2023年高考英语试卷及答案

2023年新课标全国I卷英语真题

学校:姓名：班级：考号：

一、阅读理解

BikeRental&GuidedTours

WelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Youseemuchmorefromtheseatofabike!Cyclingisthemost

economical,sustainableandfunwaytoexplorethecity,withitsbeautifulcanals,parks,squaresandcountlesslights.You

canalsobikealonglovelylandscapesoutsideofAmsterdam.

WhyMacBike

MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover

2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,Wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.We

offerthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake（刹车）,bikeswithhandbrakeandgears

（排挡）,bikeswithchildseats,andchildren'sbikes.

Prices

HandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears

1hour€7.50€5.00

3hours€11.00€7.50

1day（24hours）€14.75€9.75

Eachadditionalday€8.00€6.00

GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill,theSkinnyBridge,theRijksmuseum,Heineken

Breweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.Youcan

buyyourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.

1.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?

A.Itgiveschildrenadiscount.B.Itofoffersmanytypesofbikes.

C,Itorganizesfreecycletours.D.Ithasover2,500rentalshops.

2.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?

A.€15.75.B.€19.50.C.€22.75.D.€29.50.

3.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?

A.TheGooyer,Windmill.B.TheSkinnyBridge.

C.HeinekenBrewery.D.DamSquare.

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.

Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.

Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.

Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.

Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria（细菌）？Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtheright

combinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhat

hewouldlatercallaneco-machine.

ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge（污泥）.First,heconstructedaseries

ofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksome

plantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtoone

anotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.

Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!

Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.

Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse——likefacilitythattreatedsewage（污水）

from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheast

China.

“Ecologicaldesign“isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.fctLifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsforthe

inventor,,,hesays.ttYouputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat,shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystems

developtheirownwaystoSelf-repair.”

4.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Hewasfondoftraveling.B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.

C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor.

5.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?

A.Tofeedtheanimals.B.Tobuildanecosystem.

C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machine.

6.Whatistheauthor,spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?

A.ToreviewJohn,sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn,sidea.

C.TocompareJohn,sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn,sinvention.

7.WhatisthebasisforJohn,swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.

C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksand

whyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit,srightforyou.

Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,

startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,before

movingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.This

processrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthen

addbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethings

youvalue.

Inthefinalchapterofpartone,Γllguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I,lldrawon

anexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You,llheartheseparticipants,

storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.

Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate（培养）asustainabledigital

minimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude（独处）andthenecessityof

cultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswitha

collectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasa

toolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.

8.Whatisthebookaimedat?

A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter''inparagraph3mean?

A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.

10.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.

C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.

11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?

A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobe

knownasthe“wisdomofcrowds“effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,the

averageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren,talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewill

tendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachother

out,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon,t

canceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople,sestimatesbeindependent.Iffor

whateverreasons,people,serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist（转折）onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekey

findingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,

theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.For

instance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethanthe

averageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembers

actuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthose

leastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn,tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,

thegroupsreportedthattheyςςsharedargumentsandreasonedtogether."Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresulted

inaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotential

implicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.

12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople,serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton,sexperiment.

13.Navajas,studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.

15.Whatistheauthor,sattitudetowardNavajas,studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

二、七选五

PersonalForgiveness

Takingresponsibilityformistakesisapositivestep,butdon,tbeatyourselfupaboutthem.Toerr（犯错）ishuman.

16Youcanusethefollowingwritingexercisetohelpyoudothis.

Inajournaloronapieceofpaper,puttheheading“Personalstrengths."17Areyoucaring?Creative?

Generous?Agoodlistener?Funtobearound?Theydon,thavetobeworld-changing,justaspectsofyourpersonalitythat

you,reproudo£

Atthetopofasecondpage,puttheheading“Actsofkindness.^^Onthisone,listallthepositivethingsyou,vedonefor

others.Itmightbethetimewhenyouhelpedafriendwiththeirhomework,whenyoudidtheironingwithoutbeingasked,

orwhenyoubakedcookiesafterthefamilyhadhadatiringday.18

Youcouldaskafriendorfamilymembertohelpaddtoyourlist.19Thatway,youcouldexchangethoughts

onwhatmakeseachofyouspecialandtheaspectsofyourpersonalitythatshinethrough.Infact,don,twaituntilyou,ve

madeamistaketotrythis—it,sagreatwaytoboostself-confidenceatanytime.

It,ssomethingofacliche（陈词滥调）thatmostpeopleIeamnotfromtheirsuccessesbuttheirmistakes.Thethingis,

it,strue.20We,reallchangingandlearningallthetimeandmistakesareapositivewaytodevelopandgrow.

A.Alittleself-forgivenessalsogoesalongway.

B.Nowlistallthecharacteristicsyoulikeaboutyourself.

C.Theymightevenliketohaveagoatdoingtheexercise.

D.lt,sjustasimportanttoshowyourselfsomeforgiveness.

E.Itdoesn,tmeanyouhavetoignorewhat,shappenedorforgetit.

F.Whateveritis,nomatterhowsmallitmightseem,writeitdown.

G.Whateverthemistake,rememberitisn,tafixedaspectofyourpersonality.

三、完形填空

OnOct.11,hundredsofrunnerscompetedinacross-countryraceinMinnesota.MelanieBaileyshouldhave21

thecourseearlierthanshedid.Her22camebecauseshewascarryinga23acrossthefinishline.

Asreportedbyalocalnewspaper,Baileywasmorethantwo-thirdsofthewaythroughher24whenarunner

infrontofherbegancryinginpain.She25tohelpherfellowrunner,DanielleLenoue.Baileytookherarmtosee

ifshecouldwalkforwardwith26.Shecouldn,t.Baileythen27toletLenoueclimbontoherbackand

carriedherallthewaytothefinishline,thenanother300feettowhereLenouecouldget28attention.

Oncethere,Lenouewas29andlatertakentoahospital,whereshelearnedthatshehadseriousinjuriesinone

ofherknees.Shewouldhavestruggledwithextreme30tomakeittothataidcheckpointwithoutBailey,shelp.

AsforBailey,sheismore31aboutwhyheractisconsideredabig32.“Shewasjustcrying.I

couldn,t33her,,,Baileytoldthereporter.ςςIfeellikeIwasjustdoingtherightthing.^^

Althoughthetwoyoungwomenwerestrangersbeforethe34、they,vesincebecomefriends.Neitherwonthe

race,butthe35ofhumankindnesswontheday.

21.A.designedB.followedC.changedD.finished

22.A.delayB.chanceC.troubleD.excuse

23.A.judgeB.volunteerC.classmateD.competitor

24.A.raceB.schoolC.townD.training

25.A.agreedB.returnedC.stoppedD.promised

26.A.courageB.aidC.patienceD.advice

27.A.wentawayB.stoodupC.steppedasideD.bentdown

28.A.medicalB.publicC.constantD.equal

29.A.interruptedB.assessedC.identifiedD.appreciated

30.A.hungerB.painC.coldD.tiredness

31.A.worriedB.ashamedC.confusedD.discouraged

32.A.gameB.problemC.lessonD.deal

33.A.leaveB.cureC.botherD.understand

34.A.rideB.testC.meetD.show

35.A.secretB.displayC.benefitD.exchange

四、用单词的适当形式完成短文

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Xiaolongbao(soupdumplings),thoseamazingconstructionsofdelicatedumplingwrappers,encasinghot,36

(taste)soupandsweet,freshmeat,arefarandawaymyfavoriteChinesestreetfood.Thedumplingsarrivesteamingand

dangerouslyhot.Toeatone,youhavetodecidewhether37(bite)asmallholeinitfirst,releasingthestreamand

riskingaspill(溢出)，38toputthewholedumplinginyourmouth,lettingthehotsoupexplodeonyourtongue.

Shanghaimaybethe39(recognize)homeofthesoupdumplingsbutfoodhistorianswillactuallypointyoutothe

neighboringcanaltownofNanxiangasXiaolonghao,sbirthplace.Thereyouwillfindthemprepareddifferently-more

dumplingandlesssoup,andthewrappersarepressed40handratherthanrolled.Nanxiangaside,thebestXiao

longbaohaveafineskin,allowingthem41(lift)outofthesteamerbasketwithoutallowingthemtearingor

spillinganyof42(they)contents.Themeatshouldbefreshwith43touchofsweetnessandthesouphot,

clearanddelicious.

NomatterwhereIbuythem,onesteameris44(rare)enough,yettwoseemsgreedy,soIamalwaysleft

45(want)morenexttime.

五、建议信

46.假定你是李华，外教Ryan准备将学生随机分为两人一组，让大家课后练习口语，你认为这样分组存在问题。

请你给外教写一封邮件，内容包括：

1.说明问题；

2.提出建议。

注意：

I.写作词数应为80个左右；

2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

DearRyan,

ΓmLiHuafromClass3.

Yourssincerely,

LiHua

六、读后续写

47.阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

WhenIwasinmiddleschool,mysocialstudiesteacheraskedmetoenterawritingcontest.Isaidnowithoutthinking.

Ididnotlovewriting.MyfamilycamefromBrazil,soEnglishwasonlymysecondlanguage.Writingwassodifficultand

painfulformethatmyteacherhadallowedmetopresentmypaperonthesinkingoftheTitanicbyactingoutaplay,where

Iplayedalltheparts.Noonelaughedharderthanhedid.

So,whydidhesuddenlyforcemetodosomethingatwhichIwassuretofail?Hisreply:ςςBecauseIloveyourstories.

Ifyou,rewillingtoapplyyourself,Ithinkyouhaveagoodshotatthis."Encouragedbyhiswords,Iagreedtogiveitatry.

IchosePaulRevere,shorseasmysubject.PaulReverewasasilversmith（银匠）inBostonwhorodeahorseatnight

onApril18,1775toLexingtontowarnpeoplethatBritishsoldierswerecoming.Mystorywouldcomestraightfromthe

horse,smouth.Notabrilliantidea,butfunny;andunlikelytobeanyoneelse,schoice.

Whatdidthehorsethink,ashespedthroughthenight?Didhegettired?Havedoubts?Didhewanttoquit?I

sympathizedimmediately,ɪgottired.Ihaddoubts.Iwantedtoquit.But,likeRevere,shorse,Ikeptgoing.Iworkedhard.I

checkedmyspelling.Iaskedmyoldersistertocorrectmygrammar.IcheckedoutahalfdozenbooksonPaulReverefrom

thelibrary.Ievenreadafewofthem.

WhenIhandedintheessaytomyteacher,hereadit,laughedoutloud,andsaid,"Great.Now,writeitagain.,,Iwrote

itagain,andagainandagain.WhenIfinallyfinishedit,thethoughtofwinninghadgivenwaytotheenjoymentofwriting.

IfIdidn,twin,ɪwouldn'tcare.

注意：

1.续写词数应为150个左右；

2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Afewweekslater,whenIalmostforgotthecontest,therecamethenews.

Iwenttomyteacher,sofficeaftertheawardpresentation.

2023年新高考I卷英语

参考答案

1.B2.C3.D

【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章给出了一份在阿姆斯特丹进行自行车租赁和雇佣导游的指南。

1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake（刹

车），bikeswithhandbrakeandgears（排挡），Bkeswithchildseats,andchildren'sbikes.（我们提供种类繁多的最新自行

车，包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车）”可推知，MacBike

的优势是它提供多种类型的自行车。故选B。

2.细节理解题。根据价格表可知，租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14.75欧元，额外增加天数的话，是每天

8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天共计需要14.75+8=22.75欧元。故选C。

3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“ThetourdepartsfromDainSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmevery

day.（旅游团每小时从大坝广场出发，每天下午1点开始户可知，城市观光之旅从大坝广场开始。故选D。

4.C5.D6.B7.A

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了JohnTOdd从小就很爱观察、思考且好学，进入大学后，他利用自然可以自

我修复的原理来净化污水，建造了一个生态机器。

4.细节理解题。根据第一段“WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghow

naturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswhere

tinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeople

Weremaking.（当约翰•托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，

一条脏兮兮的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以

用来清理人们制造的混乱。）”以及第二段“Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbackto

observingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria（细菌）？Whichkindsoffishcaneat

CanCer-CaUSingChemiCals?（在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又开始观察自然和不断提出问题。为什么某些

植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？）”可知，约翰爱动脑筋、好奇心和求知欲很强。故选C。

5.细节理解题。根据第三段“Afterafewweeks,JohnaddedtheSkldge.（几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去）“以及倒数

第三段“Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!

Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspureWater.（他对结果很是惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把

污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水。）”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为

了测试生态机器。故选D。

6.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse——like

facilitythattreatedsewage（污水）from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanal

waterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.（这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可

以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水。户可推知，

作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。

7.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhafshappening.Thenyouletthese

newsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoSelf-repair.（你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察它会发生什么。然后让这些新系

统自行发展自我修复的方式。）''可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。

8.B9.A10.C11.A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义及其优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。

8.细节理解题。根据文章第一段"Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailed

explorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit,srightfor

you.（这本书的目的是为了解释为什么要奉行数字极简主义，详细探讨了它的要求和能奏效的原因，然后如果你认为

它适合你，还会教你如何运用这种哲学。）“可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。

9.词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.At

theendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewill

providemassivebenefitstothethingsyouValUe.（这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，

你再精挑细选，加回一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的在线活动。）”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思

是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。

10.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“Inthefinalchapterofpartone,Γllguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigital

declutter.Indoingso,I,lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigital

declutter.（在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在做的过程中，我将借用我在2018年开展

的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意了进行数字清理。户可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理

的实例。故选C。

11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuilda

minimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularCirCUmStanCeS.（你可以将这些做法视为一个工具箱，旨在帮你建立一

种在特定情况下适合自己的极简主义生活方式。）''可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及

的一些做法（practices）。故选A。

12.B13.D14.C15.D

【导语】本文是说明文。文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应，且有实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值可能

是相当准确的。

12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren,t

alwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsare

averagedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomake

thesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon,tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthat

people,sestimatesbeindependent,ɪfforwhateverreasons,people,serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyof

theestimatewillgodown.（这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常

常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。

如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的

估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或有依赖性，估计的准确度就会下降。）“可知，本段主要

阐述了“群体智慧''效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。

13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbe

independent.（从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的）”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudy

wasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfrom

thesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverage

obtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtained

from20independentindividuals.（这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为可进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的

平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独

立个体获得的平均值更准确。户可知，人们在非独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在非

完全独立的情况下，估计得准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。

14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersense

ofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheir

estimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?（在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员

试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那

些最不愿意改变主意的人吗）”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结

合文字提及的两个问题，可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。

15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,the

potentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.（尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存

在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。）“可推断作者对于NaVajaS的研究是支持、赞同的。故选

Do

16.D17.B18.F19.C20.G

【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章鼓励人们练习自我宽恕，并提供了一个简单的写作练习来增强自信。通过列出个

人的优点和善举，人们可以学会原谅自己的错误，并从中成长。

16.本空为段中句，所选句子既要承上又要启下。根据空前内容可知，作者认为人都会犯错，勇于承担责任固然重

要，但是也不要因此而过于自责。给合空后“Youcanusethefollowingwritingexercisetohelpyoudothis."（你可以

使用下面的写作练习来帮助你做到这一点。）中的dothis以及下文内容可推断，空处应该内容和“不要太自责”相

似。同时回扣题目，可知这里的this应该指代的是forgivenesso选项D"It'sjustasimportanttoshowyourselfsome

forgiveness.（宽恕自己也同样重要）”中的asimportant承接上文中的“承担责任，但不自责”，故选D0

17.本句为段中句，根据空前内容“Inajournaloronapieceofpaper,puttheheading44PersonalStrengths.”（在日记或纸

上写上“个人优点”）”以及空后内容“Areyoucaring?Creative?Generous?Agoodlistener?Funtobearound?Theydon,t

havetobeworld-changing,justaspectsofyourpersonalitythatyou,reproudof.（你有爱心吗？有创造力吗？你慷慨吗？

是一个好的倾听者？与人相处很有趣吗？它们不一定要改变世界，只要你个性中让你感到自豪的方面就行）“可知，

空处指的是列出一些你个性中的优点。选项BςςNowlistallthecharacteristicsyoulikeaboutyourself.（现在列出所有你

喜欢的自己身上的特点）''符合上下文内容，下文内容具体解释那些是优点。故选B。

18.本句为段尾句，是对上文内容的总结。根据上文内容“Atthetopofasecondpage,puttheheading44ActsofkindnessZ,

Onthisone,listallthepositivethingsyou,vedoneforothers.Itmightbethetimewhenyouhelpedafriendwiththeir

homework,whenyoudidtheironingwithoutbeingasked,orwhenyoubakedcookiesafterthefamilyhadhadatiringday.

（在第二页的顶部，写上“善举”的标题。在这张单子上，列出你为别人做过的所有积极的事情。它可能是当你帮助朋

友做作业的时候，当你没有被要求却主动熨