strat8成绩评估方式

Principles

and

ApplicationsofStratigraphyASUMMARY成绩评估方式20%平时课堂成绩–

出勤和讨论情况实习和讨论课40%–

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40%–

闭卷考试（统一规定）内容Chapter

1Introduction1学时Chapter

2Chapter

3Uniformitarianism

or

ActualismEstablishing

the

Sequence

of

Events1

学时Chapter

4LithostratigraphyGeological

Time3

学时Biostratigraphy3

学时Event

Stratigraphy2

学时Magnetostratigraphy0

学时Chronostratigraphy2

学时Chapter

5Absolute

Geological

TimeInterpreting

Stratigraphical

Record0

学时Ecostratigraphy2

学时Sequence

Stratigraphy4

学时Cyclostratigraphy2

学时Chapter

6

Stratotype

and

GSSPChapter

7

Orogenic

StratigraphyExcursion2

学时2

学时1

天TextbooksPeter

Doyle,

et

al.,

2001,

The

Key

to

Earth

History:

AnIntroduction

to

Stratigraphy

(2nd

Edition).

John

Wiley&

Sons

Ltd.:

Chichester,

293

p.《理论地层学与应用地层学—现代地层学概念》，张守信著，2006，高等教育出版社，340页《国际地层指南―地层分类、术语和程序》，第二版，A.萨尔瓦多主编，金玉干、戎嘉余、陈旭等译，地质出版社，

2000，171页Coe,

A.L.

et

al.,

2003.

The

Sedimentary

Record

of

Sea-Level

Change.

Cambridge

University

Press,

Cambridge,

288pp.Key

Points

in

Chapter

1Definition

of

stratigraphy–

Stratigraphy

is

the

study

of

layered

sedimentary

rocks,including

their

texture,

composition,

arrangement

andcorrelation

from

place

to

placeSignificance

of stratigraphy

ingeologyTime

and

successionAim

and

Structure

of

StratigraphyTIMEand

EarthHistoryTIME

vs

PROCESSChapter

2

Earth

theoriesAbraham

Gottlob

Werner

(1749-1817)neptunismWilliam

Whewell

(1832):

uniformitarianismJames

Hutton-

plutonism

(火成论)UniformitarianismGeorges

Cuvier(乔治·居维叶1769-1832)Firstly

developed

the

concept

of

catastrophism

to

explainthechanges

in

the

fossil

record

(1796)Charles

Lyell

(1797-1875)UniformitarianismActualism

vs.

New

uniformitarianismThe

Founder

of

Modern

GeologyKey

Points

in

Chapter

2In

19th

century,

the

geological

records

waswidely

interpreted

in

terms

of

a

series

ofcatastrophic

events,

of

which

many

wereexplained

in

term

of

supernatureal

causes

orwithin

a

biblical

frameworkUniformitarianism

was

developed

in

the

19thcentury

as

the

antithesis

of

catastrophismActualism

only

assumes

the

uniformity

ofprocessActualism

is

the

most

fundamental

principlein

stratigraphy

and

can

be

regarded

as

astatement

of

scientific

methodEarth

SystemRollinson,

H.R.,

2007.

EarlyEarthSystems:

A

Geochemical

Approach.Blackwell,

Malden,

296

pp.MantleAtmosphereOceansSubcontinentallithosphereLowercrustCoreLowercrustSoilOceanic

crustSedimentsBiosphereOceanic

lithosphere地质作用海洋-生物系统埋藏与反馈机制例如：以地球系统中某一个地质过程为例讨论均变与灾变作用的对立统一Chapter

3

Establishing

the

Sequence

of

EventsThe

Principle

of

SuperpositionSuperpositionDetermining

Relative

ChronologyEstablishing

the

Sequence

in

the

FieldLithostratigraphySummary

of

Key

PointsKey

Points

in

Chapter

3Principles

of

stratigraphy– Principle

of

SuperpositionWay-up

structuresPrinciples

of

relative

chronology– Principle

of

cross-cutting

relationships– Principle

of

unconformitiesAngular

unconformity

(角度不整合)Disconformity

(假整合)Nonconformity

(非整合)地层层序律,Nicholas

Steno

(1638-1686)Principle

of

Original

Horizontality

原始水平律，Nicholas

StenoPrinciple

of

Original

Lateral

Continuity

原始侧向连续律,Nicholas

Steno

(1669)地层穿插关系原理不整合原理Key

Points

in

Chapter

3Lithostratigraphy：

recognition,

descriptionand

correlation

of

lithological

unitsMany

lithological

units

are

fundamentallydiachronous:they

are

lithological,

but

not

temporally

identical

throughout

theirextentThe

relative

thickness

of

correlated

units

isnot

necessarily

indicative

of

the

time

taken

indepositionImmensely

thick

units

may

be

deposited

rapidlyrelatively

thin

units

may

have

accumulated

slowlyKey

Points

in

Chapter

3Correlation

between

rock

units

may

beachieved

through

matching

lithologies,

orthrough

comparing

the

geophysicalproperties

of

individual

lithologiesThe

lines

of

correlation

joining

lithologies

are

known

as

tie

linesTie

lines

are

independent

of

time

relationships,

which

can

only

bedetermined

using

independent,

time

specific

tools,

such

as

fossilsor

geological

eventsReview

Questions

in

Chapter

3What

are

the

defining

principles

ofstratigraphy?What

are

way-up

structures?

How

to

usethem

to

reconstruct

the

originalstratigraphic

succession?How

to

distinguish

various

kinds

ofunconformity?

Significance

ofunconformities

in

strata.LithostratigraphyA

lithostratigraphical

unit

is

any

distinctive

stratumthat

differs

from

the

strata

above

and

belowThe

fundamental

lithostratigraphical

units

is

theformationA

formation

is

a

collection

of

similar

strata

that

are

sufficientlydifferent

from

adjacent

groups

of

strata

so

that

on

the

basis

ofphysical

properties

they

constitute

a

distinctive,

recognizable

unitthat

can

be

used

for

geologic

mapping

over

a

wide

areaFormations

are

given

two

names:geographic:

refers

to

a

locality

where

the

formation

is

wellexposed

or

where

it

was

first

describedlithologic:

rock

typeHierarchyofFormal

LithostratigraphicalUnitsLithostratigraphicalUnitDefinitionSupergroup/SubgroupClustering

of

groups

based

on

their

lithologicalcharacteristics

or

on

their

mode

of

formationGroupClustering

of

formations

based

on

their

lithologicalcharacteristics

or

on

their

model

of

formationFormationMappable

unit

of

homogeneouslithologyMemberSubdivision

of

a

formationBedLithologically

distinct

horizon

or

layer•Correlation

of

Lithographical

UnitsApproaches:

Geophysical

methods孔径测井

电阻率测井地层倾角测井自然电位测井伽马测井中子测井密度测井声波测井Chapter

4Faunal

and

Floral

SuccessionThe

tools

of

biostratigraphyThe

primary

unit

of

biostratigraphyLithostratigraphy

and

biostratigraphy

comparedEvents

in

the

Geological

RecordEvent

stratigraphyMagnetostratigraphyThe

Chronostratigraphical

ScaleChronostratigraphyAbsolute

Geological

TimeAbsolute

Geological

TimeSummary

of

Key

PointsPrinciple

of

BiologicSuccession生物层序律William

Smith

(1769-1839)The

first

person

to

produce

a

geologic

map

of

Englandand

Wales

by

use

of

sequence,

lithology

and

fossilsDemonstrated

correlation

of

strata

using

the

principle

ofbiologic

succession

that

stipulates

that

the

life

of

eachage

in

the

Earth's

history

was

unique

for

particularperiodsThe

fossil

remains

of

life

permit

geologists

to

recognizecontemporaneous

deposits

around

the

worldThe

Tools

of

BiostratigraphyBiostratigraphy

is

the

branchofstratigraphy

which

involves

the

studyand

interpretation

of

fossils

to

enablethe

correlation

of

sedimentary

rockunitsBiostratigraphy

-

correlation

in

timeusing

fossilsIndex

FossilsA

vast

diversity

of

types

of

fossils

existsFollowing

criteria

are

important

indetermining

how

useful

they

are

for

strictlystratigraphic

purposes

of

correlation:– Independent

of

their

environmentFast

evolvingGeographically

widespreadAbundanceReadily

preservedEasily

recognizableIndex

FossilZoneFossil

Guide

FossilBesides

Index

Fossils

…Reworked

fossilsFossils

from

rocks

of

one

age

that

have

been

eroded,transported,

and

redeposited

in

sediments

of

a

youngerageIntroduced

or

infiltrated

fossilsFossils

introduced

into

older

or

younger

rocks

by

fluids,through

animal

burrows

or

root

cavities,

or

bysedimentary

dikes

or

diapirsQ:

How

to

distinguish

these

two

kinds

of

fossils?Types

ofbiozonesTaxon-range

Zone分类单位延限带Concurrent-range

Zone共存延限带Lineage

Zone

谱系带Interval

Zone

间隔带Assemblage

Zone

组合带Abundance

zone

顶峰带Interval

Zone

间隔带PitfallsofBiostratigraphy-

MissingTaxaFacies

control

(ecologic

factors)Not

preserved

(dissolution

and

otherpostdepositional

factors)Rare,

so

missed

in

the

collectingprocess

(human

factor)Misidentified

(human

factor)GRAPHIC

CORRELATIONA

line

of

correlation

between

the

sections

is

drawn

byconnecting

the

datums

deemed

to

represent

completestratigraphic

distributionsThe

successfully

drawn

line

ofcorrelation

is

a

time/depth

plotThe

line

can

be

used

to

adjuststratigraphic

data

that

are

immaturein

the

Composite

StandardDatabase

via

comparison

to

thenewly

composited

sectionFAD

occurs

to

the

left

of

the

line?LAD

occurs

to

the

right

of

line?Difference

between

lithostratigraphyandbiostratigraphyChapter

4b

EventstratigraphyRecognize

event

beddings

in

strataReveal

its

features,

including

the

timing,

volume,magnitude,

rate,

sequence,

etc.Discuss

mechanism/resourceCorrelationEstablish

the

regional

toglobal isochronous

surfaceas

the

base

on

which

to

study

other

scientificproblemWhat

is

a

geological

event?WidespreadShort-term

dynamicchangesIn

regional

and

global

systemsEvents

can

be

predictable

duringequableenvironmental

periods,

especially

for

shallowcoastal

and

epicontinental

seasClassificationPhysical/Chemical/Biological

eventsPhysical

eventdepositsBentonites:

volcanic

ash

fallsRegional

giant

storm

depositsConcretion

horizonsAnoxic

to

dysaerobic

event

deposits:

dark,laminated

organic-carbon-rich

shalesMilankovitch

climaticy

cycle

deposits:

limestone-shale,chalk-marl,beddingrhythms………………..characterized

and

even

dominateancient

stratigraphic

systems

event-stratigraphic

unitsChemical

event

depositsDetermined

from

10

cm

to

1

m

spot

or channel

sampling

and

analysis

of

such chemical

components

asCorg,

Ccarbδ18O,

δ13C87Sr/86Sr

isotopesRare

earth

elementsnoble

metalsmass

mortality surfaces

results from

rapid

onset or

overturn

of anoxic

water- masses,

or

by large

volcanic ash

fallsVolcanic

ash

bentonite

deposits

ashigh-resolution

event

stratigraphicunits

in

the

Cretaceous

of

the

WesternInterior

Basin

of

North

AmericaBiological

eventunitesChapter

4d

ChronostratigraphicalUnitsChronostratigraphicalTermsGeological

TimeTermsEonothem（宇）Eon（届）Erathem（界）Era（代）System（系）Period（纪）Series（统）Epoch（世）Stage（阶）Age（期）Chronozone（时带）Chron（时）Thickness

vs.

GeologicalTimeUsing

RadioactivitytoMeasure

TimeChapter

5a

Facies

and

Sequence

StratigraphyReading

and

Levell

(1996)岩相是具有特殊性质的一个岩石体在特定沉积作用条件下形成的岩相反映特定的沉积过程、特定的环境因子或特定的沉积环境沉积相的确定必须具有可观的描述和必要的测量沉积相是纯粹的描述性概念沉积环境是对沉积相的主观解释AccommodationThe

Accommodation

Space

EquationT

+

E

=

S

+

WT:the

rate

of

tectonic

subsidence(构造沉降）E:the

rate

of

eustatic

sea-level

rise（绝对海平面上升）S:

the

rate

ofsedimentation（沉积速率）W:

the

rate

of

water

depthincrease/deepening（水深变化）MECHANISMSTime

Scale

(years)Order

of

MagnitudeMechanism

of

Changes

in

Eustatic

Sea

LevelMECHANISMSTime

Scale

(years)Order

of

MagnitudeCrustal

DeformationLithosphere

Formation

and

Subduction100,000

-

1081

-

100

mGlacial

Isostatic

Rebound100-10,0000.1

-

10

mContinental

Collision100,000

-

10810

-

100

mSeafloor

and

Continental

Epirogeny100,000

-

10810

-

100

mSedimentation10,000-1081

-

100

mOcean

Steric

(thermohaline)

Volume

ChangesShallow

(0-500

m)0.1

-1000

-

1

mDeep

(500-4000

m)10-10,0000.01

-

10

mGlacialAccretion

andWastageMountain

Glaciers10-1000.1

-

1mGreenland

Ice

Sheet100

-

100,0000.1

-

10

mEast

Antarctic

Ice

Sheet1,000-

100,00010

-

100mWest

Antarctic

IceSheet100-10,0001

-

10mLiquid

Water

on

LandGroundwater

Aquifers100

-

100,0000.1

-

10

mLakes

and

Reservoirs100

-

100,0000.01

-

0.

1

mDepositionalSequencesType

1

and

Type2

SequencesChapter5bCyclostratigraphystacking

patternSequence

StratigraphyAllostratigraphyCyclostratigraphyUnconformityShort-term

cycleidentificationofalldisconformitiesdistinctive

unconformitycorrelate

to

global

cycleChapter

5b

CyclostratigraphySedimentary

cyclesa

group

of

rock

units

that

occur

in

a

certain

order,

with

one

unit

being

repeated

frequentlythroughout

the

succession

(Duff

and

Walton,1962)Represented

by

a

series

of

events

that

arenormally

recurrent

and

repeated

in

a

same

orderClassificationperiodicquasi-periodicnonperiodicCBACBACBAMajor

recurrence

timeofquasi-and

nonperiodic

processlake

laminationstidal

currentsvarvessixthorderfifthorderforthorderthirdordersecondorderfirstorderglacial

eustacylarger

eustatic

cyclesGLOBALEUSTACY(Vail

et

al.,

1977)majorriverfloodsrecurrence

time

based

onhistorical

observationsmajor

tsunamimajor most

tempestitesin

the

rock

recordlarge

mass

flowstransgressions

and

turbidites

observed

megaturbiditestectonic

phasesorogenic

periodsearthrotationmoon

rotationaround

earthearth

rotation

sunspot

magnetic

sunspotaround

sun solar

halemilankovitch

cyclesrecurrence

time

ofphanerozoic

major

TECTONICSDEPOSITIONALEVENTSYEARS10-310-210-1100101102103104105106107108109Calendar

and

Solar

bandsMilankovitchfrequency

bandsTectonics-eustasyfrequency

bandsModified

from

Einseleet

al.,

1991Earth's

orbital

variationsobliquity

(40

kyr)precession

(19

kyr-23

kyr)eccentricity

(100

kyr)Sun轨道偏心率黄赤交角岁差Milankovitch

cyclethe

geological

and

seasonaldistribution

of

solar

energyrainfall,monsoon,ocean

currents,biotasedimentGeneration

of

peritidal

cyclesExplanation

of

Fischer

plots3415Cycle