2023学年完整公开课版构词法

第十二讲构词法正确运用构词法知识是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇的一个重要方法。英语构词法主要有：转化法、派生法、合成法、截短法、混合法和首字母缩略法。一、转化法英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。1.动词转化为名词(1)很多动词可以转化为名词，大多数情况下，意思没有多大的变化。Let’sgooutforawalk.我们到外面去散散步吧。(2)有时意思有一定变化。Heisamanofstrongbuild.他是一个体格健壮的人。(3)有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作。Let’shaveaswim.咱们游泳吧。2.名词转化为动词Didyoubookaseatontheplane?你订好飞机座位了吗？Pleasehandmethebook.请把那本书递给我。Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。3.形容词转化为动词Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4.形容词转化为名词(1)表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词。Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。(2)某些形容词如old，young，poor，rich，wounded，injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。二、派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，很少引起词义的变化。1.前缀(1)表示否定意义的前缀常见的有dis­-，un-­，im-­，in-­，il-­，ir-­，mis-­，non-­

等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。appear出现→disappear消失correct正确的→incorrect不正确的lead带领→mislead误导stop停下→non­stop直达的(2)表示其他意义的前缀常见的有a­(多构成表语形容词)，anti­-

(反对；抵抗)，auto-

­

(自动)，co-

(共同)，en-

­

(使)，inter-

­(互相)，re-(再；又)，sub-

­(下面的；次；小)，tele-

(强调距离)等。alone单独的antigas防毒气的cooperate合作enlarge扩大Internet互联网reuse再用subway地铁telephone电话2.后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有­-ence，­-(e)r/-­or(从事某事的人)，­-ese(某地人)，­-ess(雌性)，-­ful(一……)，­-ian(精通……的人)，-­ist(专业人员)，­-ment(性质；状态)，-­ness(性质；状态)，­-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：differ不同于→difference区别write写→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人act表演→actress女演员mouth口→mouthful一口music音乐→musician音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有­-en(多用于形容词之后)，-­fy(使……化)，­-ize(使……成为)。例如：wide→widen加宽beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提纯real→realize意识到organ→organize组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有­-al，-­able(有能力的)，-­an(某国人的)，­-en(多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern(方向的)，-­ese(某国人的)，-­ful，­-(ic)al，-­ish，­-ive，-­less(表示否定)，­-like(像……的)，-­ly，­-ous，-­some，-­y等。nature自然→natural自然的reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美国→American美国的China中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的east东→eastern东方的child孩子→childish孩子气的snow雪→snowy有雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-­ly(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，­-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards朝……，向……east东方→eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有­-teen(十几)，­-ty(几十)，-­th(构成序数词)。six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十三、合成法1.合成名词构成方式例词名词＋名词weekend周末名词＋动词daybreak黎明名词＋动名词handwriting书法名词＋介词＋名词editor­-in-­chief总编辑动词＋名词typewriter打印机动名词＋名词reading-­room阅览室现在分词＋名词flying­-fish飞鱼形容词＋名词gentleman绅士副词＋动词outbreak爆发介词＋名词afternoon下午2.合成形容词构成方式例词名词＋形容词snow­-white雪白的名词＋现在分词English­speaking讲英语的名词＋to＋名词face-­to-­face面对面的名词＋过去分词man­-made人造的数词＋名词one­-way单行的数词＋名词＋形容词two-­year-­old两岁的数词＋名词＋edfive­-storeyed五层的形容词＋名词high-­class高级的形容词＋名词＋ednoble-­minded高尚的形容词＋形容词light-­blue浅蓝色的形容词＋现在分词good­-looking相貌好看的副词＋形容词ever­-green常青的副词＋现在分词hard­-working勤劳的副词＋过去分词well­-known著名的副词＋名词fast­-food提供快餐服务的介词＋名词downhill下坡的3.合成动词构成方式例词名词＋动词sleep-­walk梦游形容词＋动词white­-wash粉刷副词＋动词overthrow推翻4.合成副词构成方式例词形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词＋副词everywhere到处副词＋副词however尽管如此介词＋名词beforehand事先介词＋副词forever永远四、截短法截短法又称缩略法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1.截头telephone→phone

aeroplane→plane2.去尾mathematics→mathexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→lab3.截头去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridge五、混合法混合法又叫混成法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播smokeandfog→smog烟雾六、首字母缩略法首字母缩略法，即用两个或两个以上的单词的首字母组成一个新词。veryimportantperson→VIP要人；大人物television→TV电视TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福[针

对

训

练]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks________(regular).(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)2.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir________(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)3.Theriverwassopollutedthatit________(actual)caughtfireandburned.(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)4.Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand____________(disappoint).(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)5.__________(obvious)，thestoryisnottrue，butthefestivalisinteresting.regularlyabilityactuallydisappointedObviously6.WhenBobwasstillyoung，hisparents’________(marry)endedindivorce.7.Notknowinghowtooperatethecomputerisoneofthe______________(advantage)infindingjobs.8._________(thank)，Imanagedtogetthroughthegameandthepainwasworthitintheend.9.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident；youdidit____________(intend).10.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________(long).11.Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheir________(free)bravely.12.Whatyousaidsounded__________(reason)butinfactitwasuntrue.13.Wehavetolearn________(advance)technologyfromothercountries.marriagedisadvantagesThankfullyintentionallylengthfreedomreasonableadvanced14.You’dbettergiveupsmokingifyouwanttokeep________(health).15.Without________(hesitate)，Idecidedtofollowthemandwedidhavelotsoffunthatday.16.MyEnglishimprovedalot;moreimportantly，Igainedmuch__________(confident).17.Doyouwanttogettotheclassroomearliertomakesome____________(prepare)?18.Severaldayslater，outofmy__________(expect)，IsawitquietlystandinacornerofthehousewhereIworked.Iwasextremelygladtoregainit.19.Notonlytheteachersbutalsothestudentsfindthewebsite_________(benefit).20.Itsnowed________(heavy)lastnightandnowthestreetsarecoveredwithsnow.healthyhesitationconfidencepreparationsexpectationbeneficialheavilyⅡ.单句改错1.Inthesummerholidayfollowingmyeighteenbirthday，Itookdrivinglessons.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)____________________2.Lotsofstudieshaveshownthatglobalwarminghasalreadybecomeaveryseriouslyproblem.__________________3.Theteachersherearekindandhelpfully.Theyarenotonlyourteachersbutalsoourfriends.__________________4.Thefruitsaresmallinsize，butjuicyandtaste.____________5.Wearegrowingwonderfullytomatoesatnocost！______________________6.Itisagoodwayforustomemorizenewwordsbyseeingthemrepeated.____________________eighteen→eighteenthseriously→serioushelpfully→helpfultaste→tastywonderfully→wonderfulrepeated→repeatedly7.Herdisappointinglookshowedthatshefailedtheexamagain.________________________8.Thechildlookedsadathisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.____________9.Imustbegettingfat—Icanharddomytrousersup.____________10.Thefive­years­oldboycansingthesongverywell.__________________________disappointing→disappointedsad→sadlyhard→hardlyfive­-years-­old→five­-year-­oldⅢ.翻译句子1.这个士兵因为救那个男孩而牺牲，他的死重于泰山。2.令大家满意的是，这个女孩工作完成得很好。3.在我去上海之前，她帮我提前预定了一个房间。4.拉塞尔·威斯布鲁克(RussellWestbrook)当选为2016­2017赛季最有价值球员。Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild，sohisdeathisheavierthanMountTai.Toeveryone’ssatisfaction，thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.ShebookedaroomformeinadvancebeforeIwenttoShanghai.RussellWestbrookwaselectedtobeMVPinthe2016­2017season.5.这次会议被认为很成功，但结果失败了。6.我对他的第一印象是他是一个友好而又考虑周到的年轻人。Themeetingsupposedtobesuccessfulturnedouttobeafailureintheend.Myfirstimpressionofhimwasthathewasafriendlyandthoughtfulyoungman.Ⅳ.语法填空EventhoughhisnameisoftenconnectedwithCubism(立体派)，Picassodidinfactproduceawide1.________(vary)ofworksthroughouthislonglife.Acknowledgedasbeingthemostgiftedpainterof2.________twentiethcentury，healsodisplayedatalentforsculptureandpoetry.FewpaintershavebeenasproductiveasPicasso，3.________producedover13，000paintingsanddrawingsinhislifetime!NextcameCubism.Thiswasa(n)8.________(usual)styleofpaintingwhichPicassodevelopedwithBraque，afellowartist.Inthebeginning，thepaintingshadlittleornocolour；onlylater9.________theartistsexperimentwithcolour.Thestylewasperfectedthroughaprocessoftrialanderror，andCubism—asweknowittoday—10.________(bear).Inspiteofthisenormousoutput，Picassowasabletoavoid4.________(repeat)hisoldworkbychanginghisstyle.Itseemsthateachchangerepresentedthings5.________whichhewasbeinginfluencedatthatparticulartime.Thesadcharacteroftheartist’spaintingsduringhis“BluePeriod”reflectedpeople’s6.________(suffer)hesawonthestreetsofParis.Whenhebegantopaintcircusscenes，heused7.________(main)pinktones.Thiswasknownashis“RosePeriod”.答案

1.variety

[awidevarietyof“多种多样的”，为固定搭配。]2．the

[thetwentiethcentury意为“二十世纪”。]3．who

[设空处引导非限