2022年考研外语考试真题及答案59

2022年考研外语考试真题及答案

一、UseofEnglish

1>TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessing

toprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityis

alsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrossthe

Web.

Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoa

worldthatseemsincreasingly3?

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,offered

thefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace—a

''voluntarytrustedidentity"systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech

5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,all

rolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,or

adigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer,andwould

authenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.

Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregisteredusers

whoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethose

systems.Theapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequirean

Internetdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhave

these“singlesign-on"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusers

to11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12,theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden“incyberspace,

withsafe"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"to

establishasenseofa13community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa,'voluntaryecosystem"inwhich

''individualsandorganizationscancompleteonline

transactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachother

andtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthe

transactionruns."Still,theadministration，splanhas16

privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersare

concerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiative

pushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive's

license"mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurity

experts,whoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystem"envisioned

byMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.They

arguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterand

identifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbe

licensedtodriveonpublicroads.

[Bl]

A.swept

B.skipped

C.walked

D.ridden

2、

[B2]

A.for

B.within

C.while

D.though

3、

[B3]

A.careless

B.lawless

C.pointless

D.helpless

4、

[B4]

A.reason

B.reminder

C.compromise

D.proposal

5、

[B5]

A.information

B.interference

C.entertainment

D.equivalent

6、

[B6]

A.by

B.into

C.from

D.over

7、

[B7]

A.1inked

B.directed

C.chained

D.compared

8、

[B8]

A.dismiss

B.discover

4

C.create

D.improve

9、

[B9]

A.recall

B.suggest

C.select

D.realize

10、

[BIO]

A.released

B.issued

C.distributed

D.delivered

11、

[Bill

A.carryon

B.lingeron

C.setin

D.login

12、

[B12]

5

A.Invain

B.Ineffect

C.Inreturn

D.Incontrast

13、

[B13]

A.trusted

B.modernized

C.thriving

D.competing

14、

[B14]

A.caution

B.delight

C.confidence

D.patience

15、

[B15]

A.on

B.after

C.beyond

D.across

6

16、

[B16]

A.divided

B.disappointed

C.protected

D.united

17、

[B17]

A.frequently

B.incidentally

C.occasionally

D.eventually

18、

[B18]

A.skepticism

B.relerance

C.indifference

D.enthusiasm

19、

[B19]

A.manageable

B.defendable

7

C.vulnerable

D.invisible

20、

[B20]

A.invited

B.appointed

C.allowed

D.forced

二、ReadingComprehension

1>RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutside

directorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentof

BrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparently

managedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butby

theendof2022Ms.Simmonswasunderfireforhavingsaton

Goldman，scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthose

enormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenext

yearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjust

takinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetless

biased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealth

andtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenough

independencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.

Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectors

shouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheir

owncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethat

coveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000different

directorsbetween1989and2022.Thentheysimplycheckedwhich

directorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themost

likelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchers

concentratedonthose“surprise“disappearancesbydirectors

undertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,

theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhaveto

restateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodof

beingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,

andthestockislikelytoperform,worse.Theeffecttended

tobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetween

themleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmis

suggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealways

jumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup,“leaving

riskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshavean

easiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsifthey

leaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistory

showstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.

Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtough

timesmayhavetocreateincentives.Otherwiseoutside

directorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagain

verypopularoncampus.

AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticized

for.

A.gainingexcessiveprofits

B.failingtofulfillherduty

C.refusingtomakecompromises

D.leavingtheboardintoughtimes

2、

WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposed

tobe.

A.generousinvestors

B.unbiasedexecutives

C.sharepriceforecasters

D.independentadvisers

3、

AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteran

outsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikely

to.

A.becomemorestable

B.reportincreasedearnings

C.dolesswellinthestockmarket

D.perform,worseinlawsuits

4、

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutside

directors.

A.maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

B.haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

C.areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

D.willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

5、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectors

is.

A.permissive

B.positive

C.scornful

D.critical

6、Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearago

theendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovethe

advertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtothe

internet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewere

chroniclingtheirowndoom.America,sFederalTradecommission

launchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Should

theybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestate

subsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthe

discussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthere

islittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershave

shruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,which

inhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,have

notonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%

profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofit

allthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushing

journalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditors

reckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2022.Readers

arepayingmoreforsiimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthe

nervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthese

desperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyfor

manyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,witha

healthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.

Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirreliance

onads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin

2022,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation

Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Not

surprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,

butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswhere

newspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershave

gone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreign

bureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersareless

completeasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtue

inthenewspaperbusiness.

Bysaying"Newspaperslike...theirowndoom”(Lines23,

Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers.

A.neglectedthesignofcrisis

B.failedtogetstatesubsidies

C.werenotcharitablecorporations

D.wereinadesperatesituation

7、

Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobably

because.

A.readersthreatenedtopayless

B.newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

C.journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

D.subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

8、

ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanese

newspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey

A.havemoresourcesofrevenue

B.havemorebalancednewsrooms

C.arelessdependentonadvertising

D.arelessaffectedbyreadership

9、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrent

newspaperbusiness?

A.Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

B.Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspapers.

C.Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaper

business.

D.Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.

10、

Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.

A.AmericanNewspapers;StrugglingforSurvival

B.AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind

C.AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness

D.AmericanNewspapers;AHopelessStory

11>Wetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowing

WorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiers

returninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.

I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.

Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsense

andabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.Duringthe

Depressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,

andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidence

inthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.

Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtoward

efficientliving.Thephrase"lessismore“wasactuallyfirst

popularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,

wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolof

design,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIand

tookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.Thesedesigners

cametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmerican

architecture,butnonemoresothatMies.

Mies'ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properly

organized,hasmoreimpactthanalot.Elegance,hebelieved,

didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,

heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood一materialsthatwe

takeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthe

future.Mies'ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthat

thespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthan

bigandoftenempty.

TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago's

LakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller一two-bedroomunits

under1,000squarefeet一thanthoseintheirolderneighbors

alongthecity'sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseof

theirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheelegance

ofthebuildings'detailsandproportions,thearchitectural

equivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.

Thetrendtoward"less"wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930s

FrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficient

houses一usuallyaround1,200squarefeet一thanthespreading

two-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20th

century.

The“CaseStudyHouses"commissionedfromtalentedmodern

architectsbyCaliforniaArtsArchitecturemagazinebetween

1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe”less

ismore"trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,new

materialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,

RalphRapsonmayhavemispredictedjusthowthemechanical

revolutionwouldimpacteverydaylife——fewAmericanfamilies

acquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothes

dryers一buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasboth

desirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.

ThepostwarAmericanhousingstyle,largelyreflectedthe

Americans*.

A.prosperityandgrowth

B.efficiencyandpracticality

C.restraintandconfidence

D.prideandfaithfulness

12、

WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3about

Bauhaus?

A.ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.

B.ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.

C.MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.

D.IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.

13、

Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.

A.wasrelatedtolargespace

B.wasidentifiedwithemptiness

C.wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration

D.wasnotassociatedwithefficiency

14、

WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildtonChicago,sLake

ShoreDrive?

A.Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.

B.Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.

C.Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.

D.Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.

15、

Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?

A.Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.

B.Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration.

C.Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.

D.Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.

16、WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhave

soundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject;sgreatest

cheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”

ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.

Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisis

initseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesingle

currency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone's

economies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethanksto

thedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdenies

uncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.

YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope'ssinglecurrencyfrom

disintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone,s

dominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedfor

greaterharmonisationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeabout

whattoharmonies.

Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterruleson

borrowing,spendingandcompetitiveness,barkedby

quasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.

ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorer

regionsandEUmega-projects,andeventhesuspensionofa

country，svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsists

thateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersof

theEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityfor

free-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercore

alone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrench

interference.

A"southern“campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:

''Europeaneconomicgovernment“withinaninnercoreof

euro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticians

interveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistribution

fromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingfor

governmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscal

transfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrench,government

havemurmured,euro-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscal

andsocialharmonisation:e.g.,curbingcompetitionin

corporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.

ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld's

largesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectis

remarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richand

poorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,

capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisan

ambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalisation,

andmakecapitalismbenign.

TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.

A.ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets

B.evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned

C.someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro

D.itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation

17、

ThedebateovertheEU'ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethe

dominantpowers.

A.arecompetingfortheleadingposition

B.arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises

不_____Q

q20

C.failtoreachanagreementonharmonisation

D.disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration

18、

Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat.

A.EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased

B.stricterregulationsbeimposed

C.onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination

D.votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed

19、

TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimplies

that.

A.poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds

B.strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries

C.loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries

D.richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds

20、

RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemsto

feel.

A.pessimistic

B.desperate

C.conceited

D.hopeful

21、PartB(10points)

Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthe

government'sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthat

ministersimpose"fattaxes"onunhealthyfoodandintroduce

cigarette-style,warningstochildrenaboutthedangersofa

poordiet.

Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealth

secretary,AndrewLansley,whoinsistedthegovernmentcould

notforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofree

businessesfrompublichealthregulations.

Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfast-foodoutlets

openingnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighin

fat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsby

fast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald's.

Theyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurb

Britain,saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiraling

ratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerence

Stephenson,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsand

ChildHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfood

shouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassmokingorexcessive

drinking.

“Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohave

imaginedabanonsmokinginthework-placeorinpubs,andyet

thatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageous

inrespectofobesity?Iwouldsuggestthatweshouldbe,“said

theleaderoftheUK'schildren，sdoctors.

Lansleyhasalarmedhealthcampaignersbysuggestinghewants

industryratherthangovernmenttotakethelead.Hesaidthat

manufacturersofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralrole

intheChange4Lifecampaign,thecentrepieceofgovernment

effortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.Hehasalso

criticisedthecelebritychefJamieOliver'shigh-profile

attempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleof

how“lecturing“peoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheir

behaviour.

Stephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldinclude

banningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat,saltorsugar

before9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas."If

wewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkof

high-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettes一by

settingstrictlimitsonadvertising,productplacementand

sponsorshipofsportsevents,“hesaid.

SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald's,which

sponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootball

Association.Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering

“inducements“suchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephone

credittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.

ProfessorDineshBhugra,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeof

Psychiatrists,said:"Ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpact

thatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,

atleastinformationisavailableupfront.

Healso