事而责备某人blamen.

过失;责备put/lay/placetheblame(forsth)onsb

把某事归咎于某人Sheblamedherparentsforthefailureofhermarriage.=Sheblamedthefailureofhermarriageonherparents.她把自己婚姻的失败归咎于父母。Citizensarelaying

the

blame

onthegovernmentforactingtoolate.市民们责怪政府反应迟缓。*温馨提示:be

to

blame是主动形式表示被动意义。I

feel

it

is

your

husband

who

is

to

blame

for

the

spoiled

child.我认为孩子被惯坏是你丈夫的责任。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)老师因那个学生犯了如此愚蠢的错误而责怪他。Theteacher

makingsuchsillymistakes.

(2)就是那位教授而不是他的助理们应对实验室里所发生的事情负责。Itwastheprofessorratherthanhisassistantswho

forwhathadhappenedinthelab.

blamedthestudentforwastoblame(3)健康专家们把疾病的传播归咎于恶劣的居住条件。Healthexperts

thespreadofthediseaseonpoorhousingconditions.

(4)失败要怪你自己,不是其他任何人的错。Itisyouyourselfwho

’snotthefaultofanyoneelse.

put/lay/placetheblameforaretoblame11Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodie

outnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.虽然物种自然灭绝并不罕见,但现在这种情况发生的速度令人担忧。(P52)【词汇精讲】dieout在本句中意为“消失;绝迹,灭绝”。Infact,halfofthe6,000-7,000languagesspokenaroundtheworldtodaywilllikelydie

outbythenextcentury,accordingtotheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO).实际上,根据联合国教科文组织报告,到下个世纪,世界上现有使用的6000~7000种语言中有一半将可能消失。【词汇拓展】dieaway

(声音、风、光等)逐渐消失dieoff (一群生物)相继死去diedown (慢慢地)熄灭;平息下来Allhisangerdied

down.他满腔的怒气渐渐平息下来.【迁移应用】完成句子(1)我们再也看不到这种动物了,或许它早就灭绝了。Wenolongerseethisanimal—maybeithas

.

(2)工厂使用童工的做法已经几乎绝迹了。Thepracticeofchildrenworkinginfactorieshasnearly

.

(3)汽车的响声消失在远处。Thesoundofthecar

inthedistance.

(4)尽管风停了,但是雨还在下,因此你仍需要带上一件雨衣。Althoughthewind

,therainremainssteady,soyoustillneedaraincoat.

diedoutdiedoutdiedawayhasdieddown12ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.

很明显,人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响,包括动物和植物。(P53)【词汇精讲】在本句中affect用作动词,意为“影响”,它还可以意为“感染;打动”。Itnotonlyaffectsoureverydaylife,butmayalsothreatenpeople’slives.它不仅影响我们的日常生活,而且也可能威胁人们的生命。In

effect,theonlythingfasterthanthespeedofourthoughtsisthespeedofourforgetfulness.实际上,唯一比我们思想速度快的就是我们健忘的速度。【词语辨析】affect,effect与influence(1)affect指产生的影响之大足以引起反应,着重“影响”的动作,有时含有“对……产生不利影响”的意思。Theslightchangeofweathercanaffectherpoorhealth.天气稍有变化就会影响她那虚弱的身体。(2)effect作“影响”讲时,通常用作名词,构成haveaneffecton/upon,意为“对……有影响”。Modernfarmingmethodscanhave

anadverseeffect

ontheenvironment.现代农业方法可能会对环境产生不利影响。(3)influence有动词和名词两个词性,指通过说服、举例对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的、潜移默化的影响。Thewaytheguestsweretreatedinthehotelinfluencedtheirjudgementoftheservice.客人在酒店里受到的待遇影响了他们对酒店服务的评价。【迁移应用】用affect,effect与influence的适当形式填空(1)Inspiteofallthesedifferences,evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestylechangesmaybe

Frencheatinghabits.

(2)

byahighschoolbiologyteacher,hetookupthestudyofmedicine.

(3)Whatparentssayanddohasalifelong

ontheirchildren.

(4)Thenewtaxlawdoesn’t

meatallbecauseIamstillastudent.

affecting

Influenced

effectaffect13Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeat

riskofdyingout.

当然,由于我们人类依靠如此多的物种生存,我们也会有灭绝的危险。(P53)【词汇精讲】在本句中atrisk意为“处境危险,受到威胁”。Thediseaseisspreading,andallyoungchildrenareat

risk.疾病正在传播,所有的幼儿都有危险。【词汇拓展】riskvt.冒……的危险n.

冒险;危险的人或物riskone’slife 冒着生命危险riskdoingsth 冒险做某事reduce/increasetheriskof降低/增加……的危险attheriskofdoingsth 冒着做某事的危险run/taketheriskofdoingsth

冒着做某事的风险riskyadj.

危险的;大胆的;冒险的Smokingcanincreasetheriskofdevelopingheartdisease.吸烟会增加患心脏病的风险。ButSimondecidedtorisk

his

lifetosavethedrowningchild.但是西蒙决定冒着生命危险去救那个溺水的小孩。Heisnotwillingtotake

the

risk

oflosinghismoney.他不愿冒赔钱的风险。*温馨提示:risk后面跟动词-ing形式作宾语。另外enjoy、finish、practise、feel

like、avoid、mind、suggest、imagine、keep等动词(短语)也要用动词-ing形式作宾语,不能跟动词不定式。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)我不能得罪我的老板,因为我不能冒失去这份工作的风险。Ican’tannoymybossbecauseIwon’trisk

.

(2)我是不会让你冒险的,毕竟,小心一点好,以免以后后悔。Iwon’tletyou

.Afterall,itisbettertobesafethansorry.

(3)到户外晒晒太阳是有益的,但过分在阳光下暴晒会使你的身体面临危险。It’snicetogetoutinthesun,butifyouoverdoit,youcouldputyourlife

.

losingmyjobtakesuchrisksatrisk(4)他们冒着失去生命的危险阻止了一次严重的铁路事故。Theypreventedaseriousrailwayaccident

losingtheirownlives.

(5)如果不采取更加有力、更加有效的措施,空气污染会变得更严重,威胁到人们的健康。Unlessstrongerandmoreeffectivemeasuresaretaken,theairpollutionwillgetworse,puttingpeople’shealth

.

attheriskofatrisk重点句式1They

found

that

human

activity

is

causing

species

to

die

out

1,000

times

faster

than

normal.

他们发现,人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度是正常情况下的1000倍。(P53)【句式剖析】句中1,000timesfasterthan意为“比……快一千倍”,表示倍数。Theresearchersfoundthatlaptopuserstooktwiceasmanynotesasthosewhowrotebyhand.研究人员发现,笔记本电脑用户记的笔记是那些手写者的两倍。(3)Ais...timesthelength/width/height/size/depth...ofB.如:Chinaisalmosttwicethesizeoftheircountryinarea.在面积上中国差不多是他们国家的两倍。Thisropeismorethanfivetimesthelengthofthatone.这根绳的长度是那根绳的五倍多。(4)Ais...times+what从句.如:Thelengthoftheroadisdoublewhatitwasthreeyearsago.这条路的长度是三年前的两倍。Thedictionarycoststhreetimeswhatitdidbefore.这本字典的价钱是过去的三倍。(5)Ahasincreased/decreased/reduced/goneup/risenby...times.如:Thepriceofmeathasgoneupbythreetimes.肉价上涨了三倍。Thecostshavebeenreducedby20%afterthenewequipmentwasbroughtin.新设备引进后,成本已经减少了20%。【迁移应用】完成句子(1)亚洲的面积是欧洲的四倍。Asiais

Europe.

(2)这块大石头的重量是那块的三倍。Thisbigstoneis

thatone.

fourtimesaslargeas/fourtimestheareaofthreetimesasheavyas/threetimestheweightof(3)这个国家的新鲜蔬菜真贵。这些卷心菜花了我十美元,是在国内时的三倍。Freshvegetablesinthiscountryareexpensiveindeed.Thesecabbagescostme$10,

astheydoathome.

(4)据统计,男性死于皮肤癌的可能性是女性的两倍以上。Accordingtostatistics,amanismorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancer

awoman.

threetimesasmuchas2Without

forests,we

would

have

no

air

to

breathe,and

without

clean

water

we

would

be

unable

to

survive.

没有森林,我们将没有空气呼吸,没有干净的水,我们将无法生存。(P53)【句式剖析】句中without和no构成双重否定,用以加强语气。without还可以表示“如果没有”,用于虚拟语气,相当于butfor。Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Hemingwaywouldn’thavewrittenhisfamousnovelA

Farewell

to

Arms.没有战时的经历的话,海明威就不可能写出《永别了,武器》这部名著。Pleasedon’tleavewithoutme.请让我和你一起去。Theynevermeetwithoutquarreling.他们一见面就要吵嘴。without

without

重点语法限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确,因而不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。1.关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose(1)that既可指代事物也可指代人,which指代事物,在从句中均可作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。Thefilm(that/which)wesawlastnightwasverywonderful.昨晚我们看的那部电影非常棒。(2)who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,who可以作从句的主语和宾语,whom只能作宾语。Heknewtheteacherwho/whomwemetyesterday.他认识我们昨天遇见的那个老师。(3)whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它引导的从句可以修饰人和物。Isawaboystandingonthegroundwhosehatwasred.我看见一个男孩站在地上,他的帽子是红色的。(4)“介词+关系代词”指人时关系代词用whom,指物时用which。SheisthegirlwithwhomIwentthere.她就是和我去那儿的女孩。2.关系副词:where,when,why(1)where引导定语从句表示地点。IwenttotheZhongshanParkwhereIspentthewholemorningwithmystudents.我去了中山公园,在那里我整个上午都和我的学生在一起。(2)when引导定语从句表示时间。I’llneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.我永远不会忘记遇见你的那天。(3)why引导定语从句表示原因,先行词一般为reason等。Thereasonwhytheinjectionneedsrepeatingeveryyearisthattheviruschanges.每年需要重复注射的原因是病毒发生了变化。3.定语从句中只用that不用which的情况(1)当先行词是all,any,anything,everything,nothing或被它们修饰时。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有什么我可以为你做的吗?Allthatcanbedonemustbedone.凡是能做的都必须做。(2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。Thatisoneofthemostinterestingbooksthataresoldinthebookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoisgetsomefood.我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。(3)当先行词有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingthat’smissing.我的项链不是丢掉的唯一的东西。(4)当主句以who或which开头时。Whoisthegirlthatiswearingaredcoat?正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁?(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutarereallywell-known.你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句在句中主要起补充说明作用,在非限制性定语从句与主句之间往往有逗号隔开,独立存在,缺失也不会影响整个句子的意思。1.which引导非限制性定语从句,说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的一部分。Thenovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人,我已读了三遍。2.who引导非限制性定语从句,作从句的主语。Ourguide,whowasaFrenchCanadian,wasanexcellentcook.我们的导游是法裔加拿大人,他是个出色的厨师。3.whom引导非限制性定语从句,指人,在句中作动词