ESAP医药英语教程全册配套教学课件

ESAP医药英语教程ESAP医药英语教程Unit1WhatisMedicine?Unit1WhatisMedicine?SkillsfocusListeningpreparingforalecturepredictinglecturescontentfromtheintroductionunderstandinglectureorganizationchoosinganappropriateformofnotesmakinglecturenotesSpeakingspeakingfromnotesVocabularyfocuswordsfromgeneralEnglishwithaspecialmeaninginmedicalstudiesprefixesandsuffixesSkillsfocusVocabularyfocus1.1Vocabulary1.2Listening1.3ExtendingSkills1.4ExtendingSkills1.1Vocabulary1.2Listening1.3UsingrelatedwordsSometimesawordingeneralEnglishhasaspecialmeaninginmedicine.Examples:patient,dressing,theatreIfyourecognizeawordbutdon’tunderstanditincontext,think:Whatisthebasicmeaningoftheword?Doesthathelpmeunderstandthespecialmeaning?GuessingwordsincontextVocabularybankUsingrelatedwordsGuessingwoExamples:

Watercandripfromatap.Adripmeansatinyflowofliquid.Ifadoctorputsapatientonadrip,itmeansthatthepatientreceiveatinyflowofsometypeofliquid,usuallyintheformofadrug,suchasanantibiotic.GuessingwordsincontextVocabularybankExamples:GuessingwordsinconAReadthee-mail.WhatdothewordinbluemeaninmedicalEnglish?HiBethHopeyou’rehavingagoodtimeonholiday.I’mstuckinfrontofmycomputeragain,tryingtofinishmyhistoryessay.It’s11:30a.m.andI’mnotevendressedyet.Actually,we’vegotaleakinthebathroomandI’mwaitingfortheplumbertocomeandfixthevalves,orwhatever’swrongwithit.He’swaitingforadeliveryoftheparts,apparently.I’mtryingtobepatient,buteverytensecondsIcanhearadripfromthebathroomandit’sstartingtodrivemecrazy!Someofthegirlsinvitedmetoseeaplayatthetheatrelastnight.It’snotmykindofthingnormally,butIhavetoadmitthecastwereexcellent,evenifthestorylinewasnotthatgreat.Itriedtotakeaphotoofthemforyou,butmyfingerwascoveringthecameralens,soithasn’tcomeoutverywell.Anyway–backtomyhistoryessay.Seeyounextweek.Sophie1.1VocabularyAReadthee-mail.Whatdothenotesaboutthepatient’spreviousandpresentmedicalproblem(s)protectivecoveringforawoundtoavoidinfectionduringthehealingprocessfeatureoftheheartthatenablesittofunctionbyopeningandclosing,allowingbloodtopassthroughdeliveryroom–roominhospitalwherebabiesareborn/deliveredpersonwhoreceivescarefromadoctor,nurseorotherhealthcareprofessionalliquidpassedslowlyintopatient’sbloodthroughatuberoominahospitalwhereoperationsareperformeddepartmentinhospitalwherepatientsregisteronarrivalmadeofplasterofParistoaidinthehealingofbrokenbonesbykeepingthebodypartstiffpartoftheeyelocatedbehindthepupilthatfocuseslightpartofspeechchangedfromverbtonounpartofspeechchangedfromadjectivetonounpartofspeechchangedfromverbtonounpartofspeechchangedfromverbtonounworksinasimilarwaytoavalveinplumbingworksinasimilarwaytoacameralensnotesaboutthepatient’sprevBCompleteeachsentencewithoneofthewordsinredfromExerciseA.Changetheformifnecessary.1It’sonlyfairlyrecentlythat‘birthingpartners’havebeenallowedtobepresentinthe_________room.2Behindtheirisisthesoft,elastic_____thatwidensorcontractsunderdifferentlightingconditions.3The________willneedtotaketheprescriptiontothepharmacistinordertogethismedication.4Theheartisamuscularpump,dependentonaseriesoffour_______thatenableittofunction.5Takethepatient’s________byaskinghimorherabouttheirpastandcurrentmedicalproblems.6Youwillbetakendownto_________foryouroperationonceyouhavebeenseenbytheanaesthetist.7Thepatientwas___________totheEmergencyUnitfollowinganear-fatalcaraccident,andiscurrentlyona______.8Thenursewillchangethe__________onyourwoundnow,butthe________onyourlegwon’tcomeoffforanotherweekorso.deliverylenspatienthistoryadmitteddriptheatrevalvesdressingcast1.1VocabularyBCompleteeachsentencewithC&DStudyboxaandboxb.abasewordextralettersatthebeginningprefixabasewordextralettersattheendsuffix1.1VocabularyC&DStudyboxaandboxb.abaantibiodisiminirmalmicrooutpretransultraunagainstrelatedtohumanlifelackofnotnotnotbad/wrongverysmallexteriorbeforefromoneplacetoanotherexcessivenot/oppositePREFIXanti-inflammatorybiologydisabilityimplantinsomniairreversiblemalformedmicroscopeoutbreakpre-existingtransplantultravioletunconsciousantibiodisiminirmalmicrooutpresisisticingfulfymentityismnounspecialistinthestudyofadjectivenounverb→adjectivemakeintoverb→nounadjective→nounnounSUFFIXdialysisradiologistgeneticconditioningtastefulmodifytreatmentimmunityorganismsisisticingfulfymentityismnounSUFFIXalionianogyerateancenessizenoun→adjectiveverb→nounrelatedtoperson’sjobtitlestudyofrelatedtoperson’sjobtitletomakeverb→nounadjective→nountocause/tobecomechemicalinvestigationpaediatricianhistologydriverprocreateacquaintanceweaknesshospitalizeSUFFIXalionianogyerateancenessEDescribethefollowingpicturesdeliveryroom,deliveringababyadmissions,admitapatienthistoryofapatient,takethepatient’shistory1.1VocabularyEDescribethefollowingpictutheoperationistakingplaceintheatre,operatingtheatrethelegisinacast,aplastercastbeingonadripdressingforawoundEDescribethefollowingpictures1.1Vocabularytheoperationistakingplacelens(ofaneye)thejointofaknee,kneejointthevalvehelpsthehearttofunctioneffectively,aorticvalveEDescribethefollowingpictures1.1Vocabularylens(ofaneye)thejointofaAYouareastudentintheFacultyofMedicineatHadfordUniversity.ThetitleofthefirstlectureisWhatismedicine?1Writeadefinitionofmedicine.2Whatotherideaswillbeinthislecture?Makesomenotes.SeeSkillsbank.1.2ListeningAYouareastudentintheFacMakingthemostoflecturesPlanPreparePredictProduce4PsSkillsbankMakingthemostoflecturesPlaPlanFindoutthetopicofthelecture.Researchthetopic.CheckthepronunciationofnamesandkeywordsinEnglish.Beforealecture…SkillsbankPlanBeforealecture…SkillsbaPrepareGettothelectureroomearly.Sitwhereyoucanseeandhearclearly.Bringanyequipmentyoumayneed.Writethedate,topicandnameofthelectureratthetopofasheetofpaper.SkillsbankBeforealecture…PrepareSkillsbankBeforealecPredictListencarefullytotheintroduction.Think:Whatkindoflectureisthis?Writeanoutline.Leavespacefornotes.Thinkofpossibleanswers/solutions/effects,etc.,whilethelecturerisspeaking.SkillsbankDuringalecture…PredictSkillsbankDuringalecProduceWritenotes/copyfromtheboard.Recordsources–books/websites/names.Attheend,askthelecturer/otherstudentsformissinginformation.Duringalecture…SkillsbankProduceDuringalecture…SkillsaItisaboutdissectingbodies.____bItisaboutunderstandingphysiology.____cItisaboutbecominghealers.____dItisaboutalotofstudying.____BListentoPart1ofthetalk.Whatdoesthelecturersayaboutmedicine?Tickoneormoreofthefollowing.√1.2Listening请将本单元的音频和本PPT放在一个单独的文件夹中，点击小喇叭即可播放音频（下同）aItisaboutdissectingbodieCInPart2ofthetalk,whatcoresubjectswillamedicalstudentstudy?MedicinetraditionalmodelanatomyStructureofbodyphysiologyHealthbodyfunctionpharmacologyHowdrugsinteractwithlivingorganismbiochemistryThestructureandfunctionofchemicalcompoundspathologyDiseasescourseandtheircurepre-clinical+clinicalstudies1.2ListeningCInPart2ofthetalk,whatDInPart3ofthetalk,thelecturermentionscellandscan.WhatdothesewordsmeaningeneralandmedicalEnglish?placeofimprisonmentlookroundorreadquicklysmallestunitoflivingorganismuseofultrasoundtovisualizeinternalorgansandbodytissue1.2ListeningDInPart3ofthetalk,thelEInPart4ofthetalk,thelecturerprovidesmoredetailonwhatiscoveredbyhumananatomy.medicalsubjectsAnatomy(structureofhumanbody)grossanatomystudywithnakedeyesmicroscopicanatomyhistologycytologyhispathologyPharmacology(studyofdrugs)WhatdrugsareHowdrugsworkWhatdrugsdo1.2ListeningEInPart4ofthetalk,thelThestudyoftheoutwardappearanceofthestructuresofthehumanbody.FWriteadefinitionofanatomy1.2ListeningThestudyoftheoutwardappeathemainideas?mostofthespecialvocabulary?theorderofinformation?GLookbackatyournotesfromExerciseA.Didyoupredict:1.2Listeningthemainideas?GLookbackatAInamedicalcontext,whatcanyou…adisease,acondition,cancerapatient,acondition,diabetespatienthistory,observations,resultsresultsofatest,findings,compounds,samplesmedicine,dentistry,veterinarymedicine,oncologyanoperation,anexperiment,anultrasoundscanmedicine,tablets,exercise,drugs,medication,treatmentdrugs,aninjection,adoseresultsofatest,anx-ray,anultrasound[scan]1.3ExtendingskillsAInamedicalcontext,whatcBHowcanyouorganizeinformationinalecture?Matchthebeginningsandendings.questionandproblemandadvantagesandclassificationandcomparisonandcauseandsequenceofstagesofatheoriesoropinionsthencontrastdefinitioneffectdisadvantageseventssupportinginformationprocesssolutionanswer1.3ExtendingskillsBHowcanyouorganizeinformaprosconsadvantagesanddisadvantagesclassificationanddefinitioncauseandeffectcomparisonandcontrasttwocolumnstreediagramspidergramMakingperfectlecturenotestableSkillsbankprosconsadvantagesanddisadva18th

19th

1920

factsandfiguresstagesofprocesssequenceofeventstimelineflowcharttablequestionandanswerheadingsandnotesMakingperfectlecturenotesSkillsbank18thfactsandfiguresstaExampleYouhear:Inthelecturetoday,I’mgoingtotalkaboutthedifferentstagesofAlzheimer’sandhowthesecanberecognizedinthepatient…Youchoose:flowchartEListentofivelectureintroductions.ChooseapossiblewaytotakenotesfromExerciseCineachcase.1.3ExtendingskillsExampleEListentofivelecturLecture1Lecture2Lecture3Lecture4Lecture5advantagesanddisadvantages(twocolumns)classificationanddefinition(treediagram)processofstages(flowchart)problemandsolution(headingsandnotes/twocolumns)causeandeffect(spidergram)EListentofivelectureintroductions.ChooseapossiblewaytotakenotesfromExerciseCineachcase.1.3ExtendingskillsLecture1advantagesanddilasersurgeryscalpelantisepticvaccinationstagnantwaterAStudypictures1-5.Whatdotheyshow?Matchthefollowingwords.1.4ExtendingskillslasersurgeryscalpelantiseptiBWhatdoeseachdiagram(a-c)show?thethyroidglandbrainscanscomparingahealthypatientwithapatientsufferingfromAlzheimer’sthechemicalbreakdownofpenicillin1.4ExtendingskillsBWhatdoeseachdiagram(a-c)1.4ExtendingskillsCListentothelectureintroductionsfromlesson1.3again.Makeanoutlineofyournotes.DLookatyouroutlineforeachlecture.Whatdoyouexpectthelecturetotalkaboutinthelecture?Inwhatorder?1.4ExtendingskillsCListentEListentothenextparteachlecture.Completeyournotes.Lecture1

Lecture2

Lecture3Lecture4Lecture5

1.4Extendingskills请将本单元的音频和本PPT放在一个单独的文件夹中，点击超链接即可播放音频EListentothenextparteachGWorkinpair.1Usethenotesontheoppositepage.Reconstructonelecture.2Givethelecturetoanotherpair.1.4ExtendingskillsFUncovertheoppositepage.Checkyournotesagainstthemodelnotes.Areyoursthesameordifferent?GWorkinpair.1.4ExtendingsTipsforReference1.1Vocabulary部分，可以先让学生课前通过查阅词典等完成A、B、C、D的练习；接着，课堂上讲解vocabularybank中的“Guessingwordsincontext”技能；E部分的图片可以请学生课堂讨论。1.2Listening部分，按次序听完，并将skillsbank中“Makingthemostoflectures”技能融入听力训练中。1.3Extendingskills部分，重点讲解如何通过学术讲座的开头介绍，设计笔记的类型。1.4Extendingskills部分，可以作为学生课后操练的练习；由学生听完整的讲座内容，并做好笔记；课堂上请学生根据笔记讲述内容。TipsforReference1.1VocabulaUnit2AchievementsinMedicineUnit2AchievementsinMedicinSkillsfocusReadingusingresearchquestionstofocusonrelevantinformationinatextusingtopicsentencestogetanoverviewofthetextWritingwritingtopicsentencessummarizingatextVocabularyfocusEnglish–Englishdictionaries:headwordsdefinitionspartsofspeechphonemesstressmarkerscountable/uncountabletransitive/intransitiveSkillsfocusVocabularyfocus2.1Vocabulary2.2Reading2.3Extendingskills2.4Extendingskills2.1Vocabulary2.2Reading2.3EThiskindofdictionaryhelpsyouactuallylearnEnglish.Usingheadwordsandpartsofspeech1Findthecorrectheadword.Theseboldwordsinadictionaryareinalphabeticalorder.Lookatthewordsonthetopleftandtoprightofthedoublepage.Findwordswhichcomejustbeforeandafteryourword.2Findthecorrectmeaning.Iftherearedifferentmeaningsoftheword,theyappearinanumberedlist.Lookatallthemeaningsbeforeyouchoosethecorrectoneincontext.UsingyourEnglish–EnglishdictionaryVocabularybankThiskindofdictionaryhelpsUsingheadwordsandpartsofspeech3Findthecorrectpartofspeech.Sometimesthesameheadwordappearsmorethanonce,followedbyasmallnumber.Thismeansthewordhasmorethanonepartofspeech,e.g.,nandv.Workoutthepartofspeechbeforeyoulookupaword.Clues:•Nounscomeafterarticles(a/an/the)oradjectives.•Verbscomeafternounsorpronouns.UsingyourEnglish–EnglishdictionaryVocabularybankUsingheadwordsandpartsofsAHowcananEnglish–EnglishdictionaryhelpyouunderstandandproducespokenandwrittenEnglish?Thefollowinginformationisusefulfor

spokenEnglish:stresspronunciationofindividualphonemes–particularlywhenaphonemehasmultiplepronunciationsThefollowinginformationisusefulforwrittenEnglish:informationaboutthetypeofword–C/U;T/I2.1VocabularyAHowcananEnglish–EnglishAHowcananEnglish–EnglishdictionaryhelpyouunderstandandproducespokenandwrittenEnglish?ThefollowinginformationisusefulforwrittenEnglish:thespelling–studentsmightmakethepointthatifyoudon’tknowthespelling,youcan’tfindthewordinthefirstplace,butpointoutthatyoucanoftenguessthepossiblespelling–forexample,medicalcouldbemedikbutifyoudon’tfinditthere,youcantrymedic…examplesofthewordinusetomemorizesomesynonymsforlexicalcohesion–thisisaveryimportantpoint,althoughyoumaynotwanttoelaborateonthisnow2.1VocabularyAHowcananEnglish–English1Whyarethetwowords(topleftandtopright)important?Theytellyouthefirstandlastwordsonthepagestohelpyoulocatethewordyouwant.2Howmanymeaningsdoesmedicationhave?Whataboutmedicine?Medication–onemeaning;medicine–two,plusofcoursethepluraloftheseconddefinitionofmedicationsbecauseitisacountablenoun.3Whydoesthewordmedicalappeartwiceinbold?Becausethesamewordcanbeanadjectiveoranoun.BStudythedictionaryextractontheoppositepage.2.1Vocabulary1Whyarethetwowords(topl4Whatdowecalladoctorworkinginthearmedforces?Amedic.5Whereisthestressonmedicine?Whataboutmedicinal?Medicine–onthefirstsyllable;medicinal–onthesecondsyllable.6Whatisthepronunciationofcineachboldwordinthisextract?Sometimes/k/,sometimes/s/–canstudentsspotthepatternthatc+a=/k/,c+i=/s/,i+c=/k/(asinmedic)?7Whatisthepronunciationofaineachboldwordinthisextract?Twopronunciations–/eɪ/or/Ə/.2.1VocabularyBStudythedictionaryextractontheoppositepage.4Whatdowecalladoctorwor8Whatpartofspeechismedicated?Adjective.9CanyousayYourmedicationsareoutofdate?Explainyouranswer.No–becausemedicationisuncountable.10Canwewrite:Didthedoctormedicateappropriately?Why(not)?No–becausemedicateistransitive,soitmusthaveanobject.2.1VocabularyBStudythedictionaryextractontheoppositepage.8WhatpartofspeechismedicCLookattheboldwordsinthedictionaryextractontheoppositepage.1Whatorderaretheyin?Alphabeticalorder.2Writethewordsintheboxinthesameorder.Checkinthedictionaries.DLookatthetopofthisdoublepagefromanEnglish–Englishdictionary.1WhichwordfromExerciseCwillappearonthesepages?“Medicated”willappearonthedoublespread.2ThinkofwordsbeforeandaftersomeoftheotherwordsinExerciseC.2.1VocabularyCLookattheboldwordsintELookupthegreenwordsfromExerciseCinadictionary.1Howmanymeaningscanyoufindforeachword?2Whatkindofnoun/verbiseachword?3Whichmeaningismostlikelyinamedicalcontext?nn/v/adjUU/Talocalizedswellingorenlargementinoneareaofthebody(n)faecesorurine–humanwastealargequantityornumber(v)tousemoreofsomethingthanisnecessary,ortouseitinawaythatisnotefficient(n)materialsthatarenolongerneededandthrownaway2.1VocabularyELookupthegreenwordsfroELookupthegreenwordsfromExerciseCinadictionary.1Howmanymeaningscanyoufindforeachword?2Whatkindofnoun/verbiseachword?3Whichmeaningismostlikelyinamedicalcontext?nCthin,circularpieceofcartilage,separatingbonesinthebackflatcircularshapeorobject2.1Vocabularyn/adjC(n)partofthebodywheretwobonesmeet(n)aplacewheretwopointsmeet(adj)sharedbytwopeopleELookupthegreenwordsfroELookupthegreenwordsfromExerciseCinadictionary.1Howmanymeaningscanyoufindforeachword?2Whatkindofnoun/verbiseachword?3Whichmeaningismostlikelyinamedicalcontext?nn/vadjU/ICsolidwastepassedthroughthembowelsaseatwithnobackorarmsifthesolidwastefromyourbodyisloose,ithastoomuchliquidinit,e.g.,acoughwherethepatientproducessputum(productivecough)notfirmlyheldorfixedinposition(n)thelaststageofpregnancy,wherethebabyispushedoutofthewomb(v)toworkhard2.1VocabularyELookupthegreenwordsfroFLookuptheboldwordsfromExerciseC.1Whereisthestressineachword?2Whatisthesoundoftheunderlinedletter(s)ineachword?3Whichmeaningismostlikelyinamedicalcontext?describesacoughwherepatientproducessputum(loosecough)producingalotfortheamountofresourcesusedcontainingasubstanceintendedtokillbacteriaandsopreventorcureinfection(ofskinorhair)adjadj/ɒ//ɪ/2.1VocabularyFLookuptheboldwordsfromFLookuptheboldwordsfromExerciseC.1Whereisthestressineachword?2Whatisthesoundoftheunderlinedletter(s)ineachword?3Whichmeaningismostlikelyinamedicalcontext?shortperiodoftimeinwhichapersonisaffectedbadlybyanillnessaneventorshortperiodoftimenC/ɪ/2.1Vocabularypersoninfectedwithadiseasethatcouldbetransmittedtootherspassengerairlineorcompanythatmovespeopleorgoodsfromoneplacetoanothern/ɪ/CFLookuptheboldwordsfrom1Whereisthestressineachword?2Whatisthesoundoftheunderlinedletter(s)ineachword?3Whichmeaningismostlikelyinamedicalcontext?(n)abnormalsoundmadebytheheart(v)tospeakquietlysothatyoucanhardlybeheard(n)personreceivingmedicalcare(adj)calm,abletodealwithadifficultsituationwithoutbecomingangryn/adjn/v/Ə//Ə/CC/I/TFLookuptheboldwordsfromExerciseC.2.1Vocabulary1WhereisthestressineachGTesteachotheronthewordsfromExerciseC.Givethedictionarydefinitionofoneofthewords.Canyourpartnerguesswhichwordyouaredefining?2.1VocabularyGTesteachotheronthewordanultrasoundanartificiallimbapacemakerHDiscussthepicturesontheoppositepageusingwordsfromthislesson.2.1Vocabularyanultrasoundanartificiallimamagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)scaninvitrofertility(IVF)treatmentaskingraftHDiscussthepicturesontheoppositepageusingwordsfromthislesson.2.1Vocabularyamagneticresonanceimaging(AWhatarethegreatestmedicalachievementsofalltime?Possibly:penicillinthediscoveryofDNAorgantransplants…2.2ReadingAWhatarethegreatestmedic1Defineeachachievement.2Howdiditchangehumanlife?3Whichisthegreatestachievement?BStudythetextontheright.Medicalachievementsofthepast50years•vaccinations•steroids(e.g.,cortisone)•cardiacsurgery•organtransplants•magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)•lasersurgery•discoveryofDNAstructure•researchintoendorphinsReference:TheCambridgeHistoryofMedicine,RoyPorter,ed.,20012.2Reading1Defineeachachievement.BSinjectionofamicrobetostimulatetheimmunesystemandsopreventdiseasebeatbacteria,controlleddeficiencyorviraldiseasesandprovidedeffectivemedicationachemicalsubstanceproducednaturallyinthebodymadeitpossibletoincreaseunderstandingoftheimmunesystemsurgeryontheheartenableddoctorstocarryouthearttransplantsandopen-heartsurgeryreplacingonehumanorgan(fromtherecipient)withthatfromanotherperson(thedonor)extendedlivesofpeoplewithchronicheartdisease,forexample2.2ReadingBStudythetextontheright.injectionofamicrobetostimaradiologytechniquethatusesmagnetism,radiowavesandacomputertoproduceimagesofbodystructuresrevolutionizeddiagnosticcapacities,increasedaccuracyofdiseasedetection(inparticulartothehead,traumatothebrain)surgerycarriedoutusinganarrowbeamoflightradiationoralaserbeamtocutthroughtissueenableddoctorstocarryoutmicrosurgery,increasedprecision,recoveryperiodisreducedcomparedwithtraditionalsurgeryoneoftwotypesofmoleculesthatencodegeneticinformationledtodevelopmentsinscreeningforgeneticdiseases,forexamplehormonesproducedinthebrainthatreducefeelingsofpainledtofindingatreatmentforParkinson’sdiseaseandotherdisordersofthenervoussystem2.2ReadingBStudythetextontheright.aradiologytechniquethatuseCYouaregoingtoreadatext.Whatshouldyoudobeforeyoureadatextindetail?SeeSkillsbank.2.2ReadingCYouaregoingtoreadatexBeforeyoustartreading…Thinkofresearchquestions.Inotherwords,askyourself:WhatmustIfindoutfrommyresearch?Lookatheadings,sub-headings,illustrations,etc.Lookforpatternsorvariationsinpresentation,e.g.,aseriesofdates;wordsinboldoritalicscript.Think:What

informationdotheygiveme?Decidehowtorecordinformationfromyourreading.Chooseoneormoremethodsofnote-taking.SeeUnit1Skillsbank.DoingreadingresearchSkillsbankBeforeyoustartreading…DoinDThistextisaboutagreatachievementfromthelast50years.1Thinkofsomeresearchquestionsbeforeyouread.2CompareyourquestionswiththoseintheHadfordUniversityassignmentonthispage.2.2ReadingDThistextisaboutagreatEStudythesetopicsentencesfromthetextandanswerthequestionsbelow.Paragraph1Paragraph2Paragraph3Paragraph4Paragraph5Paragraph6Paragraph7Paragraph8Paragraph9Possiblysomeofthegreatestachievementsinmedicalsciencehavebeenthosemadeincardiacsurgery.OneofthefirstpioneersinthefieldofcardiacsurgerywasDrDwightHarken,aUSarmymedicservingduringWorldWarII.Closed-heartsurgerywasthenextstageinthedevelopmentofcardiacsurgery.However,therewasstillacriticalissuetoberesolvedifcardiacsurgerywastodevelopanyfurther.In1952,open-heartsurgerywasattemptedfortheveryfirsttimeattheUniversityofMinnesota.Butwhatcouldbedoneforpatientswhoseheartswerediseasedbeyondrepairandforwhomtheonlysolutionwasanewheart?Thecomplexproblemoftissuerejectionremainedanissuethroughoutthe1970s.Theprognosisforhearttransplantpatientshasgreatlyimprovedoverthepast20years.Suchbreakthroughsdohavetheirlimitations,however.2.2ReadingEStudythesetopicsentencesEStudythesetopicsentencesfromthetextandanswerthequestionsbelow.1Whichachievementisthistextabout?2WheredoyouexpecttofindtheanswertoeachquestionintheHadfordUniversityassignment?Write1,2or3nexttothetopicsentence.3Whatdoyouexpecttofindintheotherparagraphs?Possiblysomeofthegreatestachievementsinmedicalsciencehavebeenthosemadeincardiacsurgery.OneofthefirstpioneersinthefieldofcardiacsurgerywasDrDwightHarken,aUSarmymedicservingduringWorldWarII.Closed-heartsurgerywasthenextstageinthedevelopment

ofcardiac

surgery.However,therewasstillacriticalissuetoberesolvedifcardiacsurgerywastodevelopanyfurther.In1952open-heartsurgerywasattemptedfortheveryfirsttimeattheUniversityofMinnesota.Butwhatcouldbedoneforpatientswhosehearts

werediseasedbeyondrepairandfor

whomthe

onlysolutionwasanewheart?Thecomplexproblemoftissuerejectionremainedanissuethroughoutthe1970s.Theprognosisforhearttransplantpatientshas

greatlyimprovedoverthepast20years.Suchbreakthroughsdohavetheirlimitations

however.111211/232.2ReadingEStudythesetopicsentencesFReadthetextontheoppositepageandcheckyourideas.SeeSkillsbank.2.2ReadingFReadthetextontheopposiWhileyouarereading…Highlightthetopicsentences.Think:Whichparagraph(s)willprobablygivemetheanswertomyresearchquestions?Readtheseparagraphsfirst.Makenotes.DoingreadingresearchSkillsbankAfterreading…Think:Didthetextanswerallmyresearchquestions?Iftheanswerisno,lookatotherparagraphstoseeiftheinformationisthere.Whileyouarereading…DoingrAStudythewordsinboxa.TheyareallfromthetextinLesson2.2.1Givetwocommonmeaningsforeachword.2Checkwithyourdictionary.aroadpassingaroundatownasopposedtogoingthroughitope