报关与国际货运专业英语Module Four 第四单元

Unit4InternationalAirFreightForwardingServiceⅠ.AirfreighttransportAirfreighttransportisacommercialactivitythatdeliversthecargobycommercialplane,whichisasafeandquickmeansoftransportationatthemomentintheworld.Intheservicesofairfreighttransport,relatedpartiesincludeconsignor,carrier,agent,groundtransportcompanyandconsigneeetc.1.Airlinecompany（thecarrier）（1）Airlinecompanymustownairplanes.（2）Airlinecompanycanaccepttodealwiththeairtransportbusinesswithinitsabilityonconditionthatithasairtransport,includingpassengertransportandgoodstransport.（3）Itsprimaryserviceistoconveythepassengersandgoodsinoneairporttoanotherbyair.一、航空货物运输航空货物运输是指采用商业飞机运输货物的商业活动。是目前国际上安全迅速的一种运输方式。在航空货物运输业务中，涉及的有关当事人主要有发货人、承运人、代理人、地面运输公司和收货人等。1.航空公司（承运人）（1）航空公司必须拥有飞机；（2）航空公司是在有了航空运输，包括旅客运输和货物运输业务以后，接受办理与其能力相适应的航空运输业务；（3）主要业务是把旅客和货物从某一地机场用飞机运到另一地机场。2.AirfreightforwardingcompanyAirfreightforwardingcompanyisengagedincanvassion,cargoreceiving,customsdeclarationandspacebookingbeforetheairgoodsaredeliveredtotheairlinecompanyattheairportsofdispatch;andreceivingcargofromtheairlinecompany,makingcustomsdeclaration,takingdeliveryofthecargoandprovidinghomedeliveryserviceattheairportsofdestination.Airfreightforwardingcompanycouldbeagentoftheowner,agentoftheairlinecompany,orboth.Themainservicesofairfreightcompanyincludecanvassion,cargoreceiving,spacebooking,airwaybillsfillingin,customsdeclarationandcargodeliverybeforetheexportgoodsaredeliveredtotheairlinecompanyattheairportsofdispatch;andreceivecargoandairwaybillsfromtheairlinecompany,fillintheairwaybills,submit,takedeliveryofthecargoandtransferthecargoaftertheimportgoodsarrive.Accordingtothespecificconditions,airfreightcompanycouldactascarrier,shipper,consignee,agentoftheshipper,oragentofthecarrier.2.航空货运代理公司航空货运代理公司从事航空货物在始发站交给航空公司之前的揽货、接收、报关、订舱，及在目的地从航空公司手中接货、报关、交付或送货上门等业务。航空货运代理公司可以是货主的代理，也可以是航空公司的代理，也可以二者兼是。航空货运公司的主要业务包括：出口货物在始发站机场交给航空公司之前的揽货，接货，订舱，制单，报关和交运等；进口货物在目的站机场从航空公司接货接单、制单，报送，送货或转运等。航空货运公司根据具体情况可以是承运人、托运人、收货人、托运人的代理人、承运人的代理人等身份。3.AirfreightforwardingindustryAccordingtothescopeofbusinessandlegalstatus,airfreightforwardingindustrycanbedividedintothefollowingaspects：（1）InternationalAirFreightForwarderInternationalAirTransportAssociation（IATA）wasfoundedinHavana,Cuba,onApril16,1945.ItisaninternationalNon-governmentalOrganization（NGO）formedbyairlinecompanies（aircarrier）thathavescheduledflightserviceintheworld.Itsmaintaskistopromotethedevelopmentofairtransportenterprises,strengthenthecooperationbetweeninternationalairtransportenterprises,andstrengthenthecooperationbetweenInternationalCivilAviationOrganization（ICAO）andotherinternationalorganizations.（2）SalesAgentofInternationalAirTransportThiskindofagentsisentrustedbytheairlinecompanies,actingastheiragentstodealwiththesalesofinternationalairpassengerandcargotransportandrelatedservicewithintheagreedscopeofauthorization.（3）AirFreightForwarderofIATAThiskindofagentsistheinternationalfreightforwarderthatcanbeengagedinsalesofgoodsetc.onbehalfoftheairlinecompaniesofIATAafterregisteringatInternationalAirTransportAssociation（IATA）andacquiringtheIATALicenseissuedthisassociation.InternationalAirTransportAssociation（IATA）wasfoundedinHavana,Cuba,onApril16,1945.ItisaninternationalNon-governmentalOrganization（NGO）formedbyairlinecompanies（aircarrier）thathavescheduledflightserviceintheworld.（4）AirExpressCompanyThiskindofcompaniesspecializesinmanagingexpressmails（excludingpersonalletters）,packsandcomparativelyvaluablegoods,utilizingthenetworksoftheirownortheiragents.Thebusinessscopeofairfreightforwarderhasthetraditionalagentserviceslikebookingspace,rentingairplanes,makingdocuments,packaging,stencilingthemark,makingcustomsdeclarationandexamination,offeringbusinessconsultingetc.Besides,italsooffersthefollowingservices：①Consolidationservice;②Groundtransportservicebetweentheairportandoutsideoftheairport;③Multimodaltransportservice.3.空运代理业根据业务范围和法律地位，空运代理业可分为以下几类：（1）国际航空货运代理国际航空运输协会（InternationalAirTransportAssociation，IATA）于1945年4月16日，在哈瓦那（古巴）成立，它是世界上有定期航班业务的航空公司（空运承运人）组成的国际民间组织。协会的主要任务是促进航空运输企业的发展、国际航空运输企业间的合作与国际民航组织，以及其他国际组织的合作。（2）国际航空运输销售代理这类代理是指受航空公司的委托，在约定的授权范围内，作为其代理人，代为处理国际航空客货运输销售及相关业务。（3）IATA空运代理

这类代理是指经国际航空运输协会（InternationalairtransportAssociation，IATA）注册，获得国际航协颁发的IATA执照，可以代表IATA所属的航空公司从事货物销售等业务的国际货运代理。于1945年4月16日，在哈瓦那（古巴）成立，它是世界上有定期航班业务的航空公司（空运承运人）组成的国际民间组织。（4）航空快递公司这类是指利用自身或代理的网络，专门经营特快邮件（不包括私人信函）、包裹，以及较为贵重货物的企业。空运代理的业务范围除了提供订舱、租机、制单、代理包装、代刷标记、报关报验、业务咨询等传统代理业务之外，还提供以下服务：①集中托运业务；②提供机场至机场之外的地面运输服务；③多式联运服务。Ⅱ.Operationmannersofthefreighttransportinairlinecompanies：1.ModesofairtransportSimilartotheoceantransport,accordingtotheairplane’sdifferentoperationmanners,itcanbedividedintolinertransportandtramptransport.Theformerisgenerallythescheduledairlinetransportandthelatterisusuallythecharteredcarriagetransport.（1）Scheduledairlinetransportistheairplanethattakesoffatregularintervalswithfixedroute,fixedairportofdispatch,fixedairportsofdestinationandstopover.Scheduledairlinetransportisthetransportthatutilizesthescheduledflight.（2）Charteredcarriagetransportincludescharteringthewholeairplaneandcharteringpartoftheairplane.Charteringthewholeairplaneisamodeoftransportthattheairlinecompanyorthecharteredairplaneagencyrentsthewholeairplanetothecharterer,loadingandtransportingthegoodsfromoneairportorseveralairportstothedesignateddestination,accordingtothepredeterminedrequirementsandfreightrates.Charteringpartoftheairplaneisamodeoftransportthatseveralairfreightforwardingcompanies（ortheconsignors）charterthewholeairplanewithjointeffortsfromtheairlinecompany;orthespaceofthewholeairplaneissoldtoseveralairfreightforwardingcompaniesbytheairlinecompany.2.Organizationalmethodsofairfreight（1）Consolidation.Consolidationisanairfreightorganizationalmethodthattheairfreightforwarder（alsocalledtheconsolidator）assemblesseveralparcelsofcargosenttothesamedirectionindividuallyintooneandthendeliversthegoodstocarrier,fillinginonemasterairwaybill,deliveringthegoodstothesamedestination.Thedesignatedagents（alsocalledthedistributionagents）atthedestinationairportonbehalfoftheconsolidator,takedeliveryofthecargo,makecustomsdeclarationanddeliverthegoodstotheirrespectiveconsigneesinlinewiththehouseairwaybillsignedandissuedbytheconsolidator.（2）AirExpress.Airexpress,alsocalledtheexpress,isafastmodeoftransportthattheenterpriseswithindependentlegalentitytransporttheimportandexportgoodsfromtheconsignortotheconsigneesviatheirownnetworks.Atpresent,it’stherapidestandmostefficientmodeoftransportininternationalairfreight.二、航空公司货运营运方式1.航空运输的方式与海上运输类似，根据飞机营运方式的不同，航空运输也有定期运输和不定期运输两种方式，前者通常为班机运输方式，后者通常为包机运输方式。（1）班机运输是指定期开航的定航线、定始发站、定目的站和途经站的飞机。班机运输方式是指采用班机进行的运输。（2）包机运输可分为整机包机和部分包机两种形式。整机包机是航空公司或包机代理公司按照与租机人事先约定的条件与费率，将整架飞机租给包机人，从一个或几个航空站装运货物到指定目的地的运输方式。部分包机是指由几家航空货运代理公司（或发货人）联合向航空公司包租整架飞机，或者是由航空公司把一架飞机的舱位分别卖给几家航空货运代理公司。2.航空货运组织方法（1）集中托运

集中托运（Consolidation）是指航空货运代理人（也称集中托运人）将若干批单独发往同一方向的货物，组成一票货物交付给承运人，填写一份主运单，发到同一目的站，并由集中托运人在目的站的指定代理人（也称分拨代理人）收货、报关，再根据集中托运人签发的航空分运单将货物分拨给各实际收货的航空货运组织方法。（2）航空快递

航空快递（AirExpress）又称快件、快运或速递，是指具有独立法人资格的企业将进出境的货物从发货票人所在地通过自身的网络运达收货人的一种快快速运输方式，是目前国际航空货运中最快捷的运输方式。Ⅲ.Airfreightratesandcharges1.Airfreightratesarethefeesthatcarrierschargefortheregulatedweight（volume）.Itonlyreferstotheaircostbetweentheairports,excludingotherchargescollectedbycarriers,agentsorairports.Airfreightisusuallyissuedinthelocalcurrencyoftheairportofdispatch,whileitiscalculatedbydollarsinsomecountries.Airfreightratesincludegeneralcargorates（GCR）,specificcommodityrates（SCR）,classratesorcommodityclassificationrates（CCR）andcontainercargorates.Generalcargorates（GCR）arethemostwidelyusedratesandareapplicabletothegoodsthatcannotbeappliedtothespecificcommodityratesanddonotbelongtotheclassificationcommodity.Specificcommodityrates（SCR）arethefavorableratesprovidedbythecarrierandapprovedbyIATA,inresponsetotherequestoftheconsignorwhotransportsacertainkindofcargofrequentlyinacertainroute,orinordertopromoteacertaincargotransportwithinacertainregion.Classratesorcommodityclassificationrates（CCR）areapplicabletoafewcargotransportwithinthedesignatedareaorbetweentheregions.Currently,containercargoratesmainlyincludethefollowingthreecategories：bulkygoodscontainerrates,containerratesandcontainerpackagerates.2.Airfreightchargeisthefreight