2019年英语语法总结

做题方法总结

一.Basicgrammarerrors:

无须对比选项，出现就可以判定为错！

1.SV主干

A.主干存在

B.主谓一致

C.主干makesense,就是看这个动作能不能是主语发出来的，比如桌子不能

see这个动作

2.V动词

A.时态

在没有时态提示词的情况，尽量选择和主句时态一致的选项若没有一样的时态,

这两个时态覆盖的时态点有重合

注意：时态提示词有很多种，一单单是since,for之类的，有些动词，句子意

思就是提示词。

比如大猩猩存在….这是个客观事实

Begin就不能是进行时态，他是瞬间动作

过去完成时要发生在过去的过去，而且两个动作是必须有关系的，比如先

destroyed后才能happenchanges

有一道题例外：earlierintheyear

GMATExample

（五）修饰语

介词修饰语联排

Accordingtosomeanalysts,thegainsinthestockmarketreflect

growingconfidencethattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthat

manyha岱fearedearlierintheyearandinsteadcomeinfora-soft

landingj|followedbyagradualincreaseinbusinessactivity.

thattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthatmanyhad

Qfearedearlierintheyearandinsteadcome

intheeconomytoavoidtherecession,whatmanyfeared

Elearlierintheyear;rathertocome

intheeconomy,sabilitytoavoidtherecession,something

earlierintheyearmanyhadfeared,andinsteadtocome

intheeconomytoavoidtherecessionmanywerefearing

earlierintheyear;andrathertocome

thattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthatwasfearedmumu

Hearlierthisyearbymany,withitinsteadcomingGMAT

A1972agreementbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesreducedthe

amountofphosphatesthatmunicipalitieshadbeenallowedtodump

intotheGreatLakes.

(A)reducedtheamountofphosphatesthatmunicipalitieshadbeen

allowedtodump

(B)reducedthephosphateamountthatmunicipalitieshadbeen

dumping

(C)reducesthephosphateamountmunicipalitieshavebeenallowedto

dump

(D)reducedtheamountofphosphatesthatmunicipalitiesareallowedto

dump

(E)reducestheamountofphosphatesallowedfordumpingby

municipalities

此时1972是提示词，确定了主句用过去时

而从句的beallowedtodump，肯定是允许将来仍所以areallowedtodump

IntheseventhcenturyB.C.,theRomanalphabetwasadaptedfromthe

Etruscanalphabet,whichinturnhadbeenadaptedintheprevious

centuryfromawesternGreekalphabet,whichitselfhadbeenadapted

earlierinthesamecenturyfromthePhoenicianalphabet.

(A)whichitselfhadbeenadaptedearlier

(B)adaptingitselfearlier

(C)itselfbeingadaptedearlier

(D)havingbeingearlieradapteditself

(E)earlieritselfhavingbeenadapted

B.条件动词

IfAdo,Bdo/willdo.Do—fact/habit;willdo-certainty—指明将来;

Maydo-possibility

Eg.Iffamilygoesoutfordinner,itdinesatgrill.

IfAdid,Bdid/woulddo.Did—fact/habit;woulddo-uncertainty

IfAhaddone,Bwouldhavedone.If基本不会发生

注意：would就是虚拟的表现一种不确定

就算没有if条件句的时候，本句是一个虚拟的意思也可以用would

比如assumption、estimate都是一个虚拟

C.虚拟语气的动词

结构：弓I发词+thatSV（总是复数/be）-noshould…注意这个引发词可以

是当成名词

弓I发词：必须that结构的：commandinsistrequestrecommendsuggest

proposestipulatedictatemandate

必须V+TODO的:allowadvisewantpersuadeforbid

两者皆可的:askbegdesirerequireintendorderpreferurge

.if虚拟条件句可以单独使用此时没有虚拟主句OK

虚拟得用were此时的if=incasethat

3.代词

A.前面必须有指代，比如用的who，但是前面的名词里面没有人

B.指代的单复数一致，比如用的it，但是指代的内容确是复数

C.bedohave的指代，注意do可以指代前面的动作

Inanefforttoreducetheirinventories,Italianvintnershavecutprices;

theirwines

havebeenpricedtosell,andtheyare.

(A)havebeenpricedtosell,andtheyare

(B)arepricedtosell,andtheyhave

(C)arepricedtosell,andtheydo(dosell)

(D)arebeingpricedtosell,andhave

(E)hadbeenpricedtosell,andtheyhave

其中they指代的是wine，指代的是wine的动作

Have必须前方出现have,才可以指点，注意时态的错误

Be必须前方出现be动词,才可指代,注意时态的错误

Eg.Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfatherDID/have-错

Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfathersaw

D.theresosuch的指代

关于there的指代一必须是一个介短或者一个名词,决不能是形容词

Wrong:Atcurrentprices,Antarcticoilmaybeworthdrillingfor,if

wellscanbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.

Right:Atcurrentprices,oilinAntarcticamaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwells

canbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.

但是therebe句型就不是这个指代了

such+n.指代像前面那种的n.-只能指代一介

AftertheLAND-USEAGREEMENTsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedto

subjectanysuchCONTRACTStodebateinthefuture.

Theloancompanyannounceditwouldsoonlendmoneytoborrowers

withprovenrecordsoftheirnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,

collectivelyknownasthesubprimelendingmarket.

A.oftheirnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,

B.ofnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,agroup

C.ofnotpayingbacktheirloansontime,withsuchagroup

D.thattheydonotpaybacktheirloansontime,

E.thattheydonotpaybacktheirloansontime,suchagroup

such是只能指代一个名词，但是由collectively得知group指的是两个，加上

such只能要么是borrowers要么是records

so就是也一样，前面有谓语动词

QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquickly,butherbrotherdidso(这里so可以省

略)

4.平行和比较

A.固定的平行/比较搭配

From...to...between...and...Asmany/few/littleNas(just)asXsoY

Sotoo-aswell+句子倒装asmany=thenumber

Eg.Onereportconcludesthatmanyschoolsdonothave,or(norare

they)likelytohave,enoughcomputerstousethemeffectively.

B.单复数的问题

可数：fewnumbernumerousmany

不可数：lessamountmuchlittlegreatequal

皆可的：moremostenoughall

C.逻辑对等

And前后的逻辑对等，句子和句子，谓语和谓语，介短和介短

Not..as绝对错notso…as...IE确

D.比较对象可比性

Aas...asB是A和B的位置去比较

More...thanB--看than的前方是否出现B对应的结构

Thatthose的指代比较时，注意单复数的问题itthey是整个包括修饰语的指代，

看清楚

Therearehopefulsignsthatweareshiftingawayfromourheavy

relianceonfossilfuels:morethantentimesasmuchenergyis

generatedthroughwindpowernowthanitwasin1990.

(A)generatedthroughwindpowernowthanitwas

(B)generatedthroughwindpowernowasitwas一此时it的指代有问题，

不可比

(C)generatedthroughwindpowernowaswasthecase

(D)nowgeneratedthroughwindpowerasitwas

(E)nowgeneratedthroughwindpowerthanwasthecase

比较对象是人的时候代词只能用that或者who

比较对象的形式尽量一致！(难题)--若没有这种形式，那就没办法了一A'sB

比较代词后面有无介词，若有，则选项中比较对象也必须有此介词

前面出现AwithB,后面出现A'swithB's

AofB——A'ofB'错误：A'sB

AofBofC—morethanthat（指代前面一坨）T么全省要么结构一致

错误的：A'ofB'B，ofC'A'sB

Recentbreakthroughsintechnologyhavemadeitpossiblethat

high-definitiondigitalvideocamerasareabletocapturematerial

withadegreeoffidelitythatnearlycomparesto35-millimeter

filmandtoprojectitdigitallyintheaterswithnoresultinglossof

imagequality.

(A)itpossiblethathigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasareableto

capturematerialwithadegreeoffidelitythatnearlycomparesto

(B)itpossibletohavehigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasthatcan

capturematerialatadegreeoffidelityalmostlikethatwith

(C)itpossibleforhigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerastocapture

materialwithadegreeoffidelitynearlycomparabletothatof一此时

that就是指代的fidelity

(D)possiblehigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasthatcancapture

materialatadegreeoffidelityalmostlike

(E)possiblehigh-definitiondigitalvideocamerasabletocapture

materialwithadegreeoffidelitythatnearlycomparestothatwith

省略了看起来不怎么平行的比较对象

JudgeBonhamdeniedamotiontoallowmembersofthejurytogo

homeattheendofeachdayrathertharheconfinedtoahotel—be前面

省略了to

AlthoughNapoleon'sarmyenteredRussiawithfar

moresuppliesthan(suppIies|foranypreviouscampaign,ithadprovisions

foronlytwenty-fourdays.—这里虽然for前面没有对应的介词，是因为省略

了其修饰的名词，而且发现前面是主动，后面是被动，这样的形式也是可以的

Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnext

year'smodelswoulddecreasefour-tenthsofonepercent,amountingto

about$72,ascomparedwithcomparablyequippedcarsandtrucksthis

year.

(A)Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnext

year'smodelswoulddecreasefour-tenthsofonepercent,amountingto

about$72,ascomparedwithcomparablyequippedcarsandtrucksthis

year.

(B)Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnext

year'scarsandtruckswoulddecreasefour-tenthsofonepercent,or

about$72,fromthatofcomparablyequippedmodelsthisyear.

(C)Theautomobilecompanyannouncedthattherewouldbeadecrease

offour-tenthsofonepercentinnextyear'smodels'averageprice,or

about$72,belowthisyear'scomparablyequippedcarsandtrucks.

(D)Comparedtocomparablyequippedmodelsthisyear,theautomobile

companyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnextyear'scarsandtrucks

woulddecreaseabout$72,lessbyfour-tenthsofonepercent.

(E)Contrastedwithcomparablyequippedcarsandtrucksofthisyear,the

automobilecompanyannouncedthattheaveragepriceofnextyear's

modelswoulddecreaseabout$72,orfour-tenthsofonepercent

5.修饰语

A.夹心修饰

V-ed,V-ing,SVO---此时v-ing造成夹心修饰

V-ing,V-ed,SVO--此时v-ed造成夹心修饰注：V-ed放在句尾可以是修饰主语

的

1.Originallydevelopedfordirectingairpollutants,atechniquecalled

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemical

elementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestoryingit,isfindingusesin

medicine,archaelogy,andcriminology.

(A)Originallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,atechniquecalled

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemical

elementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit,

(B)Origniallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,havingtheabilityto

analyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancewithout

destroyingit,atechniquecalledproton-inducedX-rayemission—V-ed,

V-ing,SVO

(C)Atechniqueoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,called

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemical

elementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit—Smodifier,

V-ed，一此时V-ed修饰歧义

(D)Atechniqueoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,called

proton-inducedX-rayemission,whichhastheabilitytoanalyzethe

chemicalelementsinalmostany

(E)Atechniquethatwasoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants

andhastheabilitytoanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostany

substancequicklyandwithoutdestroyingthesubstance,called

proton-inducedX-rayemission

V-ed/V-ing，介短SVO----此时介短都会造成夹心修饰，这个介短应该是时间

或者空间的，因为是动词修饰语，所以向前可以向后也可以

V-ed/V-ing,介短，SVO

介短，介短，SVO

1.IntroducedbyItalianmerchantsresidentinLondonduringthe

sixteenthcentury,inEnglandlifeinsuranceremaineduntiltheendofthe

seventeenthcenturyaspecializedcontractbetweenindividual

underwritersandtheirclients,typicallybeingshipowners,overseas

merchants,orprofessionalmoneylenders.

A.ifl-tnglaFvd-lifeinsuranceremaineduntiltheendoftheseventeenth

centuryaspecializedcontractbetweenindividualunderwritersand

theirclients,typicallybeing—V-ed,介短SVO

B.inEnglandlifeinsurancehadremaineduntiltheendofthe

seventeenthcenturyaspecializedcontractbetweenindividual

underwriters-witli-theirclients,whotypicallywere—V-ed,介短SVO

C.until-theeedofthe…seventeenth,eentufylifeinsuranceinEngland

hadremainedaspecializedcontractbetweenindividual

underwritersandtheirclients,typically—V-ed,介短SVO

D.lifeinsuranceinEnglandremaineduntiltheendoftheseventeenth

centuryaspecializedcontractbetweenindividualunderwritersand

theirclients,typically

E.lifeinsuranceremaineduntiltheendoftheseventeenthcenturyin

Englandaspecializedcontractbetweenindividualunderwriterswkh

theirclients,whotypicallywere

从句，介短SVO---这个介短应该是时间或者空间的或者with（伴随只要是名

词就可以）

从句，介短，SVO

WheFi-theVenetianartistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,fepat

leasttwodecadespreviouslyhewashemostadmiredpainterinItaly.

结论:inthecaseofaninitialsubject-lessmodifierinfrontofa

comma,themodifiershouldalwaysbefollowedIMMEDIATELYbythe

noun/nounphrasethat'sbeingmodified

Modifier,S才是正确的，在这中间任何的插入，错！

〈Modifier〉,〈Modifier〉〈Subject〉---错！

B.一定错的结构

AOFBOFC

<Subject>,<Modifier>,<Modifier>,<verb>---错！

注意：表时间或者表地点的这些介短即可以修饰名词还可以修饰动词，所以一旦

Egl.Theorganicfoodindustryhas-organizedasuccessfulgrassroots

campaign-usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andalsomass

mailings-thathaveconvincedtheDepartmentofAgriculturetochange

theproposedfederalregulationsfororganicallygrownfood.

A.usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andalsomassmailings—thathave

convinced

B.usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andmassmailings—thathas

convinced

G—by—usingWebsites,publicmeetings,andmassmailings-in

convincing

D.bytheuseofWebsites,publicmeetings,aswellasmass

mailings—thatconvinced

E.whichusedWebsites,publicmeetings,andmassmailings-

这种破折号就当他不存在，此时介短indoing动作发出者不明，可以是

industry,也可以是campaign,还可以是整个句子

2.LaoshasalandareaaboutthesameasGreatBritainbutonly4million

inpopulation,wheremanyaremembersofhilltribesensconcedinthe

virtuallyinaccessiblemountainvalleysofthenorth.

A.aboutthesameasGreatBritainbutonly4millioninpopulation,

wheremany

B.ofaboutthesamesizeasGreatBritainis,butinLaosthereisa

populationofonly4million,andmany

C.thatisaboutthesamesizeasGreatBritain'slandarea,butinLaos

withapopulationofonly4millionpeople,manyofthem

D.comparabletothesizeofGreatBritain,butonly4-fn讣lieein

pepwlatteft,andmany

E.comparabletothatofGreatBritainbutapopulationofonly4million

people,manyofwhom

C中的but之后，in…with…

正确选项就没有这个介短还有with

In1988,theCouncilonEconomicPrioritiesbeganpublishingShopping

foraBetterWorld,withthesimplethesisofconsumershavingthepower

techangecompaniesbythesimpleexpedientofrefusingtobuy.

A.withthesimplethesisefconsumershaving

B.whichhadthesimplethesisefconsumershaving

C.wherethethesiswassimple:consumershaving

D.withathesisthatisasimpleone:consumershave

E.whosethesiswassimple:consumershave

将介词换成了冒号

C.同位语

1.Comma+副词比较级--注意此时结尾处的同位语是修饰前面主句的动作

2.n.+n.modifier—可以修饰前面句子的任何名词或整句话how

3.n.modifier-介短/形容词短语/some/eachofwhich---只能就近修饰

comma前面的名词

TheAcomaandHopiareprobablythetwooldestsurvivingPueblo

communities,bothdatingbackatleastathousandyears.

A.bothdating---时态与主句一致

B.bothofwhichhavedated—时态错误

C.andeachhasdated

D.andeachonedating

E.eachoneofwhichdate

简洁性---消除重复

1.逻辑含义重复的词

Egl.ForatleasttwodecadesormoreprevioustowhentheVenetian

artistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,hewasthemostadmired

painterinItaly.

A.ForatleasttwodecadesormoreprevioustowhentheVenetianartist

GiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,hewas

B.ForatleasttwodecadesbeforetheVenetianartistGiovanniBattista

Tiepolodiedin1770,hehadbeen

C.Foratleasttwodecadesormor。beforetheVenetianartistGiovanni

BattistaTiepolo'sdyingin1770,hehadbeen

D.WhentheVenetianartistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,at

leasttwodecadespreviouslyhewas

E.WhentheVenetianartistGiovanniBattistaTiepolodiedin1770,

havingbeenforatleasttwodecadesbeforethat

AtleastfQormore重复

Whereasthehoneybee'sstingerisheavilybarbedandcannotbe

retractedfromtheskin,becausetheyellowjackethasacomparatively

smoothstinger,itisthereforeabletobepulledoutandusedagain.

A.becausetheyellowjackethasacomparativelysmoothstinger,itis

thereforeabletobepulledoutandused

B.thecomparativesmeethfless-oftheyellowjacket,sstingerallows

themtopullitoutandthencanthereforeuseit

C.theyellowjacket'sstingeriscomparativelysmooth,andcan

thereforebepulledoutandused

D.incomparison,theyellowjacket'sstingerissmooth,andthusable

tobepulledoutandused

E.incomparison,theyellowjackethasasmoothstinger,tlws-aUew+ng-it

tobepulledoutandused

whereas和incomparison

3.Attheannualstockholdersmeeting,investorsheardapresentationon

thenumerouschallengesfacingthecompany,includingamongthemthe

threatfromarival'smultibillion-dollarpatent-infringementsuitandthe

decliningsalesforthecompany'spowerfulmicroprocessorchip.

A.includingamongthemthethreatfromarival'smultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitandthedecliningsalesfor

B.whichincludesthethreatofarival'smultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitanddecliningsalesof

C.includedamongthesethethreatfromarivaTsmultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitaswellasadeclineinsalesfor

D.amongthemthethreatofarivaTsmultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitandthedeclineinsalesof

E.amongthesethethreatfromarival1smultibillion-dollar

patent-infringementsuitaswellasthedeclineinsalesfor

amongthem和include语义重复

4.Adecadeafterinitiatingthenation'smostcomprehensiveand

aggressiveantismokingprogram,percapitaconsumptionofcigarettes

inCaliforniadeclinedfromover125packsannuallyperpersontoabout

60,adropmorethantwiceasgreatasinthenationasawhole.

只要开头是非主语，一定是修饰逗号后面的第一个词！

(A)percapitaconsumptionofcigarettesinCaliforniadeclinedfromover

125packsannuallyperpersontoabout60,adropmorethantwiceas

greatas

(B)annualpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettesinCaliforniadeclined

fromover125packstoabout60,morethantwiceasgreatasthat

(C)California'sannualpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettesdeclined

fromover125packsperpersontoabout60,morethantwiceasgreatas

thedrop

(D)Californiahasseenpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettesdeclinefrom

over125packsannuallytoabout60,adropmorethantwiceasgreatas

that

(E)Californiahasseenannualpercapitaconsumptionofcigarettes

declinefromover125packsperpersontoabout60,morethantwiceas

greatasthat

percapita和perperson

5.Itseemslikelythatanumberofastronomicalphenomena,suchasthe

formationofplanetarynebulas,maybecausedbytheinteractionwhere

twostarsorbiteachotheratcloserange.

(A)maybecausedbytheinteractionwheretwostarsorbiteachother

(B)maybecausedbytheinteractionbetweentwostarsthateachorbit

theother

(C)arebecauseoftheinteractionbetweentwostarsthatorbiteach

other

(D)arecausedbytheinteractionoftwostarswhereeachisorbitingthe

other

(E)arecausedbytheinteractionoftwostarsorbitingeachother

Likely和may

2.主语重复

1.Oftenmajoreconomicshiftsaresogradualastobeindistinguishable

atfirstfromordinaryfluctuationsinthefinancialmarkets.

A.sogradualastobeindistinguishable

B.segradual-se-thattheycanbeindistinguishable

C.sogradualthatthcy"afe-wabk?tobedistinguished

D.gradualenoughnottobedistinguishable

E.gradualef^e«gh-se-thatonecannotdistinguishthem

Abeso+adj.thatAbe—主语重复

不如词组Abeso+adj.asto

二.一定要对比选项才发现的错误种类归集

1.表示逻辑关系的介词

A.动静态之分

At,in,of,on一静态

To,onto,into,upto,for,from,off,up-动态

Eg.Rocksamplestakenfromtheremainsofanasteroidabouttwicethe

sizeofthe6-mile-wideasteroidthateradicatedthedinosaurshasbeen

datedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusisevidenceoftheearliest

knownasteroidimpactonEarth.

A.hasbeendatedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusis

B.hasbeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthus

C.havebeendatedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusare

D.havebeendatedasbeing3.47billionyearsoldandthus

E.havebeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthusare

B.介词的本源含义

ofVS.from;byVS.to;todoVS.fordoing;

1.Section301ofthe1988OmnibusTradeandCompetitivenessAct

enablestheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentativetosingleoutacountryas

anunfairtrader,begintradenegotiationswiththatcountry,and,ifthe

negotiationsdonotconcludebytheUnitedStatesgovernment'sbeing

satisfied,toimposesanctions.

A.bytheUnitedStatesgovernment'sbeingsatisfied,toimpose

B.bytheUnitedStatesgovernment'ssatisfaction,impose

C.withtheUnitedStatesgovernment'sbeingsatisfied,imposing

D.totheUnitedStatesgovernment'ssatisfaction,impose

E.totheUnitedStatesgovernment'ssatisfaction,imposing

2.长得像语义完全不同的词

EconomicVS.economical（节省的）;

unqualified（无限制的）VS.unqualifying（不合格的）;

aggravate~~恶化v.aggravating—annoying恼人的adj.;

accountn.一故事accountfor—解释==beresponsiblefor;

rateof-ameasure比率Ratefor—pricechargedfor;

AasameantoB—A是达到B的一种methodAasameanofB—A是B

的一种type

MostofA大多数mostly—主要地；一般

SubstituteAforB代替substitution置换一抽象名词，是一个process

Allowthat承认allowsb.Todo允许某人做某事

Inisolationfrom…修饰动词beisolatedfrom可做谓语动词

Payment不能被paid只能被made钱才是被paid

Especially—强调严重性；specially—强调特殊性

3.指代

高分题选择指代错误最少的那个

1.将代词放在更后面，指代错误更多

2.that能指代的东西比it更多，that可以指代整句话

3.one比it能指代的更多，可以指代人

AffordingstrategicproximitytotheStraitofGibraltar,Moroccowasalso

ofinteresttotheFrenchthroughoutthefirsthalfofthetwentieth

centurybecuasetheyassumedthatiftheydidnotholdit,theirgripon

Algeriawasalwaysinsecure.

a）iftheydidnotholdit,theirgriponAlgeriawasalwaysinsecure

b）withoutittheirgriponAlgeriawouldneverbesecure

c）theirgriponAlgeriawasnot（副词）ever（副词）secureiftheydidnot

holdit

d)withoutthat,theycouldneverbesecureabouttheirgriponAlgeria

e)neverwouldtheirgriponAlgeriabesecureiftheydidnotholdit.

not可以否定ever或secure所以一直都是用的never而不用notever

名词一定大于代词的使用，但是要对比选项看，那个用名词的选项没有其他的

basicgrammarerrors

Aproposalhasbeenmadetotrimthehornsfromrhinocerosesto

discouragepoachers;thequestioniswhethertouristswillcontinueto

visitgameparksandseerhinocerosesaftertheirhornsaretrimmed.

A)whethertouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparksandsee

rhinocerosesaftertheirhornsare

B)whethertouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparkstoseeoneoncetheir

hornsare

C)whethertouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparkstoseerhinoceroses

oncetheanimals'hornshavebeen

D)iftouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparksandseerhinocerosesonce

theanimals'hornsare

E)iftouristswillcontinuetovisitgameparkstoseeoneafterthe

animals'hornshavebeen

AB中的their有指代歧义，而(:用的名词，显然更好

Heavycommitmentbyanexecutivetoacourseofaction,especiallyifit

hasworkedwellinthepast,makesitlikelytomisssignsofincipient

troubleormisinterpretthemwhentheydoappear.

A.Heavycommitmentbyanexecutivetoacourseofaction,especiallyif

ithasworkedwellinthepast,makesitlikelytomisssignsofincipient

troubleormisinterpretthemwhentheydoappear.

B.Anexecutivewhoisheavilycommittedtoacourseofaction,especially

onethatworkedwellinthepast,makesmissingsignsofincipient

troubleormisinterpretingoneslikelywhentheydoappear.

C.Anexecutivewhoisheavilycommittedtoacourseofactionislikelyto

missormisinterpretsignsofincipienttroublewhentheydoappear,

especiallyifithasworkedwellinthepast.

D.Executives'beingheavilycommittedtoacourseofaction,especially

ifithasworkedwellinthepast,makesthemlikelytomisssignsof

incipienttroubleormisinterpretingthemwhentheydoappear.

E.Beingheavilycommittedtoacourseofaction,especiallyonethathas

workedwellinthepast,islikelytomakeanexecutivemisssignsof

incipienttroubleormisinterpretthemwhentheydoappear.

ABC中的it或。ne都会有三个指代,找名词

DE只有两个，很清晰，而D的。r不平行

4.修饰语的一些错误

注意：一定先找主干。平行之类的错误，修饰语只会是产生歧义的问题，所以不

是绝对的错误

A.对比词语的变化

形容词变成副词

1.Risinginventories,whenunaccompaniedcorrespondinglybyincreases

insales,canleadtoproductioncutbacksthatwouldhampereconomic

growth.

A)Whenunaccompaniedcorrespondinglybyincreasesinsales,canlead

B)Whennotaccompaniedbycorrespondingincreasesinsales,possibly

leads

C)Whentheywereunaccompaniedbycorrespondingsalesincreases,can

lead

D)Ifnotaccompaniedbycorrespondinglyincreasedsales,possiblyleads

E)Ifnotaccompaniedbycorrespondingincreasesinsales,canlead

Corresponding—correspondingly，此时作为副词，可以向前修饰V.也可以

向后修饰byincrease介短

没有副词，添加副词

核心动词变成次要动词

注意:次要动词比如todo,indoing,,doing这些,只要前方出现的名词,

就可以认定其动作发出者不清楚，一般是改成that定从或者是并列的谓语

1.Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengersand,comparedwithmost

sportutilityvehicles,costless,getbettergasmileage,allowpassengers

togetinandoutmoreeasily,andhaveasmootherride.

A.Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengersand,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,costless,

B.Minivans,whichcarryasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,theycostless,

C.Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengers,incomparisonwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,andhavealowercost,they

D.Minivans,carryingasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehicles,costless,---少了andV-ed修饰歧义

E.Minivans,whichcarryasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwith

mostsportutilityvehiclesthecostislower,andthey

2.Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepast

twentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthto

adulthood,arenew-dfawiAgsolidconclusionsabouthowthehuman

braingrowsandhowbabiesacquirelanguage.

A.Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthe

pasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthto

adulthood,are

BvNeuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeaboutthe

brainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepast

twentyyears,andar。

GNeuroscientistsamassingawealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainand

itsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepasttwent