2020-2021学年高二英语假期题型增分03阅读理解之说明文

2020-2021学年高二英语假期题型增分专题

03阅读理解之说明文

序号内容

Passage1介绍了如何流利地说英语和写英语

Passage2关于对病人如在化疗期间服用补充剂会引起更大风险的研究：

Passage3介绍了人类探索火星的发展和一些发现

Passage4讲述了英国人的饮茶文化

Passage5科学调查，吃不吃早餐对人们的工作、学习和身体状况的影响

Passage6古代世界七大奇迹之一的亚历山大港的Pharos灯塔的信息等

Passaeel

IfyouwanttobecomeafluentEnglishspeakeryoushouldtakesomeadvice:Therearefour

skillsinlearningEnglish.Theyarereading,listening,speaking,andwriting.Themostimportant

thingyoumustrememberisthatifyouwanttoimproveyourspeakingandwritingskillsyou

shouldfirstmastertheskillsofreadingandlistening.

Readasmuchasyoucan.Butyourreadingmustbeactive.Itmeansthatyoumustthink

aboutthemeaningofthesentence,themeaningoftheunfamiliarwords,etc.Thereisnoneed

foryoutopaymuchattentiontogrammarsortrytounderstandalltheunfamiliarwordsyou

comeacross,butthefactthatyouseethemforthefirsttimeandrecognizethemwheneveryou

seethem,forexample,inotherpassagesorbooks,isenough.Itwouldbebettertoprepare

yourselfanotebooksoyoucanwritedowntheimportantwordsorsentencesinit.

Asforlistening,therearetwochoices:besidesreading,youcanlisteneverydayforabout30

minutes.Youcanonlypayattentiontoyourreadingandbecomeskillfulatyourreading,thenyou

cancatchuponyourlistening.Sinceyouhavelotsofinputsinyourmind,youcaneasilyguess

whatthespeakerisgoingtosay.Thisnevermeansthatyoushouldnotpracticelistening.

Forlisteningyoucanlistentocartoonsorsomemoviesthatarespeciallymadeforchildren.

Theirlanguagesareeasy.OrifyouaregoodatlisteningyoucanlistentoVOAorBBCprograms

everyday.Againthethingtorememberisbeingactiveinlisteningandpreferablytakingsome

notes.

Ifyoufollowthesepiecesofadvice,yourspeakingandwritingwillimproveautomatically,

andyoucanbesurethatwithalittleefforttheywillbecomeperfect.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichshouldyouimprovefirstamongthefourskills?

A.Readingandlistening.B.Readingandwriting.

C.Writingandspeaking.D.Speakingandlistening.

2.Theunderlinedphrase"comeacross“inParagraph2canprobablybereplacedby"'

A.meetbyaccidentB.discover

C.findonpurposeD.lookfor

3.Theauthorseemstoagreewiththeviewthat.

A.everyoneshouldlistentoVOAorBBCprogramseveryday

B.youneedn'tpracticelisteningifyoukeeponreadingeveryday

C.beinggoodatreadingishelpfulinimprovingyourlistening

D.youshouldtakenotesofwhateveryouarehearing

4.Thepassageismainlyabouthowto.

A.choosesuitablelisteningmaterials

B.dealwithnewwordsinreading

C.improveyourEnglishasquicklyaspossible

D.becomefluentinspeakingandwritingEnglish

Passage2

Anewstudysuggeststhatpatientswithbreastcancerwhotakeadditionalvitaminsduring

chemotherapy（化疗）treatmentmayfaceincreasedrisks.

Researcherssaidtheuseofdietarysupplements（补充剂）thatincreaselevelsof

antioxidants（抗氧化齐。iron,vitaminB12andomega-3fattyacidsappearedtolowerthe

effectivenessofchemotherapy.ResearchersreportedtheirfindingsintheJournalofClinical

Oncology.

ChristineAmbrosoneistheheadofcancerpreventionandcontrolattheRoswellPark

ComprehensiveCancerCenterinBuffalo,NewYork.Shesaid,“Fromthisstudyandothersinthe

literature,itseemsthatitmaynotbewisetotakesupplementsduringchemotherapy/

"It'sthoughtthatantioxidantsmightinterferewiththeabilityofchemotherapytokillcancer

cells/Ambrosonesaid.

Somedoctorshavebeenadvisingpatientsforanumberofyearsnottotakeantioxidants

duringchemotherapy.Z/Buttherewasnostrongempiricaldataforthatrecommendation/

Ambrosonesaid.

So,Ambrosoneandotherresearchersdecidedtostudywhethersupplementusemight

affectchemotherapy'seffectiveness.Theylookedforevidenceinanearlierstudyondietexercise,

lifestyleandcancerresults.

Intheearlierresearch,peoplewhotookpartwereaskedabouttheiruseofsupplementsat

thebeginningofandduringtreatment,andabouttheirlifestyle,dietandexercise.The

researchersstudied1,134patientswhofilledoutthesurveysandfollowedthemforamedianof

sixyears.

Theresearcherssearchedforpossibilitiesthatmightincreasetheriskofthedisease

reappearingorofdeath.Theyfoundthatpatientswhotookanysupplementsatthebeginningof

andduringchemotherapywere41percentmorelikelytohavetheirbreastcancerreturnthan

thosewhodidnot.Inaddition,thesupplementtakerswere40percentmorelikelytodielateron

comparedtopatientsusingnosupplements.ThesupplementsincludedvitaminA,CandE.Those

takingvitaminB12andironsupplementswereatgreaterriskofcancerreturning,theresearchers

said.

5.WhydidAmbrosoneandotherresearchersconductthestudy?

A.Toknowaboutthepatients'lifestyle.

B.Toseewhetherpatientstakesupplements.

C.Toseekevidencefortherecommendation.

D.Toexaminechemotherapy'seffectiveness.

6.Whatcanweknowfromthispassage?

A.Takingvitaminsmayincreasetheriskofbreastcancer.

B.Ambrosoneisthefirstonetowarnpatientsofftakingantioxidants.

C.Antioxidantsmayincreasetheabilityofchemotherapytokillcancercells.

D.Patientsmayfacemoredangersiftakingsupplementsduringchemotherapy.

7.Whatsectionofanewspaperismostlikelytohavethisarticle?

A.HealthB.Entertainment

C.EducationD.Technology

Passase3

OurfascinationwithMarshasneverstopped.However,intheearlydaysofspace

exploration,visitswererestrictedto〃fly-bys〃,suchasthosebyMarinerSpaceProbes,bymeans

ofwhichcraftwouldsimplypasstheplanet,takingpicturesandcollectingdataastheywent.The

Viking"orbiters“werenext,andlatercraftintheVikingseries,knownas"Landers”,beganto

studythesurface,equippedwithinstrumentswhichcontinuedtocollectdataaboutthe

environmentuntiltheystoppedworking.

Themorerecent"Rovers"movearoundtheplanet'ssurfaceastheygatherinformation.

Currentproposalsincludemissionstostudygeographicfeatures,climate,andsoilcomponents,in

ordertodetermine,amongotherthings,whethertheplanetcaneverhavesupported

carbon-basedlifeforms.Scientistsnowbelievethatatsomestagetheplanetcooleddramatically,

resultinginthenear-lossofitsatmosphereand,thankstothewearingawayofsomesurface

featuresmineraldepositsandotherfactors,itisalsobelievedthatliquidwateronceflowedhere.

Oneofthemostfamouscraftis“Phoenix”,whichlandedinNovember2008.Itsmissionwas

toobtainsamplesfrombeneaththesurfacebydiggingintothearcticicewhileitscamera

providedgeologicaldataandotherequipmentscannedtheatmosphere,measuringtemperature

andpressureinanattempttodiscoverwhetherthechemicalsnecessaryforlifemightexist

beneaththesurface.Thecraftwasexpectedtosendbackdataforthreemonths,butmanagedto

holdoutforfurthertwo.Anespeciallyimportantpartoftheprojectwastheneedtokeep

absolutecleanlinessoftheequipmentinordertoensurethatanyorganicmaterialcollectedwas

notcontaminatedbymicrobes（微生物）.

Inthefuturemannedlandingsmayprobablycometrue-andthoughitmayseeman

extremelydifficultundertaking,planshavealreadybeendiscussedforthe“terraforming（行星地

球化）“oftheplanet,givingitanatmosphere,oceansandotherelementssimilartoearth,with,

thepossibilityofhumansettlement.

8.Accordingtothetext,whatis"fly-by〃？

A.AtypeofUFO.B.Aphotographofaplanet.

C.Aplanetofthesolarsystem.D.Awayofcollectinginformation.

9.WhichofthefollowingisevidenceofliquidwateronMars?

A.Thereisiceonit.

B.Itoncehadsomemineraldeposits.

C.Itoncehadcarbon-basedlifeforms.

D.Therearesomedamagedareasonitssurface.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“contaminated"inParagraph3mean?

A.Polluted.B.Protected.C.Controlled.D.Reduced.

11.HowdoestheauthorfeelabouthumanbeingsgoingMars?

A.Itwillhappenverysoon.

B.Itmaybehard,butit'spossible.

C.Itwillbefullofuncertainties,butit'sworththeefforts.

D.Itreliesondifferentcountriesworkingtogether.

Passase4

Eachcountryhasitsownsetofnationalstereotypes（亥U板印象），butperhapsthemost

famousisBritain'sloveoftea.

AccordingtotheBBC,theydrinkover60billioncupseachyear.Themostpopularteatypein

theUKisblacktea.It'sasimplerecipe:Youfindamug,addateabag,pourboilingwater;add

milkandsugar（accordingtoyourtaste）andfinishbystirring.

Usually,theonlydebateiswhethermilkshouldbeaddedbeforeoraftertheboilingwater.

Butarecentpopularvideohasoutraged（使愤怒）Britonsaftercompletelychangingthis

long-establishedmethod.

AmericanTikTokuser,Sophie,postedherversionof“Britishtea”,whichinvolved

microwavingcoldwater;thenaddingmilk,sugarandaninstantteabagcontainingpowdered

lemonade,cinnamonandclove（T香）leaves.

Mainstreammediacalledthemethod"/profoundlydisturbed”,andaTwitteruserevenwrote,

“Iwouldratherseeteadumped（彳顷（到）intotheBostonharborthandrinkthisabomination（可恶

的东西）

Asyoucantell,teaisapreciouspartofBritishlife,whetheryou'rehavingafternoonteaata

fancyhotelordrinkingitinatakeawaycup.

“RosieLee”-acommonslangtermfortea-firstcametoBritaininthemid-1600sfrom

China.Sincethen,thecountry'sloveforithasnotdeclined.

Typesofteacanevenindicatesomeone'ssocialclass,accordingtoanthropologist（人类学家）

KateFox.Inherbook,shenotesthat“teasgetprogressivelyweakerasonegoesupthesocial

ladder”,likeblackteaservedduringafternoontea.Attheoppositeend,youhave"builder'steas",

whicharestandardblackteasthatarebrewed（煮）strongerandincludemoremilkandsugar.

Foxadded,''Takingsugarinyourteaisalower-classindicator:Morethanoneandyouare

lower-middleatbest;morethantwoandyouaredefinitelyworkingclass.”

Despitethedisputes（争论）onwhatmakesaperfect“cuppa”,Britonscanatleastagreeon

thesaying,“Nomatterwhatishappeninginyourlife,youalwaysoffertea/

12.WhatdoweknowaboutteadrinkingintheUK?

A.Theydrinkover60billioncupseachmonth.

B.Theypourboilingwaterovertheteabag.

C.”RosieLee“isBritons'favoriteteatype.

D.Itshistorydatesbacktothe16thcentury.

13.WhydidSophie/svideoangerBritons?

A.ShecriticizedthewayBritonsdrinktea.

B.Sheaddedmilkaftertheboilingwater.

C.Herwayofmakingteawasagainsttheirtradition.

D.Sheusedastrangeteabag.

14.IfJohnisfromtheupperclass,heprobablyputssugar（s）inhistea,accordingtoFox.

A.noB.one

C.twoD.three

15.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Britishteatraditionsamongdifferentsocialclasses.

B.Thedebateonhowtomakeperfecttea.

C.TheinfluenceofteadrinkingonBritons'lives.

D.TeadrinkingcultureintheUK.

Passase5

Willitmatterifyoudon'ttakeyourbreakfast?RecentlyatestwasgivenintheUnited

States.Thosetestedincludedpeopleofdifferentages,from12to83.Duringtheexperiment,

thesepeopleweregivenallkindsofbreakfasts,andsometimestheygotnobreakfastatall.

Specialtestsweresetuptoseehowwelltheirbodiesworkedwhentheyhadeatenacertainkind

ofbreakfast.Theresultsshowthatifapersoneatsaproperbreakfast,heorshewillworkwith

bettereffectthanifheorshehasnobreakfast.Thisfactappearstobeespeciallytrueifaperson

workswithhisbrains.Ifastudenteatsfruit,eggs,breadandmilkbeforegoingtoschool,hewill

learnmorequicklyandlistenwithmoreattentiontoclass.

Oppositetowhatmanypeoplebelieve,ifyoudon'teatbreakfast,youwillnotloseweight.

Thisisbecausepeoplebecomesohungryatnoonthattheyeattoomuchforlunch,andendup

gainingweightinsteadoflosing.Youwillprobablylosemoreweightifyoureduceyourother

meals.

16.Theresultsofthetestshowthat.

A.breakfasthasgreateffectonworkandstudies

B.breakfasthaslittletodowithapersonswork

C.apersonwillworkbetterifhehasasimplebreakfast

D.thoseworkingwithbrainsshouldhavemuchforbreakfast

17.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Poorbreakfastsaffectthosewhoworkwithbrains.

B.Morningdietmaycauseonetogetfatter.

C.Reducinglunchandsupperisoflessvalueinweightlosing.

D.Eatinglessinlunchandsuppermayhelptoloseweight.

18.Accordingtothepassage,ifastudentdoesnoteatbreakfast,.

A.hewillfallill

B.hewillfailtolistentohisteacher

C.hewillnotmakeprogressinhisstudy

D.hismindwillworkmoreslowly

Passase6

ThePharos,thegreatlighthouseofAlexandria,wasoneoftheSevenWondersofthe

AncientWorld.ItstoodontheislandofPharos,intheharborofthecityofAlexandria.In290B.C,

PtolemyISoter,therulerofEgypt,orderedthebuildingofthelighthouse.Twentyyearslater;it

wasfinished-thefirstlighthouseintheworldandthetallestbuildingonEarthexcepttheGreat

PyramidofEgypt.

ThePharoswasdesignedbySostrates,aGreekarchitect.Sostrateswantedtoleavehisname

onthebaseofthelighthouse.ButPtolemyrefused,orderingthatonlyhisownnameappearon

thebuilding.ButSostratesfoundawaytodothat.AtthebaseofthePharos,Sostrateslefta

messagecontaininghisownname.Thenhecovereditwithplaster(建筑石膏)andleftPtolemy's

nameoverit.Aftermanyyears,theplasterdisappearedandpeopleknewthetruearchitectof

thelighthouse.

In1302and1323ztwostrongearthquakeshitAlexandria,andthelighthousewasdamaged.

In1326,itfinallyfellintothesea.Muchofwhatweknowaboutthelighthousecomesfromthe

writingsofArabswhooncevisitedthePharos.

ThePharoswasabout384feettall,thesameheightasamodern40-storeybuilding.Atthe

topofthelighthousestoodalargestatueofPoseidon,theGreekgodofthesea.Underitwasa

beacon,thesourceoflightforthelighthouse.ThePharosusedtwokindsofbeacons.Atnight,a

largefirecreatedthelight.Duringtheday,ahugemirrormadeuseofthesunlighttocreatethe

light.

Itwassaidthatthemirrorwasalsousedtosetenemyshipsonfireastheyenteredthe

harborbydirectingthesun'srays(sunlight)atthem.Althoughitisclearlyimpossible,theideais

interesting.

19.WhydidSostratesuseplasteratthebaseofthePharos?

A.TofollowPtolemy'sorders.

B.Tohidehisnameleftonthebase.

C.Toprotectthebasefromdamage.

D.Tomakethelighthousemorebeautiful.

20.HowlonghadthePharosstayedstanding?

A.Forabout800years.B.Forabout1,000years.

C.Forabout1,600years.D.Forabout2,000years.

21.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inParagraph4referto?

A.Thelighthouse.B.Thestatue.

C.Alargefire.D.Ahugemirror.

22.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?

A.SostratesandPtolemy.

B.Thefunctionofanoldlighthouse.

C.ThePharos,awonderoftheancientworld.

D.Thearchitectofanoldlighthouse.

【参考答案】

1.A2.A3.C4.D

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何流利地说英语和写英语。

1.

细节理解题。根据首段句子“Themostimportantthingyoumustrememberisthatifyouwantto

improveyourspeakingandwritingskillsyoushouldfirstmastertheskillsofreadingand

listening.〃（你必需记住的最重要的事是，如果你想要提高说和写的能力，首先你应当掌握读

和听的技能）可知，在听说读写四个技能中，首先你应当掌握读和听的技能。故选A。

2.

词句猜测题。根据句子“butthefactthatyouseethemforthefirsttimeandrecognizethem

wheneveryouseethem,forexample,inotherpassagesorbooks,isenough/?（你但是你第一次

遇到它们了，无论何时，比如说在别的文章或书本里，再遇到它们时能认识它们，就足够了。）

可知，没必要太多关注语法或尽量去理解所有你遇到的生词。所以换线词的意思是“遇到”。

故选A。

3.

细节理解题。根据第三段句子"Youcanonlypayattentiontoyourreadingandbecomeskillfulat

yourreading,thenyoucancatchuponyourlistening."（你只有注意你的阅读，在阅读上技能

娴熟然后你的听力就能赶上来。）可知，作者认为提高阅读能力对听力有帮助。故选C。

4.

主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ifyoufollowthesepiecesofadvice,yourspeakingandwritingwill

improveautomatically,andyoucanbesurethatwithalittleefforttheywillbecomeperfect.n（如

果你遵守这些建议，你的说和写的能力就会自动提高，然后你会确信稍微努力些，你的说和

写的能力就会变得非常完美。）可知，这篇文章主要是关于如何流利地说英语和写英语。故

选D项。

5.C6.D7.A

【分析】

本文是说明文。文章主要介绍一项研究：病人如果在化疗期间服用补充剂会引起更大风险。

5.

细节理解题。根据第五段“Buttherewasnostrongempiricaldataforthatrecommendation”（没

有强有力的经验数据支撑那项建议。）及第六段“So,Ambrosoneandotherresearchersdecided

tostudywhethersupplementusemightaffectchemotherapy'seffectiveness//（因止匕Ambrosone

和其他研究员决定研究使用补充剂是否会影响化疗效果）可知，Ambrosone等人组织研究是

为了证明thatrecommendation,故选C项。

6.

推理判断题。根据最后一段"patientswhotookanysupplements...were41percentmorelikely

tohavetheirbreastcancerreturnthanthosewhodidnot.Inaddition,thesupplementtakers

were40percentmorelikelytodielateroncomparedtopatientsusingnosupplements/（月艮用补

充剂的患者乳腺癌复发几率比那些未服用患者多41%；除此之外，补充剂服用患者的死亡几

率比未服用患者多40%）可知，病人如果在化疗期间服用补充剂会引起更大风险。故选D

项。

7.

推理判断题。由第一段“Anewstudysuggeststhatpatientswithbreastcancer...”（一项新研究

建议乳腺癌患者）可知，本文关注的是病人，介绍的是医疗上的研究，故选A项。

8.D9.DIO.All.B

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类探索火星的发展和一些发现。

8.

推理判断题。根据"fly-by”后面的"bymeansofwhichcraftwouldsimplypasstheplanet,taking

picturesandcollectingdataastheywentv,尤其是其中的means（方法，方式）可以推知，

"fly-by"是一种方式，通过这种方式，飞船会经过这颗行星，边走边拍照、收集数据。即

fly-by是一种收集信息的方式。故选D。

9.

细节理解题。根据第二段中的athankstothewearingawayofsomesurfacefeaturesmineral

depositsandotherfactors,itisalsobelievedthatliquidwateronceflowedheren（由于——些“（山

地表特征的磨损，矿物质沉淀和其他因素，所以人们认为液态水曾经在这里流动。）可知，

火星上有液态水存在的证据是，它的表面有一些破损的地方。故选D。

10.

词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中的“Anespeciallyimportantpartoftheprojectwastheneedto

keepabsolutecleanlinessoftheequipment.”可知，该项目的一个特别重要的部分是需要保持

设备的绝对清洁。设备绝对清洁，才能确保收集到的任何有机材料不被被微生物“污染二

由此推知，故划线词的意思应为“污染”，和polluted同义。故选A。

11.

细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Inthefuturemannedlandingsmayprobablycometrue-and

thoughitmayseemanextremelydifficultundertaking”可知，尽管人类登陆火星看起来是一项

极其困难的任务，但这可能会成为现实。故选B。

12.B13.C14.A15.D

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了英国人的饮茶文化。

12.

细节理解题。根据第二段"It'sasimplerecipe:Youfindamug,addateabag,pourboilingwater,

addmilkandsugar（accordingtoyourtaste）andfinishbystirring.（配方很简单:找一个杯子,加

入一个茶包，倒开水，加入牛奶和糖（根据你的口味），搅拌完成。）”可知，在英国，人们把

开水倒在茶包上。故选B。

13.

细节理解题。根据第三段“Butarecentpopularvideohasoutraged（使愤怒）Britonsafter

completelychangingthislong-establishedmethod.（但最近一段很受欢迎的视频却激怒了英国

人，因为它彻底改变了这种由来已久的方法。）”可知，Sophie的视频激怒了英国人是因为她

泡茶的方法违背了英国人的传统。故选C。

14.

推理判断题。根据倒数第二段aFoxadded,"'Takingsugarinyourteaisalower-classindicator:

Morethanoneandyouarelower-middleatbest;morethantwoandyouaredefinitelyworking

class."（Fox补充说，“在茶中加糖是一个下层阶级的标志：超过一个，你最多只能算是中等

偏下；超过两个，你绝对是工人阶级」）可推知，在茶中加糖表示你来自的社会阶层低，所

以根据Fox的说法，如果约翰来自上层社会，他可能不会往茶里放糖。故选A。

15.

主旨大意题。阅读文章内容，并根据第一段"Eachcountryhasitsownsetofnationalstereotypes

（刻板印象）,butperhapsthemostfamousisBritain'sloveoftea.（每个国家都有自己的一套刻

板印象，但也许最著名的是英国人对茶的热爱。）〃和最后一段"Despitethedisputes（争论）on

whatmakesaperfect“cuppa”,Britonscanatleastagreeonthesaying,“Nomatterwhatis

happeninginyourlife,youalwaysoffertea.（尽管对于怎样才是完美的“一杯茶”存在争议，

但英国人至少认同这句谚语：“无论生活发生了什么，你总是给自己来杯茶。”）〃可知，文章

主要讲了英国的饮茶文化。故选D。

16.A17.C18.D

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。本文是一项科学调查，吃不吃早餐对人们的工作、学习和身体状况的影响。

16.

细节理解题。根据第一段中“Theresultsshowthatifapersoneatsaproperbreakfast,heorshe

willworkwithbettereffectthanifheorshehasnobreakfast.Thisfactappearstobeespecially

trueifapersonworkswithhisbrains.Ifastudenteatsfruit,eggs,breadandmilkbeforegoingto

school,hewill