中国智慧-文化面面观 课件 UNIT 8 Chinese Resilience and Ingenuity

UNIT8

ChineseResilienceandIngenuityLearningObjectivesSpeakonChinesepeople’sresilienceandingenuityLearnaboutHakkahistoryandculture1Exploreroleofenvironmentinshapinggroupcharacter23Strengthdoesnotcomefromphysicalcapacity.Itcomesfromanindomitablewill.—MahatmaGandhiConflictisthegadflyofthought.Itstirsustoobservationandmemory.Itinstigatesinvention.Itshocksusoutofsheep-likepassivity,andsetsusatnotingandcontriving…conflictisasinequanonofreflectionandingenuity.—JohnDeweyVeryLong-termGuestsofCharacter

Onemayhavetoadmitthatmovinghousemustbeveryhard,notonlybecauseoftheupheavalitoftenentails,butofthefutureuncertaintythatonehastofacewhilehavingtomakedifficultdecisionstoleavesomanydearoldthingsbehind.Ifso,justimaginemovingthewholeextendedfamilies,thousandsofpeopletogether,fivetimesfromNortherntoSouthernChinaoveraperiodofmorethanathousandyears!Thenyoumaywonderwhatmightbecomeofthepeoplehavingexperiencedsuchmigrations,especiallywhenthinkingofthefactthatinthepastpeoplemusthavesometimesfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnaturewhentheyweresubjecttolimitedknowledgeorresourceorpossiblelocalhostility,orevenworse,thechaosofwar.Yethumansarealwaysresilient,andinsuchmigrationsaspecialgroupofpeoplewithdistinctcultureandcharacterwasshaped–theHakka.ThetermHakkaliterallymeans"guestpeople"inChinese.Althoughtheirlanguageandsomeotherculturaltraitsareclearlydistinguishable,theHakkaarenotamongChina’s55ethnicminorities,butareinfactasubgroupoftheHanethnicmajority.TheirancestorsarebelievedtohaveoriginatedintheCentralPlainsofnorthChinaandbeganmigratingsouthwardasearlyasthefourthcenturyC.E.toescapesocialandpoliticalchaosatthattime.Nowestimatedtonumbertensofmillionstoday,HakkasresidemainlyinsoutheastChina,particularlyinFujian,GuangdongandJiangxiprovinces,buttheHakkadiasporaextendstomanyothercountriesandregionsintheworld.Thehistoryofmigrationsinwhichsurvivalagainstharshorhostileenvironmentsmusthavebeenthetoppriority,oftenarousesHakkasentiments,andisbelievedtobeamajorfactorinformingtheirgroupcharacter.AsHanSuyin,anauthorofHakkadescent,describesinherautobiographicalfamilyhistory:“TheHakkasweredrivenfurthersouth,ortomountainouspoorareas....Becauseoftheirmobility,hardihoodandfierceness,thedynastiesbegantoregardtheHakkasaspotentialpioneers,goodforresettlingthesub-populatedareas....Circumstancethusdefinedtheirgroupcharacter:clannish,thrifty,loyaltoeachother,badneighboursandreadyfighters,thenameHakkastucktothemandtheybecameproudofit.”Perhaps,thatHakkasareanindustrious,self-reliant,solidaryandundauntablepeoplecannotbemoredistinguishablyobservedbytheirtraditionalfemalegenderrolesandtheirlong-standingexceptionalarchitecture.IthasbeenfoundinvariousrecordsandgenerallyacknowledgedthatHakkawomenareparticularlyhardworking.AssomeWesternerstravellinginHakkaregionsobservedafewhundredyearsago,Hakkawomenlabouringinthefieldsevendidworkthatinnon-Hakkaareaswereoftenmen’sjobs.Unquestionably,Hakkashadtostrugglewiththeharsherenvironmentwheretheywereoftenforcedtoresideandwherethesoilwasunproductive.Thus,theirwomenwouldhavetotakepartinagriculturalworkwhileinotherregions,evenwomenofpoorfamilieswerelimitedtohouseworkorneedlework.ItissaidthatevengirlswhomarriedintowealthyHakkafamilieswouldoftencontinuetoparticipateinmanuallabouroutsidetheirhomes.Clearly,theirfemalegenderrolescanbegoodevidenceoftheHakka’scharacteristicindustryandself-reliancethathelpedthemadapttotheunfavorablesituationinwhichtheyweresooftenotheredbysurroundingcommunities.PerhapstheothernessoftheHakkacommunitycouldnotbemoretypicallymanifestedthantheiruniqueTulouarchitecturewhichisalsoabestembodimentofthesolidarity,undauntedness,andingenuityofHakkapeople.“Setamongstrice,teaandtobaccofieldstheTulouareearthenhouses.Severalstoreyshigh,theyarebuiltalonganinward-looking,circularorsquarefloorplanashousingforupto800peopleeach.Theywerebuiltfordefencepurposesaroundacentralopencourtyardwithonlyoneentranceandwindowstotheoutsideonlyabovethefirstfloor.Housingawholeclan,thehousesfunctionedasvillageunitsandwereknownas‘alittlekingdomforthefamily’or‘bustlingsmallcity’.Theyfeaturetallfortifiedmudwallscappedbytiledroofswithwideover-hangingeaves.Themostelaboratestructuresdatebacktothe17thand18thcenturies.Thebuildingsweredividedverticallybetweenfamilieswitheachdisposingoftwoorthreeroomsoneachfloor.Incontrastwiththeirplainexterior,theinsideofthetulouwerebuiltforcomfortandwereoftenhighlydecorated.Theyareinscribedasexceptionalexamplesofabuildingtraditionandfunctionexemplifyingaparticulartypeofcommunallivinganddefensiveorganization,and,intermsoftheirharmoniousrelationshipwiththeirenvironment,anoutstandingexampleofhumansettlement.”Asisrecognized,theTulouwerebuiltnotonlyforcommunallivingbutalsofordefensivepurposes.Whyisthat?ApopularexplanationholdsthatwhenHakkapeoplemovedtothesouthernmountainousregionandlivedincompactcommunities,theyhadtofindawaytoprotecttheirfamiliesagainstbanditsorwildbeastswhichwerecertainlynotuncommoninthosedays.Undauntedbyadversity,theybuilttheirhomesasstrongholdsthatboastedthickouterwallsfirmenoughtowithstandpotentialviolentattacksfromoutside.Notonlywerethewallsimpregnable,buttheirrockorstonefoundationsweresothickandindestructiblethatneitherfloodsnortunnelingbyanyenemiescouldcompromisethebuilding.Amongthevariousstylesoftulouarchitecture,themostamazingmustbethecircularstyles.Whycircular?HowdidHakkapeopleconceptualizeandconstructsuchmulti-storiedcircularstructurerarelyseenelsewhere?Itisbelievedthatatransition,orevolution,mayhaveoccurredfromsquaretocirculartulou,sincethelatterensurebettercost-effectivenessandgreatersafety,andrepresentperfectharmonywithnature.Itisknownthattheareaofacircleisnearly1.3timesaslargeasthatofasquarewhentheirperimetersareequal,whichmeansthecircularbuildingmustoccupyalargerinnerspacethanthesquareone.Moreover,inasquarehouse,roomsatthecornermayhavelessnaturallightandinadequateventilation,andarethuslesspreferred.However,therearenosuchcornerroomsinacirculartuloubuildingsincealltheroomsitoffersareequallydividedfan-shapedones.Oncethenumberofroomsisdetermined,thecarpentercansoonworkouthowmanybeamsandcolumnsandtimbersofotherusesareneededforconstructingthewholebuilding.Furthermore,whentheareaisthesame,afan-shapedroomuseslesstimberthanarectangularone.Thus,cost-effectivenessisachieved.Surelyitwasnotenoughtoconstructthetuloujusteconomically.Safetycouldbeagreaterconcern.Hakkapeoplemusthavehopedthatwhenitcametobuildingthehousetheylived,thestronger,thebetter.Thecircularbuildingcanbestrongerandsaferinthatitismorecapablethanthesquareoneofwithstandingshockwaveswhentheearthshakes,thankstoitseven,andthusmoreeffectivediffusionofthehorizontalseismicwave.Finally,thetraditionalfengshuiprinciplesmustalsohavebeenconsideredindesigningandconstructingthecirculartulou.Aninterestingbeliefwasthatfengshuiwaslikethewindinthemountains,thenthecirculardesignshouldbeabetterchoicesinceitofferedbetterwindresistancethanthesquareone.Superstitiousasitmaysound,thecirculardesignisindeedaestheticallyconsistentwithpeople’sbeliefandimaginationofharmonywithnature.Whatamarvelousachievement!Andwhatahardy,resilientandingeniouspeople!upheavaln.

abigchangethatcausesalotofconfusion,worryandproblems剧变e.g.Movinghouseisamajorupheaval.Evenamidsomuchemotionalandphysicalupheaval,however,Maxwellmadehimselfabetterplayer.entailv.

tohave(something)asapart,step,orresult牵涉；伴随……产生e.g.Anewcomputersystementailsalotofre-training.Someforeigntravelisentailedinthejob.perilousadj.

fullofdangerorrisk充满危险的e.g.aperilousjourneyacrossthemountainsLifehere,Icouldsee,wasgoingtobeonanevenmoreperiloustightropethanitwasinBritain.hostilityn.

unfriendlyoraggressivebehaviourtowardspeopleorideas敌意e.g.Theyeyedeachotherwithopenhostility.Thereformprogramwasgreetedwithhostilitybyconservatives.chaosn.

completedisorderandconfusion混乱e.g.Soonthesystemwasintotalchaos.Butwhensheenteredthehouse,shewasconfrontedbyasceneofutterchaos.resilientadj.

(ofapersonoranimal)abletowithstandorrecoverquicklyfromdifficultconditions坚韧的e.g.Childrenareoftenveryresilient.Thecompanyprovedremarkablyresilientduringtherecession.diasporan.

agroupofpeoplewholiveoutsidetheareainwhichtheyhadlivedforalongtimeorinwhichtheirancestorslived离开故土的移居e.g.theartoftheAfrican/Chinese

diasporathediasporaofboatpeoplefromAsia.harshadj.

(ofweatherorlivingconditions)verydifficultandunpleasanttolivein严酷的e.g.theharshCanadianwintersayounggirlsuddenlyexposedtotheharshrealitiesoflifesentimentn.

afeelingoranopinion,especiallyonebasedonemotions感情e.g.Ineffect,theproposalsdiscussedabovetakenoaccountatallofpopularsentiment.Itisimperativethatcourtsdecidecasesbasedsolelyontheevidenceandneveronpublicsentiment,howeverstrong.hardihoodn.

boldness;daring勇敢e.g.giveproofofone’scourageandhardihoodHardihoodisthefisherman‘stalentbywhichhewinshislivingfromthesea.clannishadj.

(ofagrouportheiractivities)tendingtoexcludeothersoutsidethegroup排外的e.g.aclannishcommunityThetownhadsettledtobeingitselfagain,sleepy,clannish,introverted.exceptionaladj.

1.unusual;nottypical;2.unusuallygood;outstanding不寻常的、无与伦比的e.g.exceptionalbraveryMusicianshipofthisqualityisrarelyencountered,andisquiteexceptionalfromanyone'sstandpoint.unproductiveadj.

notproducingorabletoproducelargeamountsofgoods,crops,orothercommodities贫瘠的e.g.Unproductivelandmustbereforested.Therewere70millionacresofincreasinglyunproductiveland.otherv.

viewortreat(apersonorgroupofpeople)asintrinsicallydifferentfromandalientooneself视作异类e.g.acritiqueofthewaysinwhichtheelderlyareotheredbysocietyPeoplewhoare‘Othered’inwhateverway,madetofeelmarginalorsuppressedoroppressedorwhateverembodimentn.

1.atangibleorvisibleformofanidea,quality,orfeeling;2.therepresentationorexpressionofsomethinginsuchaform体现e.g.Thishousewastheveryembodimentofsleazydiscomfort.Backin1977,theybecamethelivingembodimentofeverythingthatwaswrongwithrock'n'roll.ingenuityn.

thequalityofbeingclever,original,andinventive创造力e.g.Thecombinationofnature,humaningenuityandclimatehasindeedwroughtalandscapewhichchangesatnearlyeveryturn.Turningphysicalactivitiesintogames,especiallytheonesthechildbenefitsfrom,requiresingenuity.fortifyv.

tostrengthen(aplace)bybuildingmilitarydefenses(suchaswalls,trenches,etc.)加固e.g.Thetownwasheavilyfortified.Theoccupyingforcesgenerallystaywithintheirheavilyfortifiedgarrisonsforfearofattack.exemplifyv.

beatypicalexampleof是…的例证e.g.Thebuildingexemplifiesthestyleofarchitecturewhichwaspopularatthetime.Thispaperexemplifiesthemainbottom-upapproachusedinthisfield,andalsouseshigher-levelcontext.communaladj.

sharedbyallmembersofacommunity;forcommonuse公用的e.g.acommunalbathroomTheresidentsareabletoenjoytheprivacyoftheirownaccommodationtogetherwiththecommunalfacilitiesofferedwithintheseprojects.adversityn.

difficulties;misfortune逆境e.g.hiscourageinthefaceofadversityDiscussionsmaybeheldaboutpopularmoviesinwhichheroescomebackfromrepeatedadversityandprevailbynotgivingup.impregnableadj.

(ofafortifiedposition)unabletobecapturedorbrokeninto攻不破的e.g.animpregnablefortressOccupyingfairlyimpregnableclifftopvillages,theyprosperedinthepracticeofagriculture.indestructibleadj.

notabletobedestroyed坚不可摧的e.g.Goldisvirtuallyindestructible.Firedclay,suchaspotteryandbakedmud-brickoradobe,isvirtuallyindestructibleifwellfired.compromisev.

todamageorweaken(something)损害e.g.adangerousdrugthatcanfurther

compromise

analreadyweakenedimmunesystemDefeatatthisstagewould

compromisetheirchances

ofreachingthefinalsofthecompetition.conceptualizev.

formaconceptorideaof(something)形成概念e.g.Howdoolderpeopleconceptualizetheirhealth?Thisledhimtoconceptualizeintellectualdevelopmentinmuchthesamewayasbiologicaldevelopment.cost-effectiveadj.

effectiveorproductiveinrelationtoitscost具备成本效益的e.g.themostcost-effectivewayofreducingcarbondioxideemissionsTheprocedureisquick,easytouse,andcosteffective.aestheticadj.

concernedwithbeautyortheappreciationofbeauty美学的e.g.Fromanestheticpointofview,it’sanicedesign.aworkofgreataestheticappealI.Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.TheHakkaisoneofChina’s56ethnicities.2.TheCentralPlainsofnorthChinaaregenerallyacknowledgedtobewheretheHakkaoriginated.3.TheHakkaresideonlyinChina.4.Moreoftenthannot,theHakkawerenotwelcomedinthepastwhentheyhadjustmovedtoanewplaceinsouthernpartofChina.FFTT5.Hakkawomenlabouringinthefieldsevendidworkthatinnon-Hakkaareaswereoftenmen’sjobs.6.Hakkagirlswhowerebornormarriedintowealthyfamiliesusuallyleftmanuallabourbehind.7.TheHakkatuloubuildingsrepresentaparticulartypeofcommunalliving.8.Thetuloubuildingsarenotlimitedtocirculardesigns,butalsoincludesquaredesigns.9.Thecirculartuloubuildingscanbemorecost-effectivethansquaredesigns.10.Traditionalfengshuiprincipleswereconsideredinthedesignandconstructionoftuloubuildings.FTTTTTII.Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.1.WhydidHakkaancestorshavetomigratesouth?2.WhywasitthatHakkawomenlabouringinthefieldsevendidworkthatinnon-Hakkaareaswereoftenmen’sjobs?3.HowcometheHakkaTulouweredesignedandconstructedinthewayastheywere?I.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.

客家服饰历史悠久，据史料记载，唐末及两宋时期由于中原战乱南迁，客家先民把优秀的中原文化艺术、人情风俗带到了闽粤赣，并与当地土著风情文化不断交融，形成了由中原文化艺术元素为基础变化发展而来的文化艺术形式，客家服饰在这时期得到了较全面的充分的传承、发展，创造了以简洁大方、舒适耐磨的客家服饰，成为客家传统文化艺术宝库当中的奇葩。I.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.

客家服饰历史悠久，据史料记载，唐末及两宋时期由于中原战乱南迁，客家先民把优秀的中原文化艺术、人情风俗带到了闽粤赣，Hakkacostumehasalonghistory.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,duringthelateTangDynastyandtheNorthernandSouthernSongDynasties,theHakkaancestorsmigratedsouthwardtoescapewarsincentralChina,bringingwiththemtheartandcustomsoftheCentralPlains.I.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.并与当地土著风情文化不断交融，形成了由中原文化艺术元素为基础变化发展而来的文化艺术形式，ThroughinteractionwithandassimilationofthelocalindigenouscultureinFujian,Guangdong,andJiangxiprovinces,acharacteristicHakkaculturedevelopedbasedontheculturalelementsoftheCentralPlains.I.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.客家服饰在这时期得到了较全面的充分的传承、发展，创造了以简洁大方、舒适耐磨的客家服饰，成为客家传统文化艺术宝库当中的奇葩。ItwasduringthisperiodthatHakkacostumeunderwentcomprehensivedevelopmentintoitsuniquestylethatfeaturednaturalandcomfortablesimplicity,aswellasdurability.IthasbecomeageminthetreasuretroveofHakkatraditionalculture.II.Fillintheblankswiththewordsorexpressionsprovided,andchangetheformifnecessaryapparatusarchitectbecausebottombuildingcarrycompromiseconstructconstructioncoursefirefoemanpossibilityratereduceslopesteepspiraluninflammableTheconditionsofmediaevallifemadespiralstaircasespeculiarlyvaluabletothefeudalarchitect,fordoorscouldopenintothematanyheightintheirspiralupward1.;theywereatfirstofsimpleandrapid2.,whichcouldbeeasilyrepaired.Theycouldbeheldbyafew3.againstahundred4.;theyjoinedtheverytopofthebuildingwiththevery5.,andthe6.oftheirascentcouldbemadegentleor7.atwill.courseconstructionmenfoesbottomslopesteepII.Fillintheblankswiththewordsorexpressionsprovided,andchangetheformifnecessaryapparatusarchitectbecausebottombuildingcarrycompromiseconstructconstructioncoursefirefoemanpossibilityratereduceslopesteepspiraluninflammableWehave,ofcourse,longagorejectedsuchusefulandbeautiful8.inLondonhouses,whichareasnarrowandloftyasafeudalkeep,perhaps9.wecouldnoteasilygetourfurnitureandothercumbrousliving10.upanddownaspiral;yet,withthesemethods,itwouldbepossibleto11.twointeriorspiralswherethereisnowscarceroomforonenarrowstairwayandasetofuselesslandings.possibilitiesbecauseapparatusconstructII.Fillintheblankswiththewordsorexpressionsprovided,andchangetheformifnecessaryapparatusarchitectbecausebottombuildingcarrycompromiseconstructconstructioncoursefirefoemanpossibilityratereduceslopesteepspiraluninflammableThedangerof12.