医学英语 第一讲

医学英语应用文写作

题名的结构Title1．多见短语如：名词+介词Blindness视觉缺失AfterTreatmentforMalignantHypertension名词+分词UnilateralNeurogenicPruritusFollowingStroke中风后单侧神经性瘙痒名词+不定式SuggestiontoAbolishIcterusIndexDetermination黄疸指数测定whereQuantitativeBilirubinAssay胆红素定量isAvailable建议能做胆红素定量的化验室不再做黄疸指数测定

名词+同位语Gentamicine,aSelectiveAgentfortheisolationofBetahemolyticStreptoccoci(β-溶血性链球菌)庆大霉素是分离β-溶血性链球菌的选择性药物名词+从句EvidencethattheV-sisGeneProductTransformsbyInteractionwiththeReceptorforPlatelet-derivedGrowthFactor.V-sis基因产物由血小板生成因子受体相互作用而转化的依据动名词短语PreventingStrokeinpatientswithAtrialFibrillation心旁纤颤患者中风预防DetectingAcuteMyocardialInfarction急性心肌梗死byRadio-immunoassayforCreativeKinase酐激酶用放射免疫法测定酐激酶诊断急性心肌梗死介词短语OnControllingRectalCancer陈述句DietaryCholesterol膳食胆固醇

isCo-carcinogenic协同致癌因素

forhumancolon结肠

Cancer疑问句HomeorHospitalBirths?IsTreatmentofBorderline(零界)HypertensionGoodorBad?

副标题Subtitle主要用来突出病例数目、研究重点或研究方法等，例如：1）数目：EndoluminalStent-graft带支架腔内搭桥forAorticAneurysms动脉瘤:Areportof6cases带支架腔内搭桥治疗动脉瘤的六例报告2）重点:Aorto-arteritis大动脉炎:ChestX-rayAppearanceandItsClinicalSignificance大动脉炎胸部X线表现及临床意义3）方法GallstoneIleus（胆结石梗阻）:ARetrospectiveStudy4)作用CarcinoembryonicAntigeninBreast-cancerTissue:AusefulPrognosticindicator乳腺癌组织中癌胚抗原——一种有用的预后指示5）疑问Unresolved—Dodrinkershavelesscoronaryheartdisease?6)连载顺序PhysicalandChemicalStudiesofHumanBloodSerum:II.AstudyofmiscellaneousDiseaseconditions.

人类血清的理论研究：II.多种病例的研究

7）时间ACollaborative综合StudyofBurnNursinginChina:1995-1999格式所有词首字母大写（除虚词之外）只是第一个词的首字母大写副标题中只是第一个词的首字母大写题名中的冠词省略题名上可加脚注,其表示方法常用表达资助单位，如：TobeSupportedbyorSupportedby;GrantSupport；orSourcesofFunding；致谢，如：Tothank…for…;…tobeacknowledged通讯地址，如：Correspondence:AddressorRequestsforreprintshouldbeaddressedto(索取复印本请致函。年会报告，如：presentedat文章来源：From…;作者的名字格式：LIShizhen或LiShizhen;GaoChang’an注：名中的第二个词由元音开头时，用撇号。）收稿和出版日期：Received….;Acceptedforpublication….常见句式举例1.讨论型Discussionof/on;Anapproachto;Aprobeinto;Investigationof;Evaluationof/on（汉语中的“初步体会”、“试论”、“浅析”之类的谦辞可以不译。直接表达本意。）心脏性猝死51例临床病理探讨Suddencardiacdeath;Clinicopathologicinvestigationof51cases.2.观察、报告、结果型：Anobservation/Observationsof/on/inClinicalObservationon342CaseswithAllergicRhinitis鼻炎,鼻粘膜炎3.调查类：Surveyof/on慢性肾功能衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法38例调查ParathyroidectomyinChronicRenalFailure:Surveyof38Cases

4.体会经验类:Experiencein/with；Reflectionon治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会RecentExperiencewithBacillemia菌血症DuetoGram-negativeOrganisms.5.总结综述Summaryof/Experienceof;Reviewof35例恶性高血压治疗总结TreatmentforMalignantHypertension:AnExperienceof35Cases6.问题型Problemof;SomeAspectson甲状腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题CertainProblemsoftheSurgicalTreatmentofHyperparathyroiddism.7.探究Studyof/on/in;Probeinto;Explorationof心脏病患者血小板功能的研究PlateletFunctionStudiesinHeartDisease

8.报告Reportof/onAReportofRosai-Dorfman腮腺肿块病9.药物治疗和非药物治疗：…intheTreatmentof…;Managementof…;Treatment..with..;Useof…inthetreatmentof…Therapyof/for…by…皮质激素治疗败血症休克UseofSteroid类固醇intheTreatmentofClinicalSepticShock血透析治疗牛皮癣TreatmentofPsoriasisbyHemodialysis10.诊断…inthediagnosisof…;Detectionof…in…Diagnosisof…by/with…Detectionof…by…Applicationof…totheDiagnosisof…胆石症超声波诊断UltrasonographyintheDiagnosisofGallstones.标题的常见错误词不达意宫颈癌术前介入化疗的临床研究Clinicalresearchofcervicalcanceronpreoperativeinterventionalchemotherapy改译:Clinicalresearchofpreoperativeinterventionalchemotherapyforcervicalcancer误译漏译高频彩超X线钼靶诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的价值比较及漏诊原因分析DiagnosticvalueofhighfrequencyultrasonographyandmammographyforbreastmalignanttumorDiagnosticvalueofhighfrequencyultrasonographyandmammographyforbreastmalignanttumorandanalysisonmisseddiagnosisandmisdiagnosis缩略语的使用CCK=cholecystokinin胆囊收缩素EffectofcholecystokininonelectricityactivityofgastricdistensionrelatedneuronsonNTS（孤束核中）胆囊收缩素对胃扩张相关神经元电活动NTS歧义多，应换成NucleustractussolitariiEffectofcholecystokininonelectricityactivityofneuronsinnucleustractus束solitariirelatedtogastricdistension冗词降钙素基因相关肽与冠状动脉病变关系的探讨Studyfortherelationshipbetweenserumcalcitoningene-relatedpeptideandcoronaryarteriopathy.Serumcalcitoningene-relatedpeptideandcoronaryarteriopathy.不够醒目正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症ObstructivesleepapneasyndrometreatedbycontinuouspositiveairwaypressureContinuouspositiveairewaypressureforobstructivesleepapneasyndrome在下列英文标题中识别关键词、分析结构并翻译。-Suddencardiacdeath：Clinicpathologicinvestigationof51cases心脏性猝死51例临床病理探讨-ParanthyroidectomyinChronicRenalFailure:Surveyof38Cases慢性肾功能衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法38例调查-RecentExperiencewithBacillemia菌血症duetoGram-negativeOrganisms.治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会-TreatmentforMalignantHypertension:AnExperienceof35Cases35例恶性高血压治疗总结-CertainProblemsoftheSurgicalTreatmentofHyperparathyroidism.甲状旁腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题-PlateletFunctionStudiesinHeartDisease心脏病患者血小板功能的研究-AReportofRosai-Dorfman腮腺肿块性病报告-UseofSteroid（类固醇）intheTreatmentofClinicalSepticShock皮质激素治疗败血症休克-TreatmentofPsoriasisbyHemodialysis血液透析治疗牛皮癣-UltrasonographyintheDiagnosisofGallstones.胆石症超声波诊断请把下列句子改写成名词性短语标题-Thyroid(ai)甲状腺癌cancerisalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiation放射改为：Thyroidcancerasalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiation-Coronaryheartdisease:Overweightandobesityareriskfactors改为：Coronaryheartdisease:Overweightandobesityasriskfactors-Highbloodpressureisasideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfood改为：Highbloodpressure:Asideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfood-Highuricacidservesasanindicatorofcardiovasculardisease改为：Highuricacidasanindicatorofcardiovasculardisease-Prostaglandins前列腺素serveasmediatorsofinflammation改为：Prostaglandinsasmediatorsofinflammation1青藤碱sinomenine.依赖性的实验研究2血管内超声评价直接管状动脉内支架置入术stentimplantation的临床研究3转基因transgenic番茄口服液研究中卡那霉素kanamycin筛选方案的探讨4完全闭塞与非闭塞occludedversusnonoccluded冠状动脉病变支架植入术比较5灯盏花素breviscapine注射液治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞后血流动力学的研究6.血液透析hemodynamic对尿毒症uremic患者外周树状dendritic细胞的影响7.老年人创伤geriatrictrauma的临床分析8.心肌细胞的分离培养和细胞形态学观察9.青光眼Glaucoma持续高眼压手术治疗单用吗啡与联合用药治疗转移metastatic骨肿瘤疼痛的疗效比较体内外环境vivoandinvitro对骨髓间细胞mesenchymal向神经细胞分化的影响集束电极射频治疗electrodeRF肝恶性肿瘤疗效合并发症的CT评价中国中老年人向心性肥胖centralobesitytocardiovascular和心血管病危险因素及其聚集性clustering多普勒Doppler-derivedflow超声右室流出道血流参数评价肺心病右室ventricularsystolicpulmonary收缩功能变应原诱导Allergen-induced的非过敏性支气管反应性增高庆大霉素是分离β-溶血性链球菌betahemolyticstreptococci的选择性药物不同配方胃肠外营养对大鼠肝部分切除partialhepatecomy后肝再生的影响1Astudyonthedependenceofsinomenine.2Directcoronarystentimplantationbyintrovascularultrasoundguidance3Aprotocolofscreeningbykanamycininstudiesoftransgenictomatooralvaccine4.Comparisonofclinicalandangiographic血管造影术outcomesofstentingfortotallyoccludedversusnonoccludedcoronaryarterylesions5.Astudyonhemodynamicchangeaftertreatmentofcentralretinalveinocclusionwithbreviscapineinjection6.Theinfluenceofhemodialysisondendriticcellinperipheralbloodinuremicpatients7.Theclinicalanalysisofgeriatrictrauma8.Primarycultureofmyocardialcellsandtheirmorphologicalfeatures9.Surgicaltreatmentofglaucomapatientswithpersistentintraocularhypertension10.Comparisonoftherapeuticeffectsbetweensinglemorphineanddrugcombinationforpaininmetastaticbonetumor11.Effectsofenvironmentinvivoandinvitroonthedifferentiationofmesenchymalstemcellsofboneintoneuralcells.12.CTscanningforevaluationofefficiencyofclusterelectrodeRFonhepticcarcinomaanditscomplications13.RelationshipofcentralobesitytocardiovascularriskfactorsandtheirclusteringinmiddleagedChinesepopulation14.Doppler-derivedflowindicatesofrightventricularoutflowtractforevaluationofrightventricularsystolicfunctioninpatientswithpulmonaryheartdisease.15.Allergen-inducedincreaseinnonallergicbronchialreactivity16.Gentamicin,aselectiveagentfortheisolationofbetahemolyticstreptococci.17.Influenceofdifferenttotalparenteralnutritionsupportuponhepaticregenerationafterpartialhepatecomyinrats.关键词和引言Introduction关键词即核心词，标题所涉及的主题概念，重点要论述的问题，目的、对象、研究手段、结论等。一般用名词或名词词组，不用动词或形容词。可参见《医学文献索引》或者Medline(联机医学文献分析和检索系统)中的查找主题词的翻译，选用符合国际惯例的主题词。如：淋巴癌Lymphoma，而不是Lymphcancer/tumor.引言要简要介绍背景和理由；内容和目的。背景包括研究现状，进展、尚待解决的问题；相关的资料来源，收集方法；研究方法，预期结果，价值和意义；本人先前的一些研究介绍。例如：

第一段课题的研究概况（背景和理由）HelicobacterPylori(pairo:rai)Hp幽门杆菌isconsideredtobethemainaetiologicalagent发病原因ofthemostcommonformofchronicgastritisintheadultpopulation.TypeBgastritisislocalizedintheantrum窦,腔,房andpylorus幽门,whereastypeAgastritis,theclassicautoimmunegastritis,mainlyoccursinthefundus底部.Hpyloripositivechronicgastritisoftheantrumhasbeenfoundtobecloselyrelatedtoduodenal十二指肠ulcerandcanleadtogastricatrophy萎缩,aprecursorof gastric cancer.

第二段和第三段内容和方法Environmentalfactors,suchassocioeconomicandeducationalstate,seemtoaffecttheprevalenceofHpyloriinfection.InfectionisconsistentlyhigherinHispanicandblackpeoplethaninwhitepeopleandisinverselyrelatedtoeducationallevel.Theprevalence程度ofHpyloriinfectionishigherinclosecommunities密集人口andinmembersoffamilygroupsthaninthegeneralpopulation.Thismaybeduetorelapsesorreinfectionsbetweenmembersofthesamefamily.Furthermore,therouteoftransmissionofHpyloriremainsunknown.Undernaturalcircumstancestransmissioncouldbebytheoro-oralorfaecal-oral(粪-口)routes,butnostrongevidenceexiststosupporteitherrouteastheprimaryone,andbothmayberelevantdependingonotherfactors.第四段理由和意义

MoststudiesoftransmissionofHpyloriinfectionwithinfamilieshavebeenconductedonparentsandsiblingsofchildrenreferredfor针对…研究symptomsandnotonthegeneralpopulation.Toavoidthispotentialselectionbias,westudiedpartofthepopulationofthecohortstudy群组研究toassesswhetherchildrenofHpyloriinfectedparentshadhigherinfectionratethanthosefamilieswithuninfectedparents.引言部分的时态和句型介绍背景、现状、善待解决的问题，报告病案或概括原始文献的观点和结论常用一般现在是或者是现在完成时。多用被动语态。例：Sinceitsinitialdescription40yearsago,HCM（HypertrophicCardiomyopathy肥厚型心肌病）

hasbeenlargelyregardedtobeassociatedwithsubstantialdisabilityandprematuredeath,andannualmortalityratesashighas3%to6%hadbeenreported.自40年前首次报道以来，人们一直认为HCM与严重活动能力受限和过早死亡有关。据报道每年死亡-Studieshaveshownthatpatientswithchronicrenalfailurehaveahighfrequencyofcardiovascularatheromatous动脉粥样化的disease.-Stethoscopediaphragms听诊器薄膜havebeenshowntoharbor隐藏potentiallypathogenicbacteria.2.在有关“内容、目的和方法等”的句子中，描述过去的研究活动可用过去时或者过去完成时。-Ina22-year-oldmale,whohadbeenirradiated16yearspreviouslyforHodgkin’sdisease,aradiation-inducedthyroidcarcinoma.16年前因患霍金病接受放射治疗的22岁男子患有放疗诱发的甲状腺癌。-Patientswithmyocardialinfarction心肌梗塞,cardiomyopathy心肌症,andcongenitalheartdiseaseswereexcluded-Theanalysisshowedthatthisdiseasewasassociatedwithage,systolicbloodpressure收缩压,bodymassindex.人体质量指数常用句型或结构的使用-Thepurpose/aim/objective/goal(ofthepresentstudy)is/wasto…-Thepresentstudyis/wasdesigned/devised/intendedto…-Thestudywasperformed/conducted/carriedout/undertakento…-Weaimed/soughtto/attemptedto…-Inanattempttoinvestigate/determine/clarify/assess-inaneffortto…inorderto/inthisstudy-Anattemptwasmadeto;-Thispaperexamines/(isconcernedwith,dealswithwillpresentordescribe);-Thisstudywillhavethreeobjectives:…相关课题的研究成果和现状的常用句型已有过的研究S/b.etal.tested(developed,reported,conducted,used)…theyfound…;S/th.Wereconducted(performed,made)bys/b;Reportsweremadeby…;earlystudiesin…werereportedby…;thepaperby…is…;anothermethodof…hasbeenusedby…;…adoptedaslightlydifferentapproachto…;……describedatechniquefor…;Thewaysthatresearchershaveputforwardmaybeconcludedintwosorts:oneis…another…;Thesetheoryfallintotwocategories…;themethodsbasedon…canbedividedinto…;Severalresearchershavetheoreticallyinvestigated…;S/bproposedthat;thepreviousworkon..indicatedthat..Recentexperimentshavesuggestedthat…Thehistoryoftheuseof…candatebackto….未得到充分研究hasnotyetbeenthoroughlyinvestigated;Littleworkhasbeencarriedoutfor…However,nopriorworkexistsontheproblemof…;Nofurtherstudyonthe..hasbeenreported;Greatprogresshasbeenmade,but…Thereisnotheoryconcerning…;Thereisnotenoughconvincingevidenceshowingthat…;nosuchfindingcouldbeavailablein…;thedatafailedtoprovethat…;thecharacterofthe…isnotyetwellknown;fromliteraturesurvey.文献回顾itappearsthatnoneofthepreviousinvestigatorsisconcernedwith…;Thelimitationof…havelongbeenrecognized;Therearesomeshortcomingsintheuseof…;anotherdisadvantageofthisapproachisthat..;Thetheorycannotapplytoothercasesof…;thestudygiverisetosomedifficulties;themaindrawbackofthis…引起关注S/thhasreceivedgreat(significant,considerable)attention;hasforalongtimebeenofinteresttoinvestigators;increasedattentionhasbeenpaidinrecentyearstotheuseof…;hasbeenanactiveareaofresearchrecently;hasundergonearemarkableininterestandattentioninrecentyears;inviewofthe…considerateeffortisbeingexpandedinto…不同观点Studieshavedifferedintheirconclusionon/about/regarding,therehavebeendifferent/conflictingreportsregarding/on…;thediscrepanciesmaybearesultof;studiesby…producedconverseprofessionaldebateon/about…文献资料来源：

…found/reported/described/mentioned/showedthat;…wasfound;Ithasbeenreported/demonstratedobservedthat尚待解决的问题Littleresearchhasbeendoneon;Relativelylittleknowledgeisavailablerelatedto;Littleattentionhasbeengivento;remainscontroversial;unexplored/unclear重要性haspracticalsignificance/implicationfor;hasbeenthesubjectofintensivefor;hasbeenthesubjectofintensiveresearch;hasbeenthefocusofmuchinterestanddebate内容和目的

thepurpose/object/aimofthisstudy;thisresearchaimsto/wasdesignedto/wasundertakentoInanattempttoinvestigate/determine/clarify/assess;inaneffortto…inorderto/inthisstudy,anattemptwasmadeto;thispaperexamines/(isconcernedwith,dealswithwillpresentordescribe);thisstudywillhavethreeobjectives:…练习：请把以下表示目的的句子翻译成英文。1）目的：对临终前改变护理而采取的临床干预进行回顾性研究。Objective:Toreviewclinicalinterventionsdesignedtochangecareattheendoflife.2）目的：研究CMV(cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒)对一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。Objective:TostudytheeffectofCMVon1-yearmortalityratesinorthotropic支架桥面合一的livertransplantrecipients.3）本文提出了一种确定HIV低流行人群中HIV危险性(risk)的方法。ThisarticleproposesamethodforestimatingHIVriskinlow-HlV-prevalentpopulations.4）本研究的目的是确定由拆换导尿管而引起的菌血症发病率和临床处理。Thepurposeofourstudywastodeterminetheincidenceandclinicalrelevanceofbacteremiainducedbyurinarycatheterreplacements.5）本研究的目的是调查硝酸甘油剂量对心肌缺血性损害的影响。

Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofthedoseofnitroglycerinonmyocardialischemicinjury.6）目的：确定输注人体白蛋白能否改善病人的预后Todeterminewhetherreplacementofhumanalbumin/bju/willimproveapatient'sprognosis.练习：翻译句子，注意划线部分的表达。-Heartsfrommenwhodiedofsuddencoronarydeathwerestudiedinaprospectivefashion.Theseheartswereseeninconsultation（会诊）withmedicalexaminerinthestateofMarylandbetweenJanuary1997.Coronaryarteryfixation,cardiacdissection,andtissuesamplingwereperformedaspreviouslydesc