如何用英语发表科技论文-工大讲座

如何撰写国际三大索引高水平

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经验,体会和教训的交流朱阳博士荷兰瓦赫宁根大学内容提要什么是科技文章？如何着手开始写？怎样写符合要求的科技文章？什么是写科技文章的技巧和注意点？怎样选择投稿杂志？怎样应对主编和评审？怎样准备墙报（张贴论文），综述，口头表达，其他？为什么要发表（国际）科技文章科学研究的目的是发表文章科学家被衡量的标准判断科学研究是否完成的标准必须用文字表达出来为什么要做？做了什么？怎么做的？从结果中得到什么启发？是否能被别人重复？全世界科技界的现状科学家必须不仅会做，而且会写！质量差的写作阻碍了高科技的发展科学家的训练过分注重技能的训练许多“好”科学家写“臭”文章更多的科学家不喜欢写文章达尔文：如果一生只要观察而不需要写就幸福的多了。大多数科学家如何学科技写作没有正规的训练课程模仿导师或参考文献的作者少数的成功者绝大多数使得科技写作越来越糟（当然有点过分，因为模仿的同时模仿了科技写作的通病）什么是科技写作清晰表达的需要（特点1）成功的科学研究是一个清晰的思路（方法）用于解决一个清晰地被分析的问题并得到清晰声明的结论而科技发现的首次发表必须用清晰的语言，因为这是对科技界首次推出新的发现，新的内容。什么是科技写作信号被接受（特点2）大树倒在没人的森林之中（有声无人听到：等于无声）科技文章的价值在于被目标读者所接受（理解），而不仅是出现在某一杂志上。由此推理：科学研究的完成只有在发表并被理解以后才算完成。太多的科学研究倒在了无人的原始森林！什么是科技写作信号被理解（特点3）科技写作应该是清晰信号传送到读者所以应该清晰，简单，条理性强无须修饰，美化：切忌隐喻；直喻；成语式的表达–只会引起误解（正确使用英语另述）考虑目标读者同行学生界外读者母语非英语读者什么是科技写作使用合适的语言（特点4）简单，有效，正确地使用英语大多数科学家忽视把成年累月获得的结果精确，简单，清晰地表达在科技文章上。科技英语难否？最好的（科技）英语是用简洁的词汇正确清楚地表达(ABC)科学技术杂志的发展背景最早的科技杂志300多年的历史1665年，JournaldesSçavansinFrance1665年，PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondoninEngland从此期刊作为一个科学交流的平台目前大约10万多种科技期刊生命科学和食品科学的有多少？IMRAD结构早期的期刊都为描述型First,Isaw

this,andthenIsawthat.First,Ididthis,andthenIdidthat.IMRAD结构大约100多年历史Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussion开始被采用源于19世纪中叶，巴斯德的微生物学研究试验的重复性要求详细描述材料和方法IMRAD结构的发展过程Developmentinmedicines(antibiotics)Superpowers(Soviet)threatMoneyproducedscienceandscienceproducedpapersJournalspaceistooprecioustowasteGenerallyacceptedbyeditorsandrefereesIMRAD成为通用的科技文章结构最简单最逻辑化最经济的结构I:研究的问题是什么？M:怎样研究这个问题的？R:什么被发现了？D:这些发现意味着什么？IMRAD成为通用的科技文章结构TohelpauthorstoorganizeandwritethemanuscriptToprovideeasyroadmapforeditorsandrefereesTohelpreaderstofollowinreading什么是科技文章Withoutpublication,scienceisdead.定义：Anacceptablescientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosurecontainingsufficientinformationtoenablepeers:ToassessobservationsTorepeatexperimentsandToevaluateintellectualprocessesThefirstdisclosureTheeffectivefirstdisclosureisaccomplishedONLYwhenthedisclosuretakesaformthatallowsthepeersoftheauthor(eithernoworinthefuture)tofullycomprehendandusethatwhichisdisclosed.Peer-reviewedpublicationPeeroftheauthor–prepublicationpeerreview–scientificpublicationsarepeer-reviewedpublications如何写科技文章的各个部分Title,namesandaddresses,abstract,keywords,IMRAD,acknowledgements,references如何写题目题目的重要性–被成千上万的人看到看全文的人几乎没有或者极少看题目的途径可以是看刊登你文章的期刊或通过检索系统因而题目中所有的词必须极其仔细地选择包括用的词，词之间相互的关系绝大多数糟糕题目的毛病出在长度和词序问题上什么是一个好题目定义：最少可能的用词量，恰当地表达文章的内容。道理：摘要和索引（电子化）系统很大程度取决于题目中用词的正确性非正确表达内容的题目使你的文章失去活力而永远到达不了预期的读者群(treefallsinaremoteforest)题目的长度太短的题目：Studyonbacteria这样的题目对潜在读者没有任何帮助的意义：是研究分类学？遗传学？生物化学还是医学有关的内容？更多的情况是题目太长：比短题目更糟糕长题目往往含有“废词”而且以废词开始，例如：Studyon,Investigationon,Researchon,Observationonetc.,OrbeginwithA,Anetc.SpecifyyourtitleActionofantibioticsonbacteriaPreliminaryobservationsoneffectofcertainantibioticsonvariousbacteriaShorttitlesaremainlytoogeneralandnotspecificImportantandspecificcontentofthepapershouldbeexpressedinthetitleSpecifictitleActionofStreptomycinonMycobacteriumtuberculosisActionofStreptomycin,NeomycinandTetracyclineonGram-PositivebacteriaActionofPolyeneAntibioticsonPlant-PathogenicBacteriaActionofvariousantifungalantibioticsonCandidaalbicansandAspergillusfumigatusFurthermodificationActionof:toogeneralChangethefirsttitleas:InhibitionofgrowthofMycobacteriumtuberculosisby

Streptomycin题目中词序的重要性（至关紧要）题目中语法错误大多为词序问题MechanismofnontransmissiblePneumoniainmiceinducedbyNewcastleDiseasevirusWhatcaninduceamice?MechanismofnontransmissiblePneumoniainducedinmicebyNewcastlediseasevirus题目中词序的重要性（至关紧要）MultipleinfectionsamongnewbornsresultingfromimplantationwithStaphylococcusaureus502ACanStaphresultinhumanlives?TrytomodifyBecarefulwithcertainwordsintitle“Using”isaverydangerouswordUsingafiber-opticbronchoscope,dogswereimmunizedwithsheepredbloodcellsIsolationofantigensfrommonkeysusingcomplement-fixationtechniquesCharacterizationofbacteriacausingmastitisbygas-liquidchromatography题目是你的标签题目是文章的标签题目不是句子：所以不含主谓语（没有主语和动词）（有极少数杂志允许句子型，例如Cell）由于没有主语和动词，比常规句子短，而词序更重要根据索引和摘要系统的操作，题目必须包含关键内容题目中的缩写和行话题目中绝对不允许含有缩写，分子式，专用名词，行话（隐喻）或类似的用语设计题目时考虑：我如果在索引中寻找如何发现我的主要内容？例如：文章的主题是盐酸的作用；WritethenHydrochloricacidinsteadofHCl怎样写署名，作者排序和地址排名次序引起的不愉快可以从小磨擦到大灾难公开争论排名次序的不常听见，而因排名次序引起的朋友变敌人大有所在遗憾的是没有统一的排序方法数学界通行字母顺序的排名法（希望能够推广，例如华人可用姓氏笔画顺序）科学界常见的排名方法第一作者贡献最大（实际运作者，尽管往往是学生）根据贡献大小排序单位（所，组，室）领导总在上面（一般排名最后，也有因需要时抢第一的时候）小单位则人人排上（皆大欢喜）也有人喜欢排在最后（Seniorposition)HowtowriteyournamesForwesternpeoplemoresurname,fewgivenname.ForChineseotherwayaround.UsefullspellingofChinesenames,accordingtowhatappearsonyourpassport.Thishasbeenstandardizedinthe1970’sbytheChinesegovernmentShuibianChen;S.B.Chen;Shui-BianChen;ShuiBianChen;S.ChenKeepconsistencythroughoutyourscientificcareer

(Chinesefemaleauthors

haveadvantagehere)Scientificjournalsdon’tprintdegreeandtitleChinesecustomtoletpeopleseeyourdegreeortitle(Prof.Dr.BA,MS,MBA)Scientificjournalsdon’tprintthesewastewordsOnlymedicaljournalsdoprintsuchasMDandPhDetc(directafternamesorinfootnotes)NeverusedegreeandtitleinreferencecitationListingofaddressAuthorsmustbeconnectedwiththecorrectaddressOneauthor–oneaddressMoreauthorinthesameorganization–oneaddressMoreauthorsatdifferentorganizations–differentaddressesIftheauthormovedtodifferentaddress–footnotesayingpresentaddressWhyaddressisimportantToidentifytherightauthorConfusingcausedbyauthorswhouseonlyinitialssuchasS.ChenTofindtherightaddresstoaskoff-prints:thusprovidestreetnameandnumber,postcode,placeandcountryCorrespondingauthor:Tel,Fax,Email;countrycodeaftera“+”+86-931-1234567HowtowriteAbstractWhatisanabstractAbstractisamini-versionofthepaperAbstractisabriefsummaryofthemainsectionsincludingIMRADAbstractisdefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocumentFunctionofanabstractAwellwrittenabstractserves:EnablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccuratelyTodeterminetherelevancetotheirinterestsTodecidewhethertoreadthewholetextAbstracthaslimitationsLength(numberofwordstobeallowed):iftheguidancetoauthorssays100andyouuse250(rejectioncanbeexpected)MustbeinasingleparagraphNormallynoabbreviations-why?Abstractscanserveindependentlythusnousetomakeabbreviations.Writteninpasttense(workalreadydone)WhatmustbeinanabstractStatetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigationDescribethemethodsemployedSummarizetheresultsStatetheprincipalconclusionsMUSTNOT:Informationandconclusionthatarenotwritteninthetext;Nevercitingreferencesinabstracts(withexceptions)TypesofabstractsInformative:asmentionedabovecanbeindependentlyusedasheadingandinindexsystemsIndicative–descriptive:usedforreviewpapers,conferencereport,governmentreport.Indicativeabstractscannotreplacethewholetext.EconomyofwordsSeldommissscientistssomethinginabstractsToomanyuseextraneousdetailsStoryofascientist:WanttotellhisstoryintheabstractConsideringlimitationsoflengthmighthindertheacceptanceofhispaperDeletewordsandwordsHisfinalabstract:E=mc2(Whowasthat?)WhyabstractsareofcrucialimportanceServesasheadingofyourmanuscript

readfirstbyeditorsandreviewersThefirstimpressionismostimportantYouhavetoattracttheinterestofthereviewersfromyourabstract(otherwisecaselost)Abstractseversasacceptanceforparticipatingconferences(sometimes€)

MoreattentionsinwritingabstractNeverusewastewords:ifyoucanwritein100words,neveruse200wordsConcentrationspanofeditorsandreviewersisshort,thusshort,effectiveandclearOtherwiseyouwillgetaprejudgmentandtheconsequenceisrejection!HowtowriteIntroductionAbadbeginningmakesabadending!Seldombeginexperiencedwriterswithintroduction(togetherwithabstractalwayslater)PurposeofIntroductionSupplysufficientbackgroundinformationofthestudyLetthereadersunderstandandevaluateyourstudywithoutneedingtoreferliteraturesStateyourpurposeinwritingthepaperCarefullychooseaselectednumberofreferences(itisNOTareviewarticle)TherulesofwritingIntroductionClearlystatethenatureandscopeoftheproblemstudiedReviewliterature(self-controllednumbers)toorientthereaderStatethemethodsusedStatetheprincipalresultsStatetheprincipalconclusionsWhywefollowtheserules?Attracttheattentionandinterestofthereadersbyclearlystatingtheproblem(whyIchoosethisproblemandwhyitisimportant)Thenguidethereaderstoaquickliteraturereviewandunderstandyourchoice(andmethods).ThennaturallyleadtoprincipalresultsandconclusionsTense,citationandabbreviationsinIntroductionMostpartusepresenttense(tensewillbediscussedseparately)Citingyourownrelatedpublications(includingthoseInPress)Defineandexplainspecifictermsandabbreviations(Abbreviationswillbediscussedseparately)HowtowriteMaterialsandMethodsPurposeofthissectionReproducibilitywithsufficientdetailsWritteninpasttense(itisalreadydone)Agoodreviewerwillreadthispartcarefullyandmightdoubtyour“exciting”resultsifyouwrotethispartpoorly,causingthedoubtinthereproducibility(Rejection)WriteMaterialsTechnicalspecificationQuantityandsourceormethodofpreparationAvoidusingtradenames(company,place,country)Animals,plantsandmicroorganismsidentifiedaccurately(publicdepositnumbersofstrainsinourcase)ImportanceofaccuracyYourreputationCheckGuidanceforauthorsReadaselectedrecentpaperinthejournaltosubmityourpaperMethodsChronologicalbutlogicalorderHeadingandsubheadingConsidermatchingtheheadingandsubheadingswiththoseinresultsanddiscussion(easyandlogicalreading)MeasurementsandanalysisTemperature,speed,time,volume,wavelength,ratioetc.givepreciselythedetailsStatewhethertheexperimentsweredoneinduplicateorintriple.UseofreferencesIfthemethodiscompletelynewofyourown,youhavetogivealldetailsIfmethodfollowedareference,citethenthereferencebutstillmentionthemethodinoneshortsentence:“Cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviouslydescribed(9)”isbetterthan“cellswerebrokenaspreviouslydescribed(9)”UseoftablesWhenlargenumberofstrainsandmutantswereusedIfyouhavetodescribechemicalpropertiesofalargenumbercompoundsHowtocheckyourwritingofMaterialsandMethodsAskaclosecolleaguetoreadthispartwhetherhe/shecanrepeatyourexperiments(youaretooclosetofindoutmistakes)Checkgrammarandpayattentiontosyntaxaswellaspastandpresentparticipants,prepositions(discussinaseparatepart)HowtowriteResultsResults=coreofthepaperTwomainpartsBigpicture:overviewPresentingthedataWritteninpasttenseHowtopresentresultsThefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthemSelectrepresentingresultsStriveforclarityAvoidredundancyHowtowritetheDiscussionHardestsectiontowriteHighrejectionchancebecauseofpoordiscussionKeyelementsofDiscussionPresentprinciples,relationshipsandgeneralizationsshownbyResults,notrecapitulateresultsPointoutexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpointsShowagreementbetweenresultsandinterpretation(orcontrasttopreviouslypublishedwork)KeyelementsofDiscussion(2)DiscussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourresultsAnypossiblepracticalapplicationsClearlystateyourconclusionsSummarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusionHowtostatetheAcknowledgmentsTwopossibleingredientsResearchrelatedpersonsOutsidefinancialassistanceHowtocitetheReferencesFollowtheinstructionsUsingsoftwareCarefullycheckagainstoriginalpublications(names,year,title,journalname,volumeandissuenumber,pagenumbers),italicsforstrainnamesetc.ConfirmcitationinthetextappearsinthelistandviceversaSubmitandwhatthen?Selectionofajournal,submission,writingacoverletter,dealingwitheditorsandreviewersChoosingajournalWheretosubmit?Consideranddecidethisbeforeyoustarttypingyourmanuscript!Youhavetofollow“Instructionstoauthors”WhatdeterminesyourselectionofajournalThenatureofyourworkYouhavetoidentifythejournalsthatpublishinyourareaofstudyHowtofindpossiblejournalsScanrecentissuesof“CurrentContents”ScanjournaltitlesScantablesofcontentsIdentifyjournalsthatarepossiblypublishingworkinyourfieldFurtheridentifyrightjournalsReadthestatementofthejournal(coverpageofthejournal)Readthescopeofthejournal(presentedinInstructionstoauthors)LooktableofcontentscarefullyinacurrentissueTalkwithyourcolleagues(supervisors)Whathappenswithawrong